Le cannabis est la substance illicite la plus consommée à l’adolescence et ce, mondialement. Nous savons qu’un usage problématique de cannabis est susceptible d’entraîner une multitude de conséquences sur les plans physiques, psychologiques, sociaux et économiques. Or, les consommateurs constituent un groupe au profil hétérogène et n’expérimenteront pas tous des problèmes significatifs reliés à cet usage. Il s’avère donc important d’identifier les usagers à risque élevé de conséquences et de spécifier la nature de ces problèmes afin d’intervenir de façon efficace auprès de cette clientèle. Pourtant, bien que la littérature scientifique soulève l’idée que certains types de consommateurs présentent davantage de risques, l’état des connaissances ne révèle que peu d’informations de nature empirique qui permettraient de distinguer des autres usagers les profils d’adolescents davantage à risque. À cet effet, les typologies disponibles à ce jour sont généralement théoriques ou limitées aux études cliniques, font référence à des problèmes particuliers ou se basent sur des indicateurs spécifiques de la consommation tels que la fréquence d’usage. De plus, aucune étude jusqu’à maintenant n’est en mesure de nous pister quant aux types de problèmes associés plus spécifiquement à certains profils de consommation ni de préciser quels profils sont davantage représentés pour des conséquences données. Cette étude est basée sur les classes latentes de consommation découvertes dans l’étude de Fallu, Brière et Janosz (2014) à partir de plusieurs caractéristiques de consommation et comparées sur plusieurs prédicteurs et problèmes associés à la consommation. Son échantillon est constitué de 1618 élèves consommateurs de cannabis en secondaire 4. Cette étude examine quels sont les problèmes attribués et non-attribués les plus fréquents pour chacune des classes. Elle examine également quelles sont les classes les plus représentées pour différents problèmes attribués et non-attribués. Enfin, elle compare les résultats obtenus pour les problèmes attribués et non-attribués. La stratégie analytique employée a consisté à conduire des analyses descriptives, des analyses de Chi carrés ainsi que des analyses de variance univariée, parfois suivies d’une analyse post-hoc. Les résultats ont démontré que la classe d’appartenance peut prédire la survenue des différents problèmes que rencontrent les jeunes consommateurs, que certaines classes sont plus représentées pour certains problèmes et que les adolescents aux profils les plus lourds sont à risque de sous-estimer certains problèmes liés à leur consommation. L’une des principales découvertes concerne les deux classes précoces. Il semble que la classe des consommateurs modérés précoces présente un profil de problèmes davantage intériorisé et la classe des polyconsommateurs lourds précoces, davantage extériorisé. Les implications de ces résultats sont finalement discutées. / Cannabis is the most widely used illicit substance among adolescents worldwide. We know that cannabis misuse is likely to cause a variety of effects at physical, psychological, social and economic levels. However, consumers are a heterogeneous group and not all will experience significant problems associated with such use. It is therefore important to identify high-risk users and to specify the nature of these problems in order to intervene effectively with this clientele. Yet, although the scientific literature raises the idea that certain types of consumers are at higher risk, the current state of knowledge reveals little empirical information that would distinguish adolescents with higher risk profiles. To this end, the typologies available today are generally limited to theoretical or clinical studies, refer to specific problems, or are based on specific consumption indicators such as frequency of use. Furthermore, no study has yet been able to reveal the types of problems associated specifically with certain consumer profiles or to specify which profiles are more prone to various consequences. The present study is based on a latent class consumption model developed from several consumer characteristics found in the study by Fallu, Briere and Janosz (2014). They were compared with several predictors and problems associated with the consumption. The sample comes from within the context of evaluation of the New Approaches New Solutions (NANS) dropout prevention program, and consists of 1618 students who used cannabis in 10th grade. The subjects were annually evaluated from the 7th grade until the 11th. This study examines which attributed and non-attributed problems are most common for each class. It also examines which classes are most frequently assigned to different attributed and non-attributed problems. Finally, it compares the results obtained for the attributed and non-attributed problems. The analytical strategy used was to conduct descriptive analysis, chi-square analysis and univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA), sometimes followed by post-hoc tests when relevant. The results show that the class can predict the occurrence of various problems that young people face, that some classes are more represented for some problems, and that teenagers with heavier profiles are at risk of underestimating certain problems associated with their consumption. One of the main findings regarding the two early classes. It seems that early-moderate use students have a more internalized problems profile and those with early-heavy and polydrug use, a more externalized problems profile. Finally, the implications of these results are discussed.

