Mobile phone usage involves the mobile phone, the telecommunications system, mobile phone users, and the adoption and use of the system. Mobile communications is a complex and rapidly changing industry consisting of the hardware, software, network and business aspects. Mobile phone users are influenced by demographic, social, cultural and contextual factors that complicate the understanding of mobile phone usage. Advances in technology and market competition drive the addition of new services and features. In contrast, human cognition and attention are more constrained and many users find it difficult to cope with the cognitive demands of mobile phone technology. The aim of this study is to develop a model for representing the influence of motivational needs and cultural factors on mobile phone usage variety. The link between motivational needs and mobile phone usage variety, the cultural factors that influence mobile phone usage variety, as well as usage spaces as an approach to representing usage variety, are researched. The research encompasses a literature study, structured interviews, a pilot study and a survey. The pilot study and survey yielded data about mobile phone usage of university students under the age of 30 in South Africa. The results from the statistical analysis were triangulated with the findings of the literature study and the observations made about mobile phone usage during this two-year period. A final survey was conducted to verify the model. The contribution of this study is a mobile phone technology usage model (MOPTUM) for representing the motivational and cultural factors that influence mobile phone usage variety in such a way that users can use the model to express their mobile phone usage needs in non-technical terms while marketers and designers can use the model to convert the expressed user needs into the features required. MOPTUM draws on concepts and models from sociology, computer-supported cooperative work, human-computer interaction and technology adoption models from the field of marketing. MOPTUM verifies some existing findings on mobile phone usage and then integrates and extends these existing models to provide a new model for understanding the motivational and cultural factors that influence mobile phone usage variety. / Computing / Ph. D. (Computer Science)

De nos jours, ce ne sont pas que les collections multimédias qui deviennent de plus en plus volumineuses, mais aussi les métadonnées qui les décrivent. L’extraction des métadonnées est très coûteuse en consommation de ressources. Cela pose le problème de la gestion efficace de ces grands volumes de données, en minimisant cette consommation. Le fait que les utilisateurs sont en constante interaction avec les documents multimédias et les métadonnées complique encore plus cette gestion. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions le problème de la gestion de métadonnées en intégrant les interactions des utilisateurs à deux niveaux: dans le processus de création de métadonnées et dans leur enrichissement. La grande variété de standards et normes de métadonnées existants ne sont pas interopérables. Les solutions proposées à ce problème d’interopérabilité se sont focalisées sur la création d’ontologies qui décrivent les contenus multimédias du point de vue sémantique, sans forcément prendre en compte les standards de métadonnées et d’autres informations de plus bas niveau sur les documents. Pour résoudre ce problème nous proposons un format de métadonnées qui intègre les standards et normes les plus utilisés et qui est flexible et extensible en structure et en vocabulaire. Dans le cadre d’un système de gestion des contenus multimédias, le processus d’indexation est celui qui consomme le plus de ressources, à travers les algorithmes d’indexation qui extraient les métadonnées. Dans les systèmes classiques, cette indexation est accomplie avec un ensemble d’algorithmes d’indexation figé dans le temps, sans se soucier de la consommation des ressources ni de l’évolution des besoins de l’utilisateur. Pour prendre en compte les besoins que l’utilisateur spécifie dans sa requête, afin de n’extraire que les métadonnées nécessaires et ainsi limiter d’un côté le volume de métadonnées à gérer et de l’autre la consommation des ressources, nous proposons de répartir le processus d’indexation en deux phases: une fois à l’acquisition des contenus (indexation implicite), et une deuxième fois, si besoin, au moment de l’exécution de la requête de l’utilisateur (indexation explicite) en ayant recours à une liste d’algorithmes d’indexation déterminée principalement en fonction de la requête de l’utilisateur. L’utilisateur est de plus en plus pris en compte dans les systèmes multimédias à travers ses interactions avec le système et le document. Nous proposons d’aller plus loin dans la prise