Six ruminally fistulated steers (average BW 317 kg) were used in a 5 X 5 + 1 Latin Square design to determine effects of humic/fulvic acid (HFA) on serum urea nitrogen (SUN), rumen pH, rumen ammonia nitrogen (RAN), and rumen VFA production in Holstein steers. Treatments included a control (0%), 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5% HFA, and a diet containing monensin (33 mg/kg). A quadratic feed intake response was observed; with intake lowest for 0.5 and 1.0 and highest for 1.5 relative to control steers. No treatment x time interaction was observed for RAN, pH, SUN, total VFA or individual VFA. No treatment differences were observed for total VFA concentrations (mM), or for molar proportion of acetate, propionate, butyrate or valerate. A quadratic response was observed for butyrate and isovalerate. However, HFA does not alter rumen fermentation in the same mode of action as monensin.

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Žmogaus organizmas normaliai gali egzistuoti tik tada, kai yra palaikoma pastovi vidinė organizmo terpė – homeostazė. Ji priklauso nuo normalios daugelio sistemų ir organų tarp jų ir inkstų veiklos. Šiuo tyrimu siekėme palyginti fizinio krūvio sukeltus inkstų funkcinius kitimus su sergančiųjų arterine hipertenzija patologiniais inkstų funkciniais pakitimais. Šio darbo tikslas – ištirti sportuojančių, nesportuojančių bei sergančiųjų pirmine arterine hipertenzija tiriamųjų kraujo biocheminių rodiklių, nusakančių inkstų funkciją, kaitą fizinio krūvio metu. Nurodytam tikslui pasiekti iškelti sekantys uždaviniai: 1. Palyginti sportuojančių, nesportuojančių bei sergančiųjų pirmine arterine hipertenzija kūno dydžio rodiklius. 2. Atlikti sportuojančių, nesportuojančių bei sergančiųjų pirmine arterine hipertenzija tiriamųjų kraujo biocheminių rodiklių, nusakančių inkstų funkciją, analizę ramybėje. 3. Nustatyti sportuojančių ir nesportuojančių tiriamųjų inkstų funkcinius rodiklius po fizinio krūvio ir palyginti su sergančiųjų pirmine arterine hipertenzija ramybės reikšmėmis. 4. Palyginti sportuojančių ir nesportuojančių tiriamųjų inkstų funkcinių rodiklių vidurkių tarp ramybės ir po fizinio krūvio skirtumus. 5. Išnagrinėti kreatinino klirenso kitimus. Šiame darbe kėlėme hipotezę, kad sportuojančių tiriamųjų inkstų funkciniai rodikliai po fizinio krūvio padidės labiau nei nesportuojančių tiriamųjų ir bus artimi sergančiųjų arterine hipertenzija rodikliams. Tyrime savo noru dalyvavo 10... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In the literature, there exists numerous studies of exercise – induced sports hematuria, proteinuria, acute renal failure following a marathon (Poortmans et al., 2001; Ayca et al., 2006; Steward, Pasen, 1980). But studies investigating the effects of exercise on blood indicators of renal function are quiet few. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of submaximal veloergometric exercise on very important biochemical indicators of renal function – level nitrogen compounds in the blood. In venous blood samples was investigate concentrations of creatinine, urea, total protein and uric acid before and after submaximal (about 50 % VO2max) veloergometric exercise. This nitrogen compounds was studies in three groups of subjects. Methods. The study was performed on 10 trained (1 group), 10 untrained (2 group) and 10 subjects with I° hypertensive status (3 group). The age range was 20,5-21,3 yr, weight – 71,8-77,3 kg, height – 177-180 cm. All subjects volunteered to participate in the study after providing written informed consent. The study was approved in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Blood samples were collected before and after the submaximal veloergometric test into vacationer tubes. Concentrations of creatinine, urea, total protein and uric acid in the serum were determined using Technician Auto Analyzer ADVIA 1650 system. Data from Submaximal ride compared using two-way repeated – measures ANOVA. Dependent t-tests were administered in the event of... [to full text]

