Magíster en Psicología Clínica Adultos / La presente investigación tiene por objetivo describir y analizar las narrativas de jóvenes infractores de ley, que se encuentran participando de un programa de tratamiento en adicciones de la Fundación Tierra Esperanza de la Región Metropolitana. La muestra estuvo conformada por 9 usuarios de dos centros de esta Fundación, Agora Colina y Agora Santiago Centro. La aproximación a la muestra fue realizada a través de entrevistas narrativas y su análisis fue desarrollado a partir del método Lavob, cuyo objetivo es ordenar cronológicamente cada entrevista de acuerdo a 6 unidades, que posteriormente permiten el análisis, el cual integra los conceptos del marco teórico, así como también las hipótesis formuladas por la investigadora. Los resultados muestran que los jóvenes significan la participación como el hecho de asistir al centro, acudir a las actividades programadas y vincularse desde la confianza con los profesionales. En este sentido, valoran significativamente el apoyo brindado por el equipo tratante, alianza terapéutica que incide en la disminución del consumo de sustancias, así como también en mejorar sus relaciones familiares, generando conocimientos y cambios en sí mismos

La creciente economía en el Perú y un mercado cada vez mas competitivo y globalizado nos lleva a la importancia del valor agregado que ofrece una empresa hacia sus consumidores, si entregamos un producto o un servicio de alta calidad e innovador tendremos clientes satisfechos y cada vez mas comprometidos con su proveedor. El control de calidad es una actividad muy importante al inicio y al término de la elaboración de un producto o servicio que se ofrece al mercado interno y externo. Los envase flexibles son cada vez mas originales y de un diseño que impacte al cliente final, las impresiones flexo-graficas que están en los envases son la presentación, información e imagen del producto que va contener, así pues es muy importante que la calidad de impresión sea optima.

The Security Council has sometimes failed to perform its main duty, which is the maintenance of international peace and security. The Council’s responsibilities in this regard have grown as new international challenges have emerged. These challenges include global environmental issues, refugee flows and mass migration across borders, the rapid spread of infectious diseases, civil war that threatens international peace and security, global terrorism, transnational crime and illegal stocks of nuclear, biological and chemical weapons. The Security Council has thus become the subject of both severe criticism and calls for its structural reform. A variety of reform proposals have been offered by scholars and politicians, almost all of which have focused solely on state-based solutions. The current study considers that reforming the Council through such means would not alter its current state to any significant extent. International law no longer reflects the state-based system of the Westphalian World Order. The international legal order does not involve only nationstates, and state-based systems are not able autonomously to deal with problems such as these in the post-Westphalian era. It is widely acknowledged that there are many non-state actors that could contribute to enhancing the Council’s representativeness, effectiveness and accountability. It is thus concluded that a reform proposal for the Security Council must consider these factors and produce a non-state based solution. It is proposed that the Council must consider granting formal access to Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) that have, as non-state actors, been active in the international legal order, and that have already made significant contributions to the above-mentioned issues.

The UN, being a non-profit organization, has limited experience in and use of outsourcing criteria developed for commercial enterprises and therefore does not have the criteria to judge its outsourcing decisions. The UN’s experience in outsourcing, for example, is mainly limited to peacekeeping. The objective of the thesis is to translate the private sector’s extensive outsourcing experience into an outsourcing scorecard for the UN from criteria identified in the research. Forty national and international organizations were surveyed: fifteen third party logistics service providers; fifteen private sector manufacturing forms and ten UN peacekeeping missions. The survey was carried out through telephone interviews and written questionnaires. Purposive sampling, a non-probability sampling method, was used to ensure equal representation. A correlational study was adopted as the appropriate research method since there is a requirement to fully analyse all outsourcing trends, associations and relationships between the groups. In the statistical analysis, the Fisher’s Exact test was used to report for all variables for purposes of uniformity. Risks, the establishment of goals and objectives, barriers to outsourcing, the use of experts, benchmarks and the evaluation of a service provider’s performance are indicated as important criteria for developing an outsourcing relationship, as is the establishment of appropriate policies and procedures. The thesis further indicates that service provider selection is influenced by criteria such as operational excellence and reputation, strategic direction and compatibility, financial stability, costs and political considerations. Another criterion indicated as important is peace-building, suitable for humanitarian organizations. It was also ascertained that although the cost of a provider is important, cost should be considered in the light of satisfaction of the criteria outlined earlier as well as on efficiency and effectiveness. These criteria identified by the research form the basis for development of the decision-making scorecard. In the broad based scorecard for the UN, each scorecard theme is expanded to encompass additional requirements for the UN and similar organizations. Therefore, the institutional settings of the organization, risks, goals and objectives are expanded. Provider selection is added to the traditional theme and the evaluation criteria strengthened to include peace-building measures. This effort supplements and ensures completeness of the scorecard for the purpose of the UN. Though the outsourcing scorecard model has not been tested, it is a modification of an existing model and is based on the unique nature of the UN as well as feedback received from questionnaires and interviews. Additionally, the fundamental assumptions and postulates of the existing model have not been altered. The thesis presents the first large-scale survey of outsourcing criteria applicable to the UN and develops the first outsourcing scorecard to guide the UN and similar organizations in identifying services that can be outsourced successfully. The scorecard could provide the UN with a number of benefits, such as maximization of efficiency and savings in costs. Additionally, it provides recommendations on improving the effectiveness and efficiency of UN peacekeeping operations. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Construction Economics / unrestricted