en compte de l’utilisateur, en considérant ses interactions avec les différentes parties du document mais aussi avec les métadonnées qui décrivent le document. Cela a été réalisé à travers l’extension du format de métadonnées proposée, par l’ajout d une température à chaque élément du format, qui varie dans le temps, étant calculée en fonction de la façon dont l’utilisateur interagit avec le document, mais aussi avec les métadonnées dans une période de temps. Nous avons validé nos propositions dans deux domaines différents: la vidéo surveillance et le commerce électronique. Le projet LINDO nous a permis la validation du format des métadonnées et de la sélection des algorithmes d’indexation dans le cadre de l’indexation explicite, dans le cadre de la vidéo surveillance. Dans le domaine du commerce électronique, nous avons exploité les interactions des utilisateurs réels avec un site de vente en ligne pour calculer la température des métadonnées associées aux pages du site pendant une période de deux mois. Nous avons utilisé cette température pour réaliser le reclassement des résultats obtenus pour une requête de l’utilisateur. Nous avons réalisé un test utilisateur sur une vingtaine de personnes. [...] / Nowadays, not only multimedia collections become larger, but also the metadata describing them. The metadata extraction is the most ressource consumming process in the management of multimedia collections. This raises the problem of the efficient management of these large data volumes while minimizing ressource consumption. Users’ constant interactions with multimedia documents and metadata complicate this management process. In this thesis, we adress this problem of metadata management by integrating users’ interactions at two levels: in the process of metadata creation and in their enrichment. The existing metadata standards are heterogenous and not interoperable. The proposed solutions for this interoperability problem focused on creating ontologies that describe the multimedia contents from a semantic point of view, without necessarily taking into account metadata standards and other low level information. To solve this problem, we propose a metadata format that integrates the most widely used metadata standards and which is flexible and extensible in structure and vocabulary. In a multimedia management system, the indexing process is the most resource consumming, through the indexing algorithms that extract metadata. In conventional systems, the indexing is accomplished with a fixed set of indexing algorithms, without considering the resource consumption and users’ changing needs. To take into account the user’s needs, specified in his query, in ordre to extract only the necessary metadata and thus, on one side, to limit the metadata volume and on the other to reduce the resource consumption, we propose to split the indexing process into two phases: first time, at the contents acquisition time (i.e., implicit indexation), and, a second time, if necessary, at the query execution time (i.e., explicit indexation), employing a list of indexing algorithms determined mainly according to the user’s query. The users are more and more taken into account in multimedia systems through their interactions with the system and the documents. We propose to go further in this consideration, by taking into account users’interactions with different parts of the document, and also with the document’s metadata. This was achieved through the extention of the proposed metadata format, by associating a temperature to each metadata element. This temperature is calculated according to the users’ interactions with the document and with the metadata, in a time period. We have validated our proposals in two different domains: vidéosurveillance and e-commerce. The LINDO project has allowed us to validate the metadata format and indexing algorithms selection in the context of explicit indexation, for a video surceillance use case. For the e-commerce, we have used an online shopping site and the interactions of its real users, for a two months period, to calculate the temperature of the metadata associated to the web pages describing the site’s products. We have used this temperature for reranking the results obtained for a user’s query. We conducted a user study with twenty people, which shows that, for some users’ queries, the results reranking helps the users to find faster the desired information. This thesis has addressed the problem of taking into account the user in the multimedia documents management by: (1 )proposing a model metadata that integrates the most used metadata standards; (2) spliting the multimedia indexing in two steps ( implicit and explicit indexation); (3) enriching the metadata according to the users’ interactions with the system, the multimedia documents and the metadata.

