A remoção de íons Cu²+ de soluções ácidas diluídas é investigada utilizando eletrodos de Pt recobertos com polipirrol previamente reduzido (PPl) e eletrodos de carbono vítreo reticulado (CVR). O estudo tem por objetivo a redução de Cu²+ sobre ppl via reação espontânea e eletroredução a -0,40 V vs. eletrodo de calomelano saturado (ECS), e a eletroredução sobre CVR. Nestes experimentos, a concentração de íons Cu²+ remanescentes na solução é monitorada por voltametria de varredura linear ou por voltametria potenciodinâmica em um ultramicroeletrodo de platina (UME). Também o monitoramento por espectrometria de absorção atômica (EAA) foi realizado nos processos de remoção por eletrodeposição. Foi mostrado que o CVR é o material mais adequado para este fim. O cobre depositado sobre platina em meio sulfúrico exibe uma, duas ou três ondas de redissolução anódica, que correspondem respectivamente à oxidação de uma camada de cobre adsorvida sobre a platina, à oxidação de um filme fino depositado sobre a camada adsorvida e à oxidação do depósito de cobre denso que cresce sobre o filme fino. Este comportamento foi evidenciado por ciclos potenciodinâmicos impostos a um UME de disco de Pt na faixa de concentrações de Cu²+ entre 10-5 e 10-4 M em meio sulfúrico. / The removal of CU²+ ions from dilute acidic solutions is studied at Pt electrodes recovered with electrically neutral polypyrrole and at reticulated vitreous carbon electrodes, in the presence of dissolved oxygen. The aim is to remove Cu²+ ions by reduction on neutra I polypyrrole both through the spontaneous reaction and by its electroreduction at -0.40 V vs. a saturated calomel electrode, and by electroreduction on reticulated vitreous carbono In these experiments the concentration of the Cu²+ ions remaining in the solution is monitored by linear scan voltammetry or by potentiodynamic voltammetry at a Pt ultramicroelectrode. Monitoring of Cu²+ ions by atomic absorption spectrometry was also performed in the electroreduction processes at neutral polypyrrole and reticulated vitreous carbono It has been shown that the best efficiency results were found for reticulated vitreous carbono Copper electrodeposited on Pt in sulphuric medium may exhibit one, two or three anodic stripping waves, which correspond respectively to the oxidation of a bulk copper deposit, a thin copper film and a copper monolayer adsorbed on pt. This behaviour has been evidenced by potentiodynamic cycles imposed to a Pt disk ultramicroelectrode in the 10-5 to 10-4 M Cu²+ concentration range in sulfuric media.

A remoção de íons Cu²+ de soluções ácidas diluídas é investigada utilizando eletrodos de Pt recobertos com polipirrol previamente reduzido (PPl) e eletrodos de carbono vítreo reticulado (CVR). O estudo tem por objetivo a redução de Cu²+ sobre ppl via reação espontânea e eletroredução a -0,40 V vs. eletrodo de calomelano saturado (ECS), e a eletroredução sobre CVR. Nestes experimentos, a concentração de íons Cu²+ remanescentes na solução é monitorada por voltametria de varredura linear ou por voltametria potenciodinâmica em um ultramicroeletrodo de platina (UME). Também o monitoramento por espectrometria de absorção atômica (EAA) foi realizado nos processos de remoção por eletrodeposição. Foi mostrado que o CVR é o material mais adequado para este fim. O cobre depositado sobre platina em meio sulfúrico exibe uma, duas ou três ondas de redissolução anódica, que correspondem respectivamente à oxidação de uma camada de cobre adsorvida sobre a platina, à oxidação de um filme fino depositado sobre a camada adsorvida e à oxidação do depósito de cobre denso que cresce sobre o filme fino. Este comportamento foi evidenciado por ciclos potenciodinâmicos impostos a um UME de disco de Pt na faixa de concentrações de Cu²+ entre 10-5 e 10-4 M em meio sulfúrico. / The removal of CU²+ ions from dilute acidic solutