This thesis concerns the security of tomorrow’s peer-to-peer real-time communication in heterogeneous networks. Because of the additional delay caused by inband handshake and the poor compatibilities of some transport protocols, it was determined that existing security protocols such as transport layer security (TLS) and datagram transport layer security (DTLS) are not suitable in such a user scenario and a new security protocol should be designed. This new security protocol is called transport encapsulation security payload (TESP). TESP not only has the advantage of low initialization delay, but also fully supports transport protocols including TCP, UDP, stream control transmission protocol (SCTP), and datagram congestion control protocol (DCCP). Also a security analysis of TESP was carried out and no security flaws were found. / Denna uppsats behandlar säkerheten för morgondagens "peer-to-peer" (P2P) realtidskommunikation i heterogena nät. På grund av den adderade fördröjning som orsakas av inbandssignalering och dålig kompabilitet hos många transportprotokoll, så kan man fastställa att existerande säkerhetsprotokoll, såsom "(Datagram) Transport Layer Security" (TLS och DTLS), inte är lämpade för denna typ av kommunikation och att ett nytt säkerhetsprotokoll bör tas fram. "Transport Encapsulation Security Payload" (TESP) är ett sådant protokoll. TESP har inte bara fördelar såsom låg uppstartsfördröjning, utan har också stöd för många transportprotokoll, t.ex. "Transport Control Protocol" (TCP), "User Datagram Protocol" (UDP), "Stream Control Transmission Protocol" (SCTP) och "Datagram Congestion Control Protocol" (DCCP). Även en säkerhetsanalys av TESP har gjorts, där inga säkerhetsproblem har kunnat påvisas.

Digitizing analog meters into the IoT where meters can be read remotely is a solution which is both environmentally and economically beneficial. This study investigate show energy critical systems can gain a longer lifespan by optimizing their energy consumption. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the energy consumption of energy critical systems with different wireless data transfer protocols. This is conducted with experiments and observations.The data was collected by setting up two testbeds where the wireless transmission interfaces WiFi and BLE were used to send data between two microcomputers. These testbeds measured the energy consumption when altering with the variables of the two transmission protocols.The result shows that the internal protocols of WiFi were greatly affected by the changes made in the variables compared to BLE during the experiments. The results also show that when calibrating the different variables, the energy consumption is reduced by up around 52%. Furthermore, the result indicates that there is energy to saveif you optimize transmission power to a specific environment.In this study, BLE has little to no change to the energy consumption when changing the different variables. When investigating the internal protocols of WiFi, they are greatly affected by the different variables being changed. A lower transmission power can be more energy efficient but at the cost of shorter range and eventually a higher packet loss.

<p> Cooperative haptics enables multiple users to manipulate computer simulated objects in a shared virtual environment and to feel the presence of other users. Prior research in the literature has mainly addressed single user haptic interaction. This thesis is concerned with haptic simulation in multi-user virtual environments in which the users can interact in a shared virtual world from separate workstations over Ethernet-based Local Area Networks (LANs) or Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs). In practice, the achievable real-time communication rate using a typical implementation of network protocols such as the UDP and TCP/IP can be well below the 1kHz update rate that is suggested in the literature for high fidelity haptic rendering. However by adopting a multi-rate control strategy as proposed in this work, the local control loops can be executed at 1kHz while the data packet transmission between the user workstations occur at a lower rate. Within such a framework, two control architectures, namely centralized and distributed are presented. In the centralized controller a central workstation simulates the virtual environment, whereas in the distributed controller each user workstation simulates its own copy of the virtual environment. Two different approaches have been proposed for mathematical modeling of the controllers and have been used in a comparative analysis of their stability and performance. The results of such analysis demonstrate that the distributed control architecture has greater stability margins and outperforms the centralized controller. They also reveal that the limited network transmission rate can degrade the haptic fidelity by introducing viscous damping into the virtual object perceived impedance. This extra damping is compensated by active control based on the damping values obtained from the analytical results. Experimental results conducted with a dual-user/dual-finger haptic platform are presented for each of the proposed controller under various scenarios in which the user workstations communicate with UDP protocol subjected to a limited transmission rate. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed distributed architecture in providing a stable and transparent haptic simulation in free motion and in contact with rigid environments.</p> / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

This thesis presents an empirical analysis of the performance of WebTransport and WebSocket using the Socket.IO framework under varying network conditions. The thesis investigates two primary experiments, message round trip time and multiplexing performance, both conducted under three scenarios—perfect network (0% packet loss), moderate network (5% packet loss), and poor network (15% packet loss). The experiments were conducted on a system running Fedora 40 with a 12th Gen Intel Core i5-12600K processor and 16 GB of memory. The findings demonstrate that WebTransport mitigates Head-of-Line (HOL) blocking more effectively than WebSocket, especially in environments with degraded networks. WebTransport (Reliable) provided a significant performance advantage under suboptimal network conditions when measuring message round trip time, while WebTransport (Unreliable) consistently demonstrated slightly lower latency but with some data loss. When multiplexing, WebTransport showed significant performance benefits compared to using WebSocket.