Contabilidade Gerencial e a Estratégia têm em comum a questão do desempenho organizacional, a primeira tem como objetivo medir o desempenho, a segunda se preocupa em como as organizações podem obter desempenho por meio de vantagens competitivas. Uma abordagem utilizada pela Estratégia é a Visão Baseada em Recursos, nessa ótica, o desempenho é potencializado pelas competências organizacionais da empresa, mas, nessa busca pelas competências, as organizações utilizam-se do Sistema de Controle Gerencial - SCG. Dependendo de como o SCG é utilizado, diagnóstica ou interativamente, ou uma combinação dos ambos, este pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento das competências e balancear as Tensões Dinâmicas e, indiretamente, influenciar o desempenho organizacional. Fundamentado no modelo teórico de Henri (2006), o objetivo deste trabalho foi contribuir para o entendimento deste relacionamento nas 1.000 maiores empresas brasileiras, utilizando a técnica estatística multivariada Modelagem de Equações Estruturais com o método de estimação Partial Least Square PLS. Os resultados em um total de 104 empresas indicam que (i) não existem evidências de relacionamento negativo entre o Uso Diagnóstico e o desenvolvimento de competências organizacionais, sugerindo que, no Brasil, o Uso Diagnóstico pode ter um menor componente disfuncional, e também, que este pode ser visto como uma rotina organizacional necessária para manter a organização dentro de um caminho planejado, o que não é incompatível com o desenvolvimento das competências; (ii) não existem relacionamentos significativos positivos entre desenvolvimento de competências e desempenho econômico, medido pelo Retorno sobre Patrimônio Líquido, o que é coerente com o estudo de Henri (2006), sugerindo que devem existir outras variáveis não contempladas no modelo, ou ainda que o indicador RSPL possa não ser uma proxy adequada de desempenho nos anos de 2005 a 2007; (iii) existe relacionamento positivo entre o Uso Interativo e o desenvolvimento de competências, com exceção do Empreendedorismo, o que é consistente com os resultados de Henri (2006); (iv) existe relacionamento positivo entre as Tensões Dinâmicas e as competências, o que está em linha com Henri (2006) e valida a teoria de que as tensões são importantes para busca da eficácia organizacional; (v) Uso Diagnóstico e Uso Interativo do SCG influenciam positivamente as Tensões Dinâmicas, podendo configurar o SCG como um recurso complementar na ótica da VBR; (vi) quando o desempenho é medido por auto-avaliação, ocorre uma alteração nos resultados dos relacionamentos entre competências e desempenho, com as competências Aprendizagem Organizacional e Orientação para Mercado influenciando positivamente o desempenho, indicando que estas duas competências/orientações devem ser estimuladas pelo uso do SCG. Os resultados da pesquisa estão sujeitos a algumas limitações, a principal delas refere-se ao fato que as respostas refletem a percepção dos profissionais de controladoria e finanças das empresas e a análise dos dados também não considerou a estratificação por setores econômicos. Estas limitações ensejam futuras pesquisas, como a sua replicação utilizando outro perfil de respondente, a realização de estudos de casos em empresas com diferentes culturas e desempenhos, bem como estudos que aprofundem a dimensão uso com competências específicas e mesmos construtos oriundos de outros campos de conhecimento. / Managerial Accounting and the Strategy have in common the issue of organizational performance; the first has as the objective of performance measuring the second focuses on how the organizations can obtain performance through competitive advantages. An approach used by the Strategy is the Resource-Based View, through this point of view, the performance is maximized by the company organizational competences, but in this competences search, the organizations use the Management Control System - MCS. Depending on how the MCS is used diagnostically or interactively, or in a combination of both, this can contribute to the competences development and the dynamic tensions balance and indirectly, influence the organizational performance. Originated by the Henri (2006) theoretical model this study proposal is to contribute for this relationship understanding in the 1,000 Brazilian biggest companies, using the multivariate statistic technique Structural Equation Modeling with the estimation method