Práce se zabývá vymezením zásob, metodami evidence zásob a oceňováním zásob podle platné právní legislativy ČR, podle IFRS/IAS a US GAAP. V práci jsou teoretické poznatky srovnány s praxí vedenou u výrobní společnosti a formulovány doporučení k nápravě nepřesných postupů.

The thesis is focused on a comparison of IFRS and US GAAP rules for revenue recognition and measurement. Some topics are complemented by Czech accounting regulations appropriately. The practical part includes an analysis of recognition of expenses and revenues associated with customer loyalty programs by the airlines and futher an application of revenue recognition rules in SKANSKA Group. In the final chapter is outlined the expected development in the area of revenue recognition.

Diploma thesis researches the impacts of methodical processes of showing of leasing contracts of a lessee, which are in programme of convergence discussed by International Accounting Standards Board and the Financial Accounting Standards Board in the USA. Theoretical part of this thesis describes some leasing problems, current and a suggested method of showing leasing of a lessee. Practical part of this thesis focuses on an application of these suggested methodical procedures within some particular leasing contracts. One part of this thesis also contains a view, whether these suggested methodical procedures are suitable for small and medium companies.

This master's thesis deals with leases accounting in different accounting systems -- specifically comparison to czech accounting rules, IFRS for SMEs and US GAAP. The emphasis is put on leases accounting in small and medium-sized enterprises, therefore I was looking for an ideal way how to account leases within SMEs in Czech republic. An important chapter of this thesis is the process of leases accounting harmonization, which still continues and is trying to make the most faithful image of the company. Practical part of this thesis is made via questionnaire and it deals with an attitude of SMEs in Czech republich to implementation of IFRS for SMEs and to leases harmonization between IFRS and US GAAP.

Práce hodnotí státní regulaci účetnictví a účetního výkaznictví v ekonomickém kontextu. Zabývá se dopady jednotlivých regulačních mechanismů na kvalitu účetních standardů a zvažuje alternativy státní regulace účetnictví. Hodnoceny jsou systémy US GAAP, IFRS a národní regulace účetnictví. Vzhledem k těsné souvislosti tématu s kapitálovými trhy je věnována pozornost také specifikům burz cenných papírů.

This thesis deals with methods of improvement of financial statements of European banks and their impact on the economy. The financial statements are the principal information source used by external users when making economic decisions. The thesis is focused on analysis of impairment of financial assets and insufficient creation of provisions for credit losses, on faire value and amortized cost measurement of financial assets, macrohedging of interest rate risk, reporting of goodwill and on derecognition and transfer of financial assets. The thesis investigates major differences between US GAAP and IFRS. Initial hypothesis are set down at the beginning of each chapter. These are confirmed after the analysis of the academic literature, primary resources and empirical data. The thesis confirmed the principal assumption that financial reporting under IFRS provides to European banks several ways how to improve their financial statements, which contradicts to the requirements of fair and true view of economic situation of entities. Low-quality financial information can lead to instability of the financial markets, which does not contribute to the economic growth.