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L'ingénierie des lignes de produits est une approche utilisée pour développer une famille de produits. Ces produits partagent un ensemble de points communs et un ensemble de points de variation. Aujourd'hui, la validation est une activité disjointe du processus de développement des lignes de produits. L'effort et les moyens fournis dans les campagnes de tests de chaque produit peuvent être optimisés dans un contexte plus global au niveau de la ligne de produits. Le model-based testing est une technique de génération automatique des cas de test à partir d'un modèle d'états et de transitions construit à partir des exigences fonctionnelles. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons une approche pour tester une ligne de produits logiciels avec le model-based testing. La première contribution consiste à établir un lien entre le modèle de variabilité et le modèle de test, à l'aide des exigences fonctionnelles. La deuxième contribution est un algorithme qui extrait automatiquement un modèle de test spécifique à un produit membre de la famille de produits sous test. L'approche est illustrée par une famille de produits de tableaux de bord d'automobiles et expérimentée par un industriel du domaine aéronautique dans le cadre du projet Européen MBAT. / Software product line engineering is an approach that supports developing products in family. These products are described by common and variable features. Currently, the validation activity is disjointed from the product lines development process. The effort and resources provided in the test campaigns for each product can be optimized in the context of product lines. Model-based testing is a technique for automatically generating a suite of test cases from requirements. In this thesis report, we present an approach to test a software product line with model-based testing. This technique is based on an algorithm that establishes the relationship between the variability model released with OVM and the test model, using traceability of functional requirements present in both formalisms. Our contribution is an algorithm that automatically extracts a product test model. It is illustrated with a real industrial case of automotive dashboards and experimented by an industrial of aeronautic domain in the MBAT European project context.

La présente thèse porte sur la question de l’intelligibilité de la traduction juridique pour un praticien du droit. Notre hypothèse de travail consiste à dire que l’échec de la traduction juridique s’explique par l’absence de pertinence de la traduction pour son utilisateur. Pour éclairer cet aspect, une approche interdisciplinaire est adoptée. Méthodologiquement, nous partons de la critique de la notion d’équivalence et de la conception de la traduction comme recherche d’équivalents. Notre état de l’art se déploie en trois volets. Le premier volet traite de la théorie de la pertinence de Sperber et Wilson. Le second volet expose le traitement de la notion de pertinence en sciences de l’information. Le troisième volet présente la théorie de la pertinence et la théorie des connaissances élaborées par le sociologue Alfred Schütz Notre corpus d’étude comporte 145 bitextes allemand-français servant de base à des analyses contrastives. Dans la dernière partie, nous proposons une définition de la notion de pertinence et de ses conditions en traduction. Enfin, une méthode pratique de traduction fondée sur les notions de pertinence et d’usage est esquissée. / This thesis deals with the question of the intelligibility of legal translation for a legal practitioner. Our working hypothesis is that the failure of the legal translation is explained by the lack of relevance of the translation for its user. To shed light on this aspect, an interdisciplinary approach is adopted. Methodologically, we start from the criticism of the notion of equivalence and the conception of translation as a search for equivalents. Our state of the art is divided into three parts. The first part deals with the relevance theory of Sperber and Wilson. The second part describes the treatment of relevance in information science. The third part presents the theory of relevance and the theory of knowledge developed by sociologist Alfred Schütz. Our corpus includes 145 French-German texts used as a basis for contrasts analyses. In the personal contribution, we propose a definition of relevance and its conditions in translation. Finally, a practical method of translation based on the notions of relevance and usage is outlined.