Partial Least Square PLS. The result in a total of 104 companies indicates that (i) there are no evidences of negative relationship between the diagnostic use and the organizational competences development, suggesting that in Brazil, the diagnostic use can have a minor dysfunctional component, and also, that the diagnostic use can be seen as an organizational routine needed to maintain the organization in a planned path, which is not incompatible with the competences development ; (ii) there are no meaningful positive relationships between the competence development and the economical performance, measured by the Return on Equity, which is coherent with the Henri (2006), suggesting that there must be other variables not contemplated in the model, or even that the indicator ROE might not be an adequate proxy of development in the years of 2005-2007; (iii) there is a relationship between the interactive use and the development of competences, excepting the enterprising, which is consistent with Henri (2006) results; there is a positive relation between the dynamic tensions and the competences, which is aligned with Henri (2006) and validates the theory that the tensions are important for the search of the organizational effectiveness (v) diagnostic use and interactive use of the MCS have a positive influence on the dynamic tensions, being able to configure the MCS as an additional resource in the RBV framework ; (vi) when the development measurement is made by self-evaluation, there happens a results change of the relations between competences and performance, with the organizational learning competences and market orientation having a positive influence on the performance, indicating that this two competences/orientations must be stimulates by the MCS use. The research results have some limitation; the main one is that the answers reflect the perception of corporate controllers and finance managers The data analyses did not take in account the stratification by economical sector. These limitations enhance future researches, such as its reply using others professional profiles ; the use cases study methodology in companies with different cultural and performance profiles, and more accurate studies of the usage dimension of specific competences and the same construct deriving from other fields of knowledge.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work shows a study about the system efficiency of rainwater s usage in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul and it aims to evaluate the utilization of not potable waters´ potential that come from impermeable surfaces. The hydrological potential was classified very good, considering pluvial sources (rainwater) from 30 regions' station, with historical series higher than 15 years. The activities to exploitation and its respectively demands were chosen, determining the efficiency of the system usage, with the use of different areas of captation and commercial volumes of rainwater tanks. The volumetric reliability was calculated in single-family house with the use of daily and monthly precipitation from the historic series of Santa Maria (code 02953034), volumes of 10, 12 and 20 m³ and areas of 70, 100, 150, 200 and 300 m². It was verified that the use of daily or monthly sources (datas) of precipitation conducted to nearest results. There are coincidences to minimum values, including in the dimension of the area s captation and the volume of storage. However, it was observed that to maximum reliability, the volume s results and the areas are bigger when monthly sources (datas) were used. In order to compare the sources, it was analyzed the efficiency applying volumes of water tanks determined by Kobiyama and Hansen Method (2002) to Cacequi´station (code 02954001). In this case, it was also determinated the captation s area that resulted in better volumetric reliability. The comparative analysis between the studied stations showed that there is a significant efficiency s development in function to the increase of the area of captation to the same volume of storage in comparison to a small variation of efficiency to the enlargement to the volume of a constant area. The methodology in this study offers an interconnected vision of the influence of the different constituents of the system usage, simulating the behavior of the system as a whole. The demands of single-family house with area of 70 m2 and water tanks of 500 L the