The potential shortage of phosphorus (P) fertilizer is a threat to food security and closing the nutrient loop through recycling human excreta, especially urine, has been considered, so as to mitigate this crisis. Struvite (magnesium, ammonium phosphate), a material derived from human urine, is a product which is gaining credence with regards to using urine as a P amendment since more than 90% of P in urine can be captured during struvite production. A study to evaluate the potential of struvite as a P amendment in three contrasting soils was conducted. The soils used were an A horizon of Inanda (Ia), A horizon Sepane (Se) and an E horizon of Cartref (Cf). Phosphate adsorption properties of the soils were studied and the Freundlich model used to derive sorption parameters. From these studies, Pmax was related to the Kf parameter of the Freundlich equation. Two sets of incubation studies were then conducted. The first ran for 122 days and the second for 22 days to examine in closer detail the early stages of dissolution of the struvite as the major P release occurred during this time period of the incubation. A pot experiment was conducted in a controlled environment so as to determine the effect of P released from struvite on maize growth. The Ia, with high content of iron and aluminum oxides, displayed high sorption and affinity for P, whereas soil texture was a principal factor in the sorption properties of the Se (clayey) and Cf (sandy). The Kf decreased in the order Ia > Se > Cf and external P requirements decreased in the order Se > Ia > Cf. In the incubation studies solution P content increased with an increase in application rate of struvite. Struvite dissolution and P release varied between the different soils and the dissolution was found to be related to the P adsorption maximum of each individual soil and soil pH. The magnesium content also increased with time. In the glasshouse study, drymatter yield after six weeks growth was improved by the addition of struvite. There were no benefits achieved by using more than the recommended application rates for each soil. Struvite was as effective as conventional single superphosphate in the Ia and Cf, while superphosphate outperformed struvite on the Se. The findings of this study suggest that struvite has the potential to release P in an available form although its effectiveness and capability to release P could depend on soil pH, exchangeable acidity and initial P levels. Further research needs to focus on the effect of pH on struvite dissolution, the effect of struvite on soil pH, as well as comparison of nutrient release patterns between struvite and rock phosphate. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2013.

Urea and triple superphosphate (TSP) are important N and P fertilizers, respectively, but they suffer from inefficiency because of NH$ sb3$ volatilization and phytotoxicity and P fixation. Combinations of urea and TSP or KCl might improve N and P use efficiency primarily through pH changes. Mixtures of urea, TSP and KCl, either compacted or blended, were studied as to NH$ sb3$ volatilization, denitrification and P transformation in soils, and N and P use efficiency in crops. Soils studied included a Ste. Rosalie clay (Humic Gleysol), an Ormstown silty clay loam (Humic Gleysol), a Chicot sandy clay loam (Grey Browm Luvisol), a St. Bernard loam (Melanic Brunisol) and an Upland loamy sand (Humo Ferric Podzol). Triple superphosphate or KCl reduced urease activity and delayed urea hydrolysis primarily through acidification. Ammonia volatilization decreased when urea was surface-applied with TSP or KCl. The depressive effect of TSP on NH$ sb3$ volatilization was reduced and the KCl effect was increased in the soil with high exchangeable acidity. Phytotoxicity from banded urea, NO$ sb2 sp-$ accumulation and denitrification declined with added TSP. Urea hydrolysis caused a rise in pH and dissolution of organic matter in soils, and as a result, Mehlich (3) and water extractable P increased when urea were banded with TSP. Corn yield and N and P use efficiency were improved with application of mixtures of TSP and urea as compared with urea or TSP alone. Compacted mixtures of urea and TSP or KCl were superior to blended mixtures, possible because of the intimate association of fertilizer dissolution products. Compacted mixtures of urea and TSP or KCl hold promise for improved agricultural productions.

Climate change, environmental degradation and unsustainable consumption of resources are increasingly putting a strain on the Earth's natural wealth. More sustainable sanitation behaviour such as maximising the use of urine diversion dry toilets (UDDT) can help alleviate the strain on water resources. Urine could be used as a fertiliser as it contains nitrogen and phosphorus, important components required for the soil. Furthermore, with urine as a fertiliser, it would now be free, accessible to all and decrease the need to mine phosphate. This research explores the perceptions and knowledge of farmers in the eThekwini municipality about urine and its use in agriculture. It seeks to understand if this practice is socially acceptable in order to contribute to the debate of food security. To investigate the attitudes towards urine, 12 interviews were conducted with farmers who consult with the Umbumbulu Agri-Hub and at the Newlands Mashu Permaculture Learning Centre (NMPLC). These interviews were done in order to find out their views of urine and its possibility on integrating ecological sanitation, more specifically urine reuse in their programmes. According to Ajzen's (1991) theory of planned behaviour as a framework the findings suggest that: individuals' and others self-perception and non-motivational factors such as smell and lack of training remain barriers to usage as well as lack of knowledge about its potential for fertilising capabilities. In Zulu culture urine is utilised in various ways and is deemed acceptable for medicinal and spiritual purposes. Nonetheless, there seems to be a negative perception of urine amongst most respondents. However, many farmers expressed curiosity towards the use of urine in agriculture if not for themselves then for future generations. This would allow an important role for organisations such as the Agri-Hub and NMPLC to aid in disseminating the knowledge concerning urine reuse in agriculture. / Thesis (M.Dev.Studies)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2012.