This paper reports on a study of the tax treaty policy of a group of eleven East African countries. African tax treaties tend to follow one of two model treaties, an OECD model treaty that favours the interests of capital exporting nations and a United Nations model treaty that allows capital importing countries to retain more taxing rights. The study compares the policy outcomes in treaties signed by these countries with African nations, with relatively wealthy OECD countries, and with non-African countries that are not members of the OECD. It also compares selected outcomes in African-OECD treaties with those results in treaties between a group of Asian countries and OECD members to see whether African countries have been more or less successful at wringing preferences from wealthier nations. The study suggests the African countries studied have not been as successful in retaining taxing rights in treaties with OECD countries as have Asian countries. On the other hand, OECD countries are often more generous to African countries than are other African countries. (authors' abstract) / Series: WU International Taxation Research Paper Series

The contemporary global system is characterised by the presence of a multitude of International Organisations (IOs) whose relevance is sustained by the roles they play. Among these IOs, the United Nations (UN) is of paramount importance as a result of its universal membership and extensive mandate. Its international role is influenced by its evolving structures, practices and goals. Among its most recent objectives are the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which address the challenge of holistic human development at the global level. This study aims to assess the UN’s role in pursuing the MDGs as they relate to the development of children in West Africa. The first two of the eight goals have been selected for the purpose of focusing the research, namely the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger, and the elimination of illiteracy by achieving universal primary education. Children, who bear the brunt of global underdevelopment and whose development is a key element in breaking cycles of poverty, are the focus of the study. The general and historical role played by the UN in advancing child development is therefore assessed with regards to the issue-fields indicated by the two selected MDGs. Specific application is then done in the case of West Africa, chosen as case study because the region is the poorest in the world and arguably indicative of most urgent MDG focus. Clive Archer’s analytical outline, which depicts IOs variously as instruments, arenas and actors, is used as a conceptual framework. Archer contends that IOs can be utilised as instruments by other global actors, serve as arenas for dialogue and cooperation among such actors and also assume proactive, independent identities as actors in pursuit of specific objectives. The study concludes that Archer’s framework is relevant, but that the existence of all three roles in the same functional space has notable and often contradictory implications. While the UN generally plays its roles as actor and arena in achieving its first two MDGs among West African children with relative ease, its role as instrument is dependent on the agendas and political will of other actors in the global system. Notwithstanding the weakness of its role as instrument, however, the UN’s triad of roles towards the development of children, and specifically children in West Africa, is a key element of the organisation’s global relevance. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Political Sciences / unrestricted

The seabed has long been an unexplored area and we still do not have all the information about its environment. In the second half of the 20th century, the development of technology allowed a better exploration of the seabed. There have been discovered seamounts, hydrothermal vents and other formations. Around these formations there are rich ecosystems that are currently threatened by mining, deep-sea fishing, bioprospecting and deep-sea tourism. Most of the seabed is beyond the area of national jurisdiction and currently there is no legal convention aimed at protecting this area. This thesis explains the concept of biodiversity, its significance and threats. The main legal instruments for the protection of the seabed biodiversity are analysed. These include the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the so-called Constitution for the oceans. At the time of the adoption of this Convention, activities on the seabed were still being developed. The UNCLOS Convention therefore regulates only the activities of exploration for and exploitation of the resources on the seabed beyond national jurisdiction, in the Area. The importance of the UNCLOS Convention for the protection of the marine environment was therefore limited. Due to the activities of The International Seabed Authority and The...