minimum of efficiency found was 20% and the maximum was 28.33%. To multi-store building with area of 300 m² and 15000 L of reservoir s volume, the minimum was 10% and the maximum was 17.33%. In Gas Stations with 1000 m² of area and volume of 20000 L, the minimum volume was 40% and the maximum 58%. In beer s industry with area of 7000 m² and reservoir volume of 20000 L, the results showed minimum of 25% and maximum of 38.65¨%. The method presented makes possible the graphic visualization of the efficiency to be obtained in the usage systems to determine captation area, rainwater tanks volume and the implemented demands. It also allowed to verify the dimension to be projected in relation to captation s area and the volume of storage, since the demands has been determinated to reach and determine the intended efficiency. The equation s adjustment to the reservoir s sizing was obtained from a R2 coefficient adjustment of 0.9925 and from Nash coefficient of 0.9914. The criteria showed and discussed revealed adequate, resulting in efficiencies quite satisfactory to partial demands to not potable waters in the analyzed cities. / Este trabalho apresenta um estudo da eficiência do sistema de aproveitamento das águas pluviais na região central do Rio Grande do Sul e tem como objetivo geral avaliar o potencial de aproveitamento para fins não potáveis de águas provenientes de superfícies impermeáveis. O potencial hidrológico foi classificado considerando os dados pluviométricos de 30 estações da região, com séries históricas superiores a 15 anos e resultou Muito Bom . As atividades para aproveitamento e suas respectivas demandas foram escolhidas, determinando-se a eficiência do sistema de aproveitamento, com a utilização de diferentes áreas de captação e volumes comerciais de reservatórios. A confiabilidade volumétrica foi calculada em residência unifamiliar com a utilização de precipitações diárias e mensais da série histórica de Santa Maria (código 02953034), volumes de 10, 12 e 20 m³ e áreas de 70, 100, 150, 200 e 300 m². Foi verificado que o uso de dados diários ou mensais de precipitação conduziu a resultados próximos. Para valores mínimos há uma coincidência, inclusive, nas dimensões da área de captação e volume de armazenamento. Entretanto, para confiabilidade máxima observa-se que os resultados de volumes e áreas são maiores quando do uso de dados mensais. Por critérios comparativos procedeu-se, também, a análise da eficiência com o emprego de volumes de reservatório determinados pelo método de Kobiyama e Hansen (2002) para a estação de Cacequi (código 02954001). Neste caso, determinou-se também, as áreas de captação que resultavam em melhor confiabilidade volumétrica. A análise comparativa entre as estações estudadas demonstrou que existe um crescimento mais significativo da eficiência em função do aumento da área de captação para um mesmo volume de armazenamento em comparação a uma menor variação da eficiência para um aumento do volume a uma dada área constante. A metodologia proposta oferece uma visão interligada da influência dos diferentes constituintes do sistema de aproveitamento, simulando o comportamento deste como um todo. Para a demanda em residências unifamiliares com área de 70 m² e volume do reservatório de 500 L a eficiência mínima encontrada foi 20% e a máxima de 28,33%. Já para residências multifamiliares com área de 300 m² e volume de 15000 L a mínima foi de 10% e a máxima de 17,33%.. Nos postos de combustíveis com área de 1000 m² e volume de 20000 L o valor mínimo foi de 40% e o máximo de 58%. Em indústria de cerveja com área de 7000 m² e volume do reservatório de 200000 L os resultados demonstraram um mínimo de 25% e máximo de 38,65%. O método apresentado possibilita a visualização gráfica da eficiência a ser obtida nos sistemas de aproveitamento para determinada área de captação, volume de reservatório e demanda já implantada. Permite ainda, verificar as dimensões a serem projetadas em termos de área de captação e volume de armazenamento, conhecida a demanda, para que se consiga atingir uma determinada eficiência pretendida. O ajuste da equação para dimensionamento do reservatório foi obtido para um coeficiente de ajuste R2 de 0,9925 e Coeficiente de Nash de 0,9914. Os critérios apresentados e discutidos mostraram-se adequados resultando em eficiências consideravelmente satisfatórias ao atendimento parcial das demandas para fins não potáveis nos municípios analisados.