This dissertation details three studies dealing with the manipulation of nucleicacids. In the first investigation, each of the four natural nucleobases were analyzed for theability to serve as a universal template at the ligation junction of a T4 DNA ligasereaction. This resulted in the first instance of sequence-independent ligation catalyzed byany DNA ligase. Although all of the nucleobases display universal templatingcapabilities, thymidine and guanosine provided the most effective results. In addition,lowered MgCl2 and ATP concentrations, as well as the inclusion of DMSO, also aided inthe sequence-independent ligation reported here. In the course of these studies, currentmethods of removing urea from denaturing-gel purified nucleic acids provedcumbersome. Therefore, in the second study simple butanol extraction was examined as ameans to eliminate urea from nucleic acid solutions. Stepwise butanol extraction was themost effective approach to solving this problem and provided a much needed techniquefor nucleic acid purification. This type of extraction also does not result in significantlosses of nucleic acid sample. The third study exploits the molecular recognition andcatalytic properties inherent in an autocatalytic group I intron to develop a ribozyme thatcan replace the 5' end of an RNA substrate with a different RNA. This 5' replacementsplicing reaction can potentially repair mutations on the 5' ends of RNA transcripts thatlead to a variety of genetic mutations. The model system was a common mutation in asmall model mimic of the k-ras gene in vitro, which predisposes individuals to lungcancer. This 5' replacement splicing reaction occurred in vitro using this small modelsystem; the reaction was also enhanced by the alteration of the molecular interactionsinvolved. The results and implications of each of these studies are detailed in thisdissertation.

Bandymas atliktas melžiamų karvių ūkyje, Marijampolės rajone. Pradžia – 2011 10 23. Trukmė – 90 dienų. Bandymui buvo sudarytos dvi juodmargių karvių grupės: kontrolinė ir tiriamoji. Abiejų grupių karvių laikymo sąlygos tiriamuoju laikotarpiu buvo vienodos – tiriamuoju laikotarpiu buvo šeriamos racionais sudarytais kompiuterine šėrimo programa „Hybrimin Futter 2008“ Racionų maistingumas atitiko karvių mitybos fiziologines normas. Apsaugotų riebalų produktas „NLM 66“ yra augalinės kilmės išgryninti riebalai, skirti pagerinti gyvulių energijos pasisavinimą, taip pat padidinti pieno primilžį ir pieno riebumą. Bandymo metu buvo stebimi ir užrašomi šie duomenys: karvių sveikatingumas, apetitas, įmitimas, sergamumas. Tyrimų duomenys apdoroti statistinės analizės metodu, statistiniu paketu „R 1.7.1.“ ir WinExcel programą. Tiriamuoju laikotarpiu tiriamosios grupės karvės sveikatos problemų neturėjo. Ganiavos pabaigoje (prieš bandymą) abiejų grupių karvės turėjo galūnių problemų (suskeldėjusios nagos, skausmingi sąnariai ir kt.). Bandomosios grupės karvėms šios problemos išnyko savaime. Šios grupės karvės neturėjo virškinimo problemų, kurių nebuvo išvengta kontrolinėje grupėje. Apsaugoti riebalai bandomosios grupės karvėms buvo duodami su koncentratais. Pradžioje ne visos karvės noriai ėdė koncentratus su apsaugotais riebalais. Per savaitę dauguma karvių priprato prie apsaugotų riebalų produkto ir noriai ėdė visus pašarus. Pagerėjus apetitui, sparčiai pradėjo didėti bandomosios... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The test was carried, in Marijampolė region. Test starts – 2011 10 23. Duration – 90 days. For the test was made two black-variegated cow groups: the control group and the researching group. Both groups of cows housing conditions during the investigation period was the same – during the investigation period was fed at rations, which are made with computerised feeding program „Hybrimin Futter 2008“. The food value rations matched cows nutrition physiological norms. Protected fat product „NLM 66“ is herbal origin purificated fat, which ar for increase the animals energy absorbtion and volume of milk and fat of milk. At the time of the test was monitored and recorded the following data: cows health, appetite, size, sickness rate. The data was processed using the method of statistical analysis, statistical package „R 1.7.1.“ and WinExcel program. In the investigation period researching group cows had no health problems. Before the test both groups cows had limbs problems (splited nails, painful joints etc.). For the testing group cows these problems disappeared by itself and had no digestive problems, which were in control group. The protected fat were given for cows with concentrates. At the beginning not all the cows ate concentrates with protected fats with desire. During the week, most of the cows got used to protected fat product and ate all the food with desire. When the appetite was better, rapidly began increasing testing group cows volumes of milk and these volumes... [to full text]

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