Dagens applikationer hanterar mer och mer data vilket resulterar i att de blir allt mer resurskrävande och kräver mer av hårdvaran. Vilket i förlängningen kan innebär att hårdvaran måste bytas ut med jämna mellanrum för att kunna köra mjukvaran på ett för användaren tillfredsställande sätt. Detta arbete undersöker om det genom att byta designteknik är möjligt att utveckla mindre resurskrävande applikationer. Arbetet presenterar en jämförelse mellan objektorienterad design (även kallad objektorienterad programmering, OOP) och data orienterad design (DOD). Detta genom att dels ta upp kända för- och nackdelar med respektive designteknik samt genom att utföra en mätning på respektive teknik. Det som anses vara de främsta fördelarna med OOP är återanvändning av kod, att koden är lätt att underhålla, säkerhet i form av inkapsling samt att objekten som används reflekterar den mänskliga verkligheten. Dessa fördelar är dock även något som bidrar till det som anses vara den främsta nackdelen med OOP, nämligen att den är prestandakrävande. När det gäller DOD så anses de främsta fördelarna vara att det medför en cachevänligare kod som leder till färre cachemissar. Det anses även vara lättare att parallellisera koden i jämförelse med OOP. Den nackdelen som tas upp med DOD är att de tar tid att lära sig och kräver en del övning. Dock är DOD väldigt okänt vilket resulterade i ett svagt underlag. Två simuleringar utvecklades i Unity varav den ena använder sig av den nya teknikstacken DOTS som är dataorienterad. Resultatet av mätningarna indikerar på att DOD använder mindre av hårdvaruresurserna vid prestandakrävande applikationer. Om applikationen ej är prestandakrävande märks dock ingen skillnad mellan de olika teknikerna vid fråga om processoranvändning. / Today, applications handle more and more data, which results in them becoming increasingly resource-intensive and requiring more of the hardware. Which in the long run may cause that the hardware must be replaced at regular intervals to be able to run the software in a way that is satisfactory for the user. This thesis investigates whether it is possible to get less resource-intensive applications by changing the design technology. The paper presents a comparison between object-oriented design (also known as object-oriented programming, OOP) and data-oriented design (DOD). This is performed by addressing the known advantages and disadvantages of each design technique and by measuring each technique in the matter of performance. What was considered to be the main advantages of OOP is the reuse of code, that the code is easy to maintain, security in the form of encapsulation and that the objects that are used reflect human reality. On the other hand, these advantages also contribute to what is considered to be the main disadvantage of OOP, namely that it is performance-intensive. When it comes to DOD, the main advantages are considered to be that it results in a more cache-friendly code that leads to fewer cache misses. DOD is also considered easier to parallelize the code compared to OOP. The disadvantage of DOD is that it is time consuming to learn and requires some practice. Though, DOD is very unknown which resulted in a narrow basis. Two simulations were developed in Unity, one of which uses the new technology stack DOTS, which is data-oriented. The results of the measurements indicate that DOD uses less of the hardware resources in performance-intensive applications. If the application is not performance-intensive, though, no difference is noticed between the different technologies when it comes to CPU-usage.