Cette thèse soutient que l’abord topologique lacanien permet de rendre compte de la structure chez les sujets autistes. La structure est topologique. L’effort auto-thérapeutique des sujets autistes relève d’une tentative de construction, de stabilisation, d’élaboration d’un espace subjectif ayant pour enjeu central la production d’un manque canalisateur de lajouissance.Les mathématiques et la logique - outils privilégiés par Jacques Lacan dans l’abord du réel propre à la psychanalyse - maintiennent une exigence de rationalité et de formalisation au coeur de cette discipline. La topologie (science des lieux) dans son usage analytique rend compte de la dimension spatiale de l’inconscient.Nous verrons que la construction du bord autistique s’y déploie comme réponse topologique du sujet - à l’effet traumatique de l’Un de jouissance sur le corps. L’autisme construit un espace visant l’extraction d’une trace nocive, celle d’une substance jouissante laissée par la matière même du signifiant. Au-delà d’une conception déficitaire, l’autisme peut alors s’entendre comme une réponse du sujet au traumatisme causé par la rencontre avec le langage.Si l’autisme a structure topologique, l’acte de l’analyste doit alors se centrer sur ses particularités topologiques pour que se produisent des effets sur le sujet. L’enjeu crucial est d’aider les autistes à trouver une position d’énonciation. Pour cela, une voie majeure est de border - en acte - l’espace qui enserre la place du dire. / This study supports the Lacanian topological approach as a way to show the structure of unconsciousness in autistic subjects. The autistic self-therapy effort is an attempt to build, to stabilize, and to develop a subjective space for the central challenge of a lack of channels to process the “jouissance”.Mathematics and logic, Jacques Lacan´s favourite tools in his study of the “Real” particular to psychoanalysis, maintains a requirement of rationality and formalisation in the heart of this discipline. The Topology (the science of places) in psychoanalysis attempts to account for the spatial dimension of unconscious.We will see that the construction of the autistic border is deployed as a topological response of the subject – a traumatic response of the One of jouissance on the body. Autistic built a space which aims to extract the harmful trace, one of a substance of the jouissance left by the substance of the signifier.Beyond this deficit, autism can be understood as a response of the subject to the trauma caused by an encounter with the language.If autism has a topological structure, the analytical act must focus on its topological features that will produce effects on the subject. The crucial challenge is to help autistics find a position of enunciation. For this, a major pathway is to mark out the space that surrounds the place of saying.

Dans ce travail, une étude approfondie portant sur des matériaux à base de polymères et cristaux liquides de type PDLC (pour Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal) et H-PDLC (PDLC holographique) a été effectuée. Les mélanges utilisés comportent le cristal liquide nématique E7 et des monomères de type acrylate de différentes fonctionnalités. Les matériaux PDLCs ont été élaborés par le processus de séparation de phases induite par rayonnement ultraviolet (UV). Ces matériaux révèlent des propriétés électro-optiques intéressantes qui peuvent être utilisés dans les vitrages à transparence contrôlée. L'influence de la nature des matériaux employés et les conditions opératoires sont étudiés à l'aide de plusieurs techniques expérimentales telles que les spectroscopies UV-visible et IR-TF et notamment par 1'analyse des réponses électro-optiques et microscopie électronique à balayage. Les matériaux holographiques ont été élaborés en exposant les mêmes mélanges initiaux à deux rayons laser interférés de type Ar+. La dépendance de l'efficacité de diffraction des réseaux formés en fonction de l'intensité d'éclairement l'épaisseur du film. la composition des mélanges initiaux (concentration du cristal liquide E7 et du photo-amorceur) a été étudiée. Des mesures électro-optiques ont été effectuées et reliés à la structure morphologique des matériaux élaborés. Les résultats expérimentaux montrent l'obtention des réseaux H-PDLCs avec des meilleures efficacités et des bonnes réponses électro-optiques par rapport aux matériaux décrits dans la littérature. / Ln this work a detailled study relating to materials containing polymers and liquid crystals of the type PDLC (for Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystals) and H-PDLC (holographic PDLC) was carried out. The mixtures used include the nematic liquid Crystal blend E7 and acrylate monomers exhibiting various functionalities. The PDLC materials were elaborated by phase separation processes induced by ultraviolet radiation (UV). These materials reveal interesting electro-optical properties which can be used in smart windows with controlled transparency. The influence of the nature of materials employed and the operating conditions was studied using several experimental techniques such as UV-visible and FTIR spectroscopies. and in particular by analysis of the electro-optical responses and by scanning electron microscopy. The holographic materials were prepared by exposing the same initial mixtures to two interfering laser beams of Ar+ type. The dependence of the diffraction efficiency of the elaborated polymer/LC systems was studied as function of the intensity of illumination. thickness of the films. and composition of the initial mixtures (concentration of liquid crystal E7 and photoinitiator). The electro-optical properties were determined and connected to the morphology of the elaborated materials. The experimental results show that the obtained H-PDLC systems reveal better diffraction efficiencies and electro-optical answers compared to materials described in the literature.

The thesis is analyzing the approach of three states - France, USA and Czech republic - towards the conflict in Rwanda, which afterwards became the most horrifying genocide in modern era. Further more the thesis analyzes, how the approaches influenced the negotiations and decisions in the UN Security Council. The conclusion then evaluates the whole analysis and formulates an alternate solution to the conflict.