In this dissertation I investigate and compare the impairments of long-lived operating assets under US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US GAAP) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) from different perspective, including the informativeness, determinants, and market valuation of asset impairments. A firm invests in long-lived operating assets with the expectation of generating future benefit. The decision or recognition of asset impairments implies such future benefit is expected to be lower than originally estimated. US GAAP and IFRS both require the recognition of impairment losses but their standards and accounting approaches are different in several ways. These distinctions raise the question whether the reported long-lived asset impairments under US GAAP and IFRS are comparable and motivate this dissertation. I investigate the predictive ability of reported asset write-offs for firms' future performance and find negative associations suggesting the informativeness of impairment losses. But such informativeness depends on the type of assets impaired, the accounting standards adopted, and the institutional characteristics. In general, aggregate impairments are persistently associated with future performance under IFRS but not US GAAP. The impairments of tangible assets have more predictive ability than those of intangibles. For IFRS adopters, enforcement takes a more important role in determining the informativeness of asset impairments than legal origins. I also examine the determinants and attributes of asset impairments under US GAAP and IFRS. I find both of them reflect certain economic factors and reporting incentives. Under US GAAP asset impairments strongly reflect GDP growth, unemployment rate, industry-trend and reporting incentives, including taking a big bath and income smoothing. Under IFRS the impairments reflect most economic factors but less reporting incentives. However, when enforcement is low in IFRS countries, firms tend to manage earnings through asset write-offs. I further address the market valuation of asset write-offs under US GAAP and IFRS. The reporting of asset impairments improves the explanatory power of accounting information for equity prices under IFRS but not US GAAP, especially when enforcement is high. The associations between asset write-offs and equity prices under IFRS in high enforcement countries are significantly different from those under US GAAP, implying investors weigh reported impairments under IFRS. I also use stock returns as an alternative metric of market valuation. Under US GAAP, asset write-offs are negatively associated with past, current, and future stock returns. Under IFRS in high enforcement countries the effects of impairment loss concentrate on past and current stock returns. The results of comparisons suggest asset write-offs under US GAAP and IFRS are not totally comparable from a market perspective. This dissertation contributes to literature on special items, impairment accounting, and reporting under IFRS. It is also related to the comparability of financial reporting under US GAAP and IFRS. While studies have compared overall properties of the two standards, examining the differences in a specific accounting area is also important as U.S. SEC express concern about the convergence of different accounting standards and whether U.S. should incorporate IFRS into its financial reporting systems. / Business Administration/Accounting

The main theme of this thesis is the isue of leases and its treatment in International Financial Reporting Standards. The thesis is devided into five parts. The first part is devoted to basic characteristics of the lease, its structure and historical development. The third part focuses on convergence of IFRS and US GAAP in leases. This section contains a summary of the opinions contained in Discussion Paper and decisions made at meetings of the IASB and the FASB after publishing of Discussion Paper. The fourth part deals with practical application of the rules contained in IAS 17 at real lease contract. The last part is devoted to research of implementation of disclosure requirements specified in IAS 17.

Ekonomin blir allt mer global och redovisningsinformation analyseras av olika investerare över hela världen. Informationen som jämförs behöver vara jämförbar med varandra för att ge rättvisande vägledning i ett beslutsfattande. Börsnoterade företag inom Europeiska unionen ska upprätta sin redovisning enligt IFRS och företag som är noterade i USA ska upprätta sin redovisning enligt US GAAP. Det som skiljer regelverken åt är att US GAAP är mer regelbaserat och IFRS är principbaserat, vilket medför att företagsledningen har möjlighet att påverka redovisningen i viss utsträckning. Regelverken skiljer sig åt på en mängd olika punkter för att i vissa avseenden påminna om varandra. Men det är skillnaderna som skapar den informationsasymmetri som sedan kan vilseleda investerare som jämför bolag mellan de olika regelverken.Syftet med denna studie är att analysera om redovisning enligt IFRS eller US GAAP leder till signifikanta skillnader mellan olika nyckeltal. Genom att analysera detta vill vi belysa de eventuella skillnader som kan uppstå i de finansiella nyckeltalen vilket kan ändra investerares intresse för företaget.I studien har 21 stycken dubbelnoterade läkemedelsföretag ingått. Med dubbelnoterade innebär det i denna studie att företagen är noterade på börsen både i Europa och i USA. För dessa företag har två stycken mått för skuldsättning, två stycken mått för lönsamhet och två stycken mått för likviditet beräknats och analyserats. Komponenterna för att beräkna nyckeltalen har hämtats ur företagens egna årsredovisningar som upprättats enligt både IFRS och US GAAP. För att fastställa om regelverken har någon signifikant påverkan på nyckeltalen har vi analyserat våra nyckeltal genom en hypotesprövning. Genom denna studie har vi konstaterat att regelverken inte har någon signifikant påverkan på något av de undersökta företagens nyckeltal. / The economy is getting even more global and accounting information are analysed by several investors over the world. The information being compared has to be comparable with each other to give true guidance before decision-making. Companies listed on the stock exchange within the European Union shall establish their accounting in accordance with IFRS and companies listed on the American stock exchange shall establish their accounting in accordance with US GAAP. What sets the rules apart is that US GAAP is more rule-based than IFRS, which is principle-based, and the managers have an opportunity to influence the accounting to some extent. The frameworks differ in some points, while they in some respects remind of each other. However, it is the differences that create the information asymmetry which can mislead shareholders who compare companies that reports in accordance with both regulations. The purpose of this study is to analyse whether accounting according to IFRS or US GAAP leads to significant differences between different financial ratios. By analysing this, we want to shed light on the possible differences that may arise in the financial ratios, which can change the investor’s interest in the company. The study includes 21 cross-listed companies who are listed on a stock exchange both in Europe and in the US. Two ratios of debt, two ratios of profitability and two ratios of liquidity have been calculated and analysed for each of the companies. The components that have been used to calculate these ratios have been collected from the companies own annual reports that have been prepared in accordance with both IFRS and US GAAP. The study has used a hypothesis test to determine whether the regulations have any significant impact on the financial ratios. The result of this study shows that the regulations have no significant impact on the examined company’s financial ratios.