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

L’objectif de cette recherche est d’étudier l’influence du comportement et des affects sur l’intention de continuer l’usage d’une technologie de l’information, l’Internet Mobile. Un modèle conceptuel a été développé en se basant sur les recherches antérieures (notamment le modèle TAM et le modèle ECM) et une recherche qualitative. Ce modèle de la continuité d’usage permet d’étudier l’impact du comportement présent (usage et satisfaction) sur les réponses futures (intention de continuer l’usage). L’usage et la satisfaction sont influencés par les perceptions de l’Internet Mobile (utilité, facilité, amusement, valeur et qualité). Les relations du modèle sont modérées par un ensemble de variables modératrices (genre, âge et ancienneté d’usage). La collecte des données a été effectuée à l’aide d’un questionnaire en ligne. L’analyse des données par les équations structurelles a permis de valider empiriquement onze hypothèses de recherche issues de ce modèle. Les résultats suggèrent que l’intention de continuer l’usage de l’Internet Mobile est déterminée par l’usage de ce service et par la satisfaction des utilisateurs. La satisfaction des utilisateurs, à son tour, est influencée par la facilité, l’amusement et la qualité des services alors que l’usage est déterminé par l’utilité, la facilité, l’amusement et la valeur. Les implications managériales et théoriques, ainsi que les voies futures de recherche ont été mises en perspectives / The purpose of the current research is to investigate the influence of behavior and affect on the continuance intention of an information technology, the Mobile Internet. A conceptual model, based on a literature review (including the models TAM and ECM) and a qualitative research, is proposed. This post-adoption model examines the impact of the actual behavior (usage and satisfaction) on future responses (continuance intention). Usage and satisfaction are influenced by Mobile Internet post-adoption beliefs (usefulness, ease of use, enjoyment, value and quality). A number of moderating variables are included (gender, age and past experience). Data collection was performed using a web questionnaire. Data analysis by structural equation has empirically validated eleven research hypotheses derived from this model. The results suggest that mobile Internet continuance intention is determined by usage and satisfaction. User satisfaction, in turn, is influenced by ease of use, enjoyment and quality while usage is determined by usefulness, ease of use, enjoyment and value. Theoretical and managerial implications of the results are discussed. Finally, suggestions concerning future research about Mobile Internet are presented

The popularity that mobile games gained recently gives the opportunity to develop more mobile games. Limited by the scarce resources on mobile phones, developing good games becomes critical and requires special optimization while choosing the design approach.   Object-oriented Design (OOD) and Data-oriented Design (DOD) are two programming paradigms that have different ways of defining and structuring data. The purpose of this student thesis is to investigate the CPU and Memory performance differences between the two approaches.   To answer the research questions an experiment is conducted where two identical mobile games are built, one according to OOD and the other to DOD to collect empirical quantitative data and compare the results. The study limits the scope by  running the games on Android mobile phones.   The results of comparing the CPU Usage show significant differences especially when the amount of data is large. For instance, in the DOD version of the game, the CPU spends 20.9% of the time on updating data, while it spends 69.2% of the time on the same action in the OOD version of the game. No significant differences are observed regarding the total Memory allocated for the games in both versions. It can therefore be concluded that when the number of objects/data is big, a more optimized code should be written following the Data oriented Design approach with regard to better CPU and Memory Usage and    better game performance.

A beta-tubulin gene (benA) is widely used in taxonomy and identification of Aspergillus spp. and other Fungi.Across Aspergillus spp. There is either one (benA) or two beta-tubulin paralogs (benA and tubC). The risk ofcontemporary use of sequences of paralogous genes with non-homologous function in the same phylogeneticanalysis is well known. It is evident that it had happened repeatedly in Aspergillus section Nigri. It is alarmingthat conventional primers for amplification of partial benA sequence can specifically amplify tubC paralog insome species. In this work, both paralogs were characterised in a set of species. The beta-tubulin primers in usewere revised and new, more benA specific primers were designed. Applicability of some markers such as basecomposition, codon usage and length of introns for distinguishing -tubulin paralogs benA and tubC is tested. Alarge study on molecular diversity of 349 isolates of Aspergillus (PCR-fingerprint, sequence data - ITS, benA,rpb2, caM) originating from Czech culture collections and from clinical material is also included. 82 specieswere identified, togetherwith nine tentative new taxa belonging to sections with high economic impact - Nigri,Fumigati or Aspergillus (Eurotium spp.). Five species from Section Aspergillus could be synonymised withexisting taxa. A study...