ITC/USA 2009 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Fifth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 26-29, 2009 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / The Central Test and Evaluation Investment Program (CTEIP) Integrated Network Enhanced Telemetry (iNET) program is currently developing new standards for wired-wireless local area networking (LAN-WLAN) using the Internet Protocol (IP), for use in telemetry (TM) channels, under the umbrella of the Telemetry Network System (TmNS). Some advantages of TmNS are real-time command and control of instrumentation, quick-look acquisition, data retransmission and recovery ('gapless TM' or 'PCM backfill'), data segmentation, etc. The iNET team is developing and evaluating prototypes, based on commercial 802.x and other technologies, in conjunction with Range Commander's Council (RCC) Inter-Range Instrumentation Group (IRIG) standards and standards developed under the iNET program.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / This thesis studies and discusses the development of the API, called the persistency API, for supporting the persistent data sessions. Without persistent session support, network applications often need to be restarted from the beginning when intermittent physical connection loss happens. Application programmers can use the persistency API to achieve the service continuity. The persistency API provides the interface that allows a program to continue retrieve data from the point the connection is lost after the physical connection is restored. The focus of this thesis is to develop a generalized persistency API that supports various types of applications. This thesis studies the persistent session support for two types of transport protocols, TCP and UDP, which are used by major network applications. An application that performs text file and video file transfer is implemented to demonstrate the persistent data transfer sessions for TCP and UDP, respectively. The study shows that the proposed APIs can support the data transfer continuity in the reconnection process. / Captain, Royal Thai Army

The objective of this master’s thesis is monitoring and management of computer networks via SNMP protocol and its practical application. The main part describes working with SNMPc program in an experimental network through implementation of its parts into the network and configuration of SNMP agents on routers, switch and end station. This thesis includes the results of traffic testing, disconnected links, effects of traffic load on QoS parameters, making longterm statistics, baselines and alarms. The thesis also includes parametres obtained with SNMP protocol from network nodes and end station.

As paredes celulares vegetais são estruturas essenciais para o crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas. Além das suas diversas funções biológicas, os componentes polissacarídicos constituintes das paredes celulares (celulose, hemiceluloses e pectinas) são de vital importância como fonte natural de fibras para a nutrição humana e animal e são considerados os principais recursos renováveis do planeta, utilizados como matéria-prima para diversos processos industriais, por exemplo nos processos de produção de polpa celulósica. Todos esses fatores têm despertado grande interesse no estudo da composição e biossíntese das paredes celulares. A biossíntese dos seus polímeros se inicia no citoplasma das células, onde ocorre a formação dos precursores por uma rota metabólica complexa de biossíntese de açúcares-nucleotídeo. O entendimento da regulação dessa rota metabólica é fundamental para modular a dinâmica de biossíntese desses açúcares e assim tentar manipular as propriedades bioquímicas das paredes celulares. Nesse contexto, o presente projeto de pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da superexpressão do gene miox2 de Arabidopsis thaliana em plantas de Nicotiana tabacum. O produto desse gene é a enzima mio-inositol oxigenase (E.C. 1.13.99.1), cuja função é converter o mio-inositol em ácido D-glucurônico, composto central da rota de biossíntese de açúcares-nucleotídeo. Foram determinadas quatro isoformas tecido-específicas para o gene miox (miox1, miox2, miox4 e miox5) em Arabidopsis, sendo que a isoforma miox2 é a predominante em caules. Esse gene foi clonado em trabalhos anteriores realizados no laboratório e no presente trabalho, o cDNA do gene miox2 foi superexpresso em plantas de tabaco (Nicotiana tabacum) a fim de se avaliar o efeito da superexpressão na composição de carboidratos de parede celular secundária. As linhagens de plantas transgênicas obtidas, não mostraram diferenças visualmente perceptíveis em comparação aos controles, indicando ausência de alterações fisiológicas e morfológicas. Foram quantificados os monossacarídeos de paredes celulares secundárias (arabinose, ramnose, galactose, glicose, xilose, manose), os ácidos urônicos (ácido galacturônico e glucurônico) e as ligninas (solúvel e insolúvel), a partir de tecido xilemático e parênquima medular do caule. A ausência de modificações significativas nas proporções desses metabólitos, indica que as plantas exercem um estrito controle na regulação da biossíntese de paredes celulares secundárias de forma que a superexpressão do gene miox2 não provocou nenhuma alteração altamente significativa. Outros genes candidatos e os mecanismos envolvidos na sua regulação deverão ser testados quanto ao nível de transcrição, modificações pós-trancricionais e pós-traducionais a fim de entender a regulação do fluxo de carbono para a biossíntese de paredes celulares. / Cell-walls are essential structures for plant development and growth. Apart from its biological functions, the polyssacharides that make cell-walls (cellulose, hemicellulose and pectins) are the principal natural fibrous materials used for human and animal nutrition. They are also considered the most important renewable resource on earth and their use as industrial raw material is inevitable. An example is the use of wood in the production of pulp and paper. For all these reasons, the study of molecular composition and biosynthesis of plant cell-walls has been a matter of great interest for researchers over the past few years. Cell-wall polyssacharides biosynthesis begins at the cytoplasm, where a pool of UDP-glucose and other activated sugar nucleotide precursors are generated by multiple and complex interconvertion reactions. Understanding how cells control the metabolic pathways responsible for sugar nucleotide precursors synthesis, would be a primary requirement for manipulating them in an attempt to generate plants with improved properties for human use. In that context, tha aim of this research work was to analyze the effects of Arabidopsis thaliana miox2 gene overexpression in a plant model system (Nicotiana tabacum). The product of miox2 gene is myo-inositol oxygenase enzyme 2 (E.C.1.13.99.1) which converts D-glucuronic acid, an important sugar nucleotide precursor, from its substrate myo-inositol. Four isoforms of miox gene, with apparent tissue specific expression (miox1, miox2, miox4 and miox5) were already determined, but miox2 is the one primarily expressed in stems. Its cDNA was cloned from Arabidopsis thaliana in previous works and overexpressed in tobacco plants. Five normal transgenic lines were obtained, showing no phenotypically differences relative to the control line. This fact implied that miox2 overexpression did not alter any physiological nor morphological aspect of plant development. The cell-wall monossacharides (arabinose, rhamnose, galactose, glucose, xylose and mannose), uronic acids (galacturonic and glucuronic acid) and lignins (soluble and insoluble) from stem xylem and parenchymal tissue were quantified. The absence of major changes in any of the compounds measured for the transgenic lines indicated that they were able to adjust their level of carbohydrate composition. Plants seem to regulate the proportions of sugar nucleotide precursors through highly complex metabolic pathways that establish strong compensatory mechanisms. It will be necessary to study other candidate genes and some aspects of their regulation at transcriptional, postranscriptional and postransaltional level, as an attempt to understand the cell-wall carbohydrate flux.