Leasing är en populär finansieringsmetod. Redovisningen av leasing har dock kritiserats för att inte redovisa en rättvisande bild. Åtgärder för att försöka förbättra leasingredovisningen var en av de punkter som stod på agendan för IASB och FASB konvergensprojekt. Den främsta kritiken riktas till företag som redovisar under US GAAP där standarden lätt låter sig kringgås. Detta eftersom de medvetet klassificerar leasingavtalen som operationella. De operationella leasingarna ger en missvisande bild eftersom de inte går igenom balansräkningen. Det blir missvisande om de produkter eller tjänster som finansieras genom leasing skapar intäkter för företaget och bör därför ses som en tillgång.Syftet med studien är att föra en fördjupad diskussion kring den kommande leasingstandarden och dess effekt. Eftersom standarden inte ännu införts bidrar studien till ökade kunskaper inom området inför kommande standard. Studien bygger på en kvalitativ ansats med såväl kvantitativ som kvalitativ data. Den omfattar flera olika tillvägagångssätt för information. Empirin behandlar beräkningar på den förväntade effekten av en ny standard samt diskussioner med respondenterna.Resultatet visar på att den nya standarden får en markant påverkan på de företag som har stor andel operationella leasingavtal som redovisar under US GAAP. Det visar även hur nyckeltal som soliditet och skuldsättningsgrad försämras vid en kapitalisering av operationella leasingavtal. Resultat visar på en mer rättvisande bild vid ny leasingsstandard. Däremot kan den rubbas om alternativa finansieringsmetoder uppkommer.Studien behandlar en fördjupad diskussion kring ett mycket omtalat ämne men det var först i januari i år som den nya standarden presenterades. Därför bidrar studien med relevant information om den slutliga produkten av konvergensprojektet för leasing och diskussion kring alternativa finansieringsmöjligheter. / Leasing is a popular financing method and has received a lot of criticism for its accounting because it is not representing a true and fair view. This problem was one of the things on the agenda of the convergence project between IASB and FASB. The prime criticism is aimed for those companies that report under US GAAP where the standard is easy to manipulate by classify the leases as operating. The operating contracts are providing a deceptive picture by avoiding the balance sheet. The reason way this is deceptive are because the leased asset generates income for the company.The purpose of the study is to conduct a deeper discussion about the future leasing standard and its impact. Since the standard has not yet been put into use, the study contributes to increase knowledge in the area for the future standard. The study is based on a qualitative approached with quantitative and qualitative data. Different approached has been considered when collecting empirical data. The empirical data process information about leasing and calculations on the expected impact of the new standard and also discussions with the respondents.The result indicates that the new standard have a significant influence on the companies that have a large proportion of operating leases. The outcome also indicates how the key figures solidity and debt to equity ratio is being impaired through a capitalizing of operating leases. The outcome gives an increased true and fair view of the leasing standard. However financial engineering can disrupt the true and fair view.The study covers a deeper discussion about a controversial subject, but it was not until January this year the standard was publicly presented. The study therefore contributes with relevant information to the final product of the convergence project for leasing and a discussion about alternative financial engineering.This thesis is written in Swedish.