Following the end of the Second World War, the late 1940s witnessed a dramatic and rapid transformation in working-class living conditions enacted via the Welfare State, and largely experienced through an enormous expansion in public housing. Ernesettle is a product of this boom. One of seven new estates constructed as part of Plymouth’s programme of reconstruction, it follows a conceptual blueprint laid out in The Plan for Plymouth, a document compiled in 1943 by town planner Patrick Abercrombie and city engineer James Paton-Watson. Designed after a ‘neighbourhood’ model, the Plymouth Plan estates were to provide for life from cradle to grave, incorporating schools, workplaces, clinics, churches, pubs, and shops as well as housing and green space. The progressive social programme propounded by post-war neighbourhood designers strove towards social homogeneity, a strategy that sought to reconcile interests across the class and political spectrum. This thesis examines the results of those ambitions, using oral history accounts of Ernesettle to consider if and how council housing of the 1940s and 50s affected the material and social circumstances of its residents. By focusing on residents’ narratives of daily life between 1950 and 1980, I document a high point in council estate history comprising: a neighbourhood culture of mutual support and lively street life; a domestic culture, closely bound to the nuclear family and the home as a site of consumption; an associational culture of clubs, sports, the church, the pub, and social club; and a working culture of full male employment, collective representation, and increasing employment opportunities for women. The function of the neighbourhood in a process of drawing working-class populations into the mid 20th century cultural mainstream, and its subsequent association with their post-1980s expulsion to the social margins, provides a recurrent research theme underpinning my discussion of Ernesettle life as I explore how changes over time corresponded with the status of residents and their sense of place in society at large.

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The thesis is concerned with the large spectacle plays produced by Imre Kiralfy between 1887 and 1903, and the international exhibitions which he created and staged between 1895 and 1914. The purpose of the study is four-fold; to show the origins of mire Kiralfy's development of the spectacle theatre form to describe the, spectacle plays which he produced in the United States and in England; to examine the combined spectacle plays and exhibitions which he Staged at Olympia and Earl's .Court in London; and finally to characterize the way in which Kiralfy subsumed spectacle theatre into the large International exhibitions which he staged at the White City in London. In the Introduction I set out the structure of the thesis, and make some observations on the problem of genre in the study of nineteenth century spectacle plays and exhibitions, Chapter 1 serves as a background to the later chapters, and outlines Kiralfy's early life as a Variety dancer and then as a theatre manager in New York. Chapter 2 is concerned with the pageant plays produced in Cincinnatti in r the 1880s, and the ways in which they were appropriated by Kiralfy and subsequently staged by him at St. George, Staten Island in 1887 and 1888. Chapter 3 deals with the spectacle plays presented by Kiralfy at Olympia in London between 1889 and 1893. Chapter 4 describes the two spectacle plays produced by Kiralfy in the United States in association with the Columbus Celebrations of 1892-3. Chapter 5 details the nine exhibitions and their accompanying spectacle entertainments which Kitalfy staged at Earl's Court between 1895 and 1903. Chapter 46 describes the political financial and 'architectural background to the construction of the White City exhibition grounds, the international exhibitions presented there between 1908 and 1914, and the staging of the Olympic Games in 1908.

The vast majority of children and young people appearing in criminal courts in England and Wales are sentenced through a youth court by lay magistrates. The magistrates court deals with 96% of all criminal cases in England and Wales and it is lay magistrates who decide on questions of fact, and sentence those convicted in 91% of these cases. Therefore, how Youth Offending Teams (YOTs) and magistrates work together is a matter of interest. This research explores the extent to which magistrates' confidence in the YOT's service provision can make a difference to the decisions made with regards to bail/remand, sentencing, enforcement and revocation on grounds of good progress. Furthermore, the research considers how YOTs might improve the confidence of magistrates in their service provision and makes recommendations for practice in this regard.

New Labour's youth justice legislation and the "Every Child Matters" programme contained contradictory imperatives. This research examines how Police Officers and Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs) in a community policing setting operationalised those imperatives in order to reach decisions when dealing with children and young people. The review of literature focusses firstly on New Labour policy relating to children and young people, and secondly describes previous research into the practice of policing juveniles, the resilience of police culture and the key factors identified relating to police officer decision making. No recent British research in this area was located. Four overlapping hypotheses were identified, which were: officers will be more responsive to the "Every Child Matters" policy imperatives; officers will be more responsive to the criminal justice imperatives; managerialism will trump both sets of policy imperatives because it is in the officer‟s interests to respond to the demands of management; and both sets of policy imperatives and managerialism notwithstanding, officers will resort to "common sense" responses informed by their own lay criminologies, scales of values, police culture, and police "practice wisdom". These hypotheses were tested using quantitative and qualitative data from 198 self-reporting postal questionnaires and eight follow-up interviews. The research population comprised Police Officers and Police Community Support Officers engaged in Neighbourhood Policing. The research found that the majority of officers operated according to their own lay methodologies (hypothesis four) within the constraints of managerialism (hypothesis three), which led to officers and PCSOs taking actions which they did not always believe to be the most appropriate. Additionally, ambiguities in the legislation and lack of guidance led to the space for the exercise of officer discretion expanding when they were dealing with children and young people, whilst at the same time there was a lack of training on how they should best engage with this age group.

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