La place prise par le smartphone dans la vie des consommateurs ne cesse d’augmenter avec des usages en mobilité qui s’installent durablement au quotidien. Doté de ce pouvoir technologique et décisionnaire, le consommateur modifie son comportement d’achat. L’objectif de notre recherche est d’analyser l’impact des usages du smartphone sur les comportements de magasinage afin de comprendre quels sont les déterminants de la mobilité et de l’usage de la technologie qui jouent un rôle sur les parcours d’achat. La problématique est centrée sur l’analyse du processus d’achat dans sa globalité tout en gardant une approche moins monolithique. Notre recherche est empirique, fondée sur une double étude qualitative : une première étude où nous interrogeons les consommateurs sur leurs pratiques quotidiennes du smartphone et sur leurs expériences d’achats hybrides influencées par cet outil technologique ; une seconde étude où nous interrogeons des clientes juste après une expérience d’achat vécue dans un point de vente d’une enseigne multicanal de la chaussure. Un premier palier de résultats apporte une meilleure compréhension des usages du smartphone (sur les critères de fréquence et d’intensité d’usage) qui s’inscrivent définitivement dans la continuité du changement « mobiquitaire » des usagers. Un second palier de résultats montre le lien entre ces pratiques et la praxéologie du processus d’achat qui sous l’influence du smartphone devient plus rationnel et plus efficace. Néanmoins, l’expérience d’achat vécue en point de vente, telle que nous l’avons étudiée pour un produit particulier, atteste que le magasin doit garder sa singularité. Il doit remplir des fonctions multimodales : des fonctions de commercialité traditionnelles en lien avec un processus d’achat initié sur internet et des fonctions sensorielles et émotionnelles qui renforcent une expérience favorisant les achats d’impulsion et évitant une logique trop rationnelle. Nous proposons aux managers des enseignes des pistes d’amélioration pour adapter leur modèle de distribution et revisiter le rôle alloué à leurs points de vente physiques. / The role of the smartphone in consumers’ life is constantly developing with their increasing mobility. Endowed with this technological and decision-making power, consumers modify their buying behavior. The objective of our research is to analyze the impact of smartphone uses on shopping behavior in order to understand the determinants of mobility and the use of technology that play a role in shopping trips. The problem focuses on an analysis of the shopping process as a whole while keeping a less monolithic. Our research is empirical, based on a two qualitative studies: in a first study, we question consumers on their daily smartphone practices and on their hybrid shopping experiences influenced by this technological device; in a second study, we interview clients after a shopping experience in a shoe store of a multichannel retail chain. A first level of results brings a better understanding of smartphone uses (based on the criteria of frequency and intensity of use) that definitely fit in the continuity of “mobiquity”. A second level of results shows the link between these practices and the praxeology of the shopping process that becomes more rational and efficient under smartphone influence. Nevertheless, the shopping experience at the point of sale, studied here for a particular product, attests that the store must keep its singularity. It has to fulfill multimodal functions: traditional commercial functions in connection with a process initiated on the internet and sensory and emotional functions that reinforce impulse buying and avoid too rational logic. We propose to the retail managers to adapt their retail model and to revisit the role allocated to their physical points of sale.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the nature of code switching between Tamazight and Arabic in light of Myers-Scotton's Matrix Frame Model (MLF) (Myers- Scotton, 1993), and the 4-M model of code switching (Myers-Scotton & Jake, 2000). Data come from the very first Libyan Tamazight news broadcast in Libya on May 2, 2011, during the uprising against the Gaddafi regime. I analyzed the broadcast in an attempt to understand the nature and implications of the switching between the two languages in the utterances of the speakers in the video. I also argued that in many ways what many might think of as code switching is actually borrowing. During the Gaddafi era, the government banned the use of Tamazight in formal settings such as the media, work place, and schools. Since the fall of Gaddafi and his regime, the Imazighen (or Berbers) in Libya have sought to present themselves, their language, and their culture as an important part of Libyan culture. Libya's Imazighen are bilingual speakers, a fact that set up the conditions for the switching between Tamazight and Arabic analyzed in this study. Their bilingualism, along with Libyan language policies under Gaddafi, help account for the nature of code switching in the data. This study documents contact phenomena among different languages in Libya. It also facilitates understanding of some of the sociolinguistic changes occurring there as a result of the political changes in the wake of so-called "Arab Spring."

The pulp and paper industry is the most energy intensive industry in Sweden. Most of the energy usedaims to supply the large amount of heat to the production processes that is required to produce pulp andpaper . By increasing the energy efficiency of paper mills, there is great potential to reduce productioncosts and reduce its environmental impact. This project involves mapping, analyzing and investigation ofmeasures that can contribute to increased thermal efficiency of an internal heating network at Holmen’spaper mill, Braviken. The heating network, called VVG, utilises excess heat from the pulp and paperproduction and supplies heat to production processes and premises at the factory. When the heat demandof the VVG-system exceeds the available recovered heat, heat from live steam is transferred. This projectaim at identifying measures with potential to reduce demand of live steam supply. The project started bymapping the entire VVG-system to identify which consumers are included and how it is connected. Thenthe consumers were studied and data was collected to determine their power and energy demands. Basedon the mapping and collected data, proposals for measures that have the potential to increase thermalenergy efficiency were noted which in turn can reduce the need for live steam supply. The measures havebeen focused on reducing the return temperature of the VVG-system and reducing the heat demand of thesystem. Reduced return temperatures are achieved by more efficient use of the existing heat flow. Thisleads to increased heat recovery potential which means that more excess heat can be utilised.The proposed measures that were identified as having potential to contribute to reduction of the returntemperatures of the VVG-system are as follow: • Utilising return flows with high flow rates and high temperatures to provide other consumers inVVG with heat. This allows the hot flow to be used instead of going directly into the return line. • Eliminate short circuits in the system where the supply line goes directly into the return line. Thesewere detected in the forms of three-way valves and flows through consumers that were not running. The proposed measures that have been identified as having the potential to contribute to reduction of theheating demand of the VVG are as follows: • Turning off flows passing through consumers that are not in use to reduce unnecessary temperaturedrops which will result in decreased power losses. • Preheating via residual flows at consumers where raw water tempered circuits is heated. As theraw water is cold during large parts of the year, a lot of heat can be saved by preheating it with aflow of lower energy quality than VVG. • Shut down the VVG flow through heat exchangers in the heat recovery system when the heatrecovery process not are running to avoid negative heat transfer. By implementing these measures, large improvements regarding the thermal efficiency of the VVG-system can be achieved at Holmen Paper Braviken. How much the return temperatures decrease and howmuch the heat recovery potential increases with the proposed measures has not been quantified during thisproject. However, the measures aimed at lowering the heat demand in the VVG-system can be quantifiedto contribute to an predicted energy saving of at least 2.8 GWh annually, but the investigations of themeasures indicates that significantly larger energy savings can be achieved. To ensure the potential of theproposed measures to contribute to the reduction of the demand for live steam supply, Holmen needs tocarry out further studies of the VVG system where this work is intended to form the basis for their furtherwork.

Objectif: La prévalence de la consommation de cannabis chez les Inuits du Nunavik est l’une des plus élevées au monde, particulièrement chez les adolescents, et les facteurs permettant d’expliquer ce phénomène demeurent mal connus. Selon Bronfenbrenner (1979), la famille est l’unité la plus proximale de l’adolescent et est susceptible d’influencer particulièrement ses comportements. L’objectif de cette étude est d’examiner de manière longitudinale l’association entre la consommation de cannabis de mères inuites et de leurs adolescents. Hypothèses : Une fréquence de consommation plus élevée chez les mères sera associée 1- à une initiation plus rapide au cannabis et 2- à une consommation plus fréquente chez leurs adolescents. Méthode : Les données utilisées proviennent de l’étude de cohorte prospective Nunavik Child Development Study (NCDS). Ce mémoire utilise les données de deux périodes de collecte, l’une survenue entre 2005 et 2010 (T1 : temps 1, jeunes 8-15 ans), et l’autre entre 2012 et 2016 (T2 : temps 2, jeunes 16-22 ans). Des entrevues structurées ont permis d’évaluer la consommation de cannabis des participants et d’autres variables concomitantes chez la mère à T1 et chez son adolescent à T2. L’échantillon analysé compte 184 dyades mère-adolescent. Des analyses de régression ordinale et