Flavonoids are an important class of secondary metabolites widely distributed in plants. The majority of naturally occurring flavonoids are found in glucosylated form. Glucosyltransferases are enzymes that enable transfer of glucose from an activated donor (UDP-glucose) to the acceptor flavonoid substrates. A flavonol specific glucosyltransferase cloned from Citrus paradisi (Cp3OGT) has strict substrate and regiospecificity. In this study, amino acid residues that could potentially alter the rigidity observed in this enzyme were mutated to position equivalent residues of a putative anthocyanin specific glucosyltransferase from Clitorea ternatea and a GT from Vitis vinifera that can glucosylate both flavonols and anthocyanidins. Using homology modeling followed by site directed mutagenesis to identify candidate regions, three double mutations were made. To test the basis of substrate specificity, biochemical analysis of the three recombinant mutant proteins was carried out. Recombinant protein with mutation S20G+T21S revealed that the enzyme retained activity similar to the wildtype (Cp3OGT) (WT- Km app-104.8 µM; Vmax = 24.6 pmol/min/µg, Mutant- Km app-136.42 µM; Vmax -25pmol/min/µg) but the mutant was more thermostable compared to the WT. The (S290C+S319A) mutant protein retained 40% activity relative to wildtype and has an optimum pH shifted towards the acidic side (pH 6) (Km app-8.27 µM; Vmax-90.9 pmol/min/µg). Mutation of Glutamine87 and Histine154 (H154Y+Q87I) have rendered this recombinant protein inactive with every class of flavonoid tested. Interestingly, the single point mutations H154Y and Q871I had significant activity, slightly greater than that of wildtype enzyme. The two active recombinant proteins will further be analyzed to determine whether the mutations have altered regiospecificity of the original enzyme. Product identification is being conducted using HPLC.

Glucosyltransferases (GTs) are enzymes that expedite the incorporation of UDP-activated glucose to a corresponding acceptor molecule. This enzymatic reaction stabilizes structures and affects solubility, transport, and bioavailability of flavonoids for other metabolic processes. Flavonoid glycosides affect taste characteristics in citrus making the associated glucosyltransferases particularly interesting targets for biotechnology applications. Custom design of enzymes requires understanding of structure/function of the protein. The present study focuses on creating mutant flavonol-3-O-glucosyltransferase (F-3-O-GT) proteins using site-directed mutagenesis and testing the effect of each mutation on substrate specificity, regiospecificity and kinetic properties of the enzyme. Mutations were selected on the basis of sequence similarity between grapefruit F-3-O-GT, an uncharacterized GT gene in blood orange (98%), and grape F3GT (82%). Grapefruit F-3-O-GT prefers flavonol as a substrate whereas the blood orange sequence is annotated to be a flavonoid 3GT and the grape GTs could glucosylate both flavonols and anthocyanidins. Mutants of F-3-O-GT were generated by substituting L41M, N242K, E296K and N242K+E296K and proteins were expressed in Pichia pastoris using the pPICZA vector. Analysis of these mF-3-O-GTs showed that all of them preferred flavonols over flavanone, flavone, isoflavones, or anthocyanidin substrates and showed decrease in enzyme activity of 16 to 51% relative to the wild type F-3-O-GT.