All embedded systems are unique, a design that is suitable for one system can rarely be copied over to another. This inherently makes designing embedded systems difficult. The difficulty is only amplified by the uncertainty of the future requirements as it is developed over time. Being able to continuously validate the performance and the reliability is of great importance to be able to ensure fault proof execution.This thesis explores two areas. A method of tracking the static and dynamic memory usage of a system is crucial to ensure correct functionality under all conditions, and that the implemented hardware will suffice. Multiple possible tools, each functioning uniquely, were developed and tested to find the most suitable for measuring the memory usage of the elevator system. Additionally the message usage, i.e. the way the different units within the studied system communicate with each other, was scrutinized for possible performance and reliability enhancements. A study was made for the most optimal communication protocol, and for how the transmissions could be improved upon.The results show that for this specific system, the best way of calculating the memory usage is with a tool developed within this project. Using this tool it was found that none of the modules in the elevator system use more than 30 % of the available memory during execution. The message usage study shows the most optimal protocol is CAN with the ISO 15765-2 upperlevel protocol, which is the one currently in use. However, improvements to the message transmissions are suggested, such as taking full advantage of the CAN protocol and by implementing message buffers on the receiving end.An important conclusion is that just as there is no unique system design that fits all, there is no memory measurement tool or message usage implementation that fits all systems. Each system has to be analyzed to find the most optimal solution for that particular system. / Alla inbyggda system är unika, en design som passar ett system kan sällan kopieras över till ett annat. Detta leder till att det är svårt att designa inbyggda system. Osäkerheten över framtida systemkrav då systemet utvecklas över tid gör inte designproblemet lättare. Att kontinuerligt kunna validera prestandan och pålitligheten är viktigt för att kunna garantera felfri körning.Detta examensarbete utforskar två områden. En metod för att mäta den statiska och dynamiska minnesanvändningen av systemet är nödvändig för att kunna säkerställa att systemet alltid fungerar som det ska, och att den tillgängliga hårdvaran är tillräcklig. Flera olika verktyg utvecklades och testades för att hitta det som bäst mäter hissens minnesanvändning. Utöver det granskades meddelandeanvändningen, hur de olika enheterna inom det studerade systemet kommunicerar med varandra, för potentiella förbättringar av prestandan och pålitligheten. En studie utfördes för att hitta det mest optimala kommunikationsprotokollet, och för hur av överföringarna kunde förbättras.Resultatet visar att för det här specifika systemet är bästa sättet att räkna ut minnesanvändningen med ett verktyg utvecklat under projektet. Med hjälp av det här verktyget visas att ingen av modulerna i hissystemet använde mer än 30% av det tillgängliga minnet under körning. Studien över minnesanvändningen påvisar att det mest optimala protokollet var CAN och ISO 15765-2 för det övre lagret, vilket är det som används för nuvarande. Dock föreslås förbättringar till hur meddelandena överförs, till exempel genom att utnyttja CAN protokollet till fullo och genom att implementera meddelandebufferts på mottagarsidan.En betydelsefull slutsats som drogs var att på samma sätt som det inte finns en unik systemdesign som passar alla system, finns det inte heller ett minnesanvändningsverktyg eller en meddelandeanvändning som passar alla system. Varje enskilt system måste analyseras för att hitta den mest optimala lösningen för det specifika systemet.

Thesis (M. A. (Language Education)) -- University of Limpopo, 2023 / This study investigated the challenges experienced by Grade 10 learners in the usage of English as the first additional language in classroom academic writing. Qualitative methodology was used to conduct this study where responses from a sample of 10 learners and 2 EFAL teachers were obtained. The participants were purposefully sampled from a secondary school in Tweefontein. The researcher collected data using the semi-structured interviews and document analysis. Selected teachers were interviewed and learners were given an essay writing task. The data was analysed using the inductive thematic data analysis method. The study‟s findings point to social media as the major factor that contributes to the learners‟ usage of social language in academic essay writing. Contraction was found to be the most common language issue in the learners‟ academic writing. The study recommends that stakeholders such as the Department of Education, teachers, parents and learners should work together in order to improve the learners‟ usage of language in academic writing.