de Cox ont été réalisées pour vérifier les hypothèses. Résultats : Aucune association significative n’a été identifiée entre la fréquence de consommation des mères et l’âge d’initiation au cannabis, de même que la fréquence de consommation de cannabis de leurs adolescents. Par ailleurs, un statut socioéconomique élevé et la fréquentation scolaire sont associés à un moindre risque de consommer fréquemment du cannabis chez les adolescents. Conclusion : L’association attendue entre la consommation maternelle et l’usage de cannabis de jeunes Inuits n’a pas été retrouvée. La recherche de prédicteurs à l’usage de substances reste d’actualité afin de minimiser le cumul de vulnérabilités que vivent les populations autochtones. / Aim: Adult and adolescent Inuit from Nunavik show some of the highest prevalence of cannabis use in the world, particularly for youth. Knowledge of the factors that explain this phenomenon in this region is lacking. According to Bronfenbrenner (1979), family is the closest unit for adolescents and is susceptible to particularly influence their behaviors. The aim of this longitudinal study is to examine longitudinally the association between maternal use of cannabis and the subsequent use of this substance by their adolescents in an Inuit population. Hypothesis: A higher cannabis frequency use among mothers will be associated 1- with more rapid initiation of cannabis, 2- and more frequent use among their adolescent. Method: This study was based on longitudinal data from the Nunavik Child Development Study (NCDS). This study used data from two follow-ups, between 2005 and 2010 (T1: time 1, youth: 8-15 years old), and between 2012 and 2016 (T2: time 2, youth: 16-22 years old). Structured interviews were used to assess maternal cannabis use and other concomitant variables at T1, and for adolescents at T2. Our sample included 184 mother-adolescent dyads. Hypotheses were tested using a Cox regression analysis and ordinal regressions. Results: No significant associations were found between mothers’ frequency of cannabis use and adolescents initiation age as well as regarding the adolescents’ frequency of cannabis use. Nevertheless, a higher socioeconomic status and going to school were associated with a lower risk of frequent cannabis use by the adolescents. Conclusion: The expected association between maternal cannabis consumption and cannabis use of young Inuit was not found. The search for predictors of substance use remains relevant to minimize the accumulation of vulnerabilities experienced by Aboriginal populations.

Master of Science / Department of Journalism and Mass Communication / Curtis Matthews / The objective of this study is to shed light on the interaction between the theory of selective exposure and social identity theory. Both of these theories describe aspects regarding how individuals expose themselves to information. However, the driving question of the study was to investigate the behavior of individuals whom experience cognitive dissonance from an inconsistent political message, but are receiving that message from a member of their perceived in-group. The expectation was that moderating variables, such as strength of identification with an ideology as well as the level of knowledge would impact who would engage in selective exposure and choose to disregard in-group cues, or choose inconsistent messages to stay true to in-group pressures. In a Qualtrics experiment, participants (n=189) were divided into different groups, attitude consistent and attitude inconsistent and were exposed to a series of tweets. Each tweet was politically charged, with the attitude-consistent group presenting consistent messages paired with in-group cues, and in the attitude-inconsistent group presenting a dissonant message was paired with the in-group cue, and visa versa. Two factors revealed themselves to impact results and message choice — knowledge and strength of identification. Results revealed that individuals who had a high level of knowledge chose the consistent message more often than those with low knowledge. The strength of ideology variable influenced differences in both the speed in which they made decisions on which tweet to select, as well as how quickly they identified with an ideology level. This result revealed that those who are strongly identified with an ideology make decisions regarding political messages and ideology faster than those who are weakly identified. The current study contributes to the plethora of literature regarding these two theories and the political science area of study by supporting knowledge as a moderating variable between cognitive dissonance and social identity pressures. It also provides insight into the trends and patterns that can arise when time/speed are utilized as a variable to shed light on group identification differences. The insights with the variables of time, strength of ideology, level of knowledge, could lead to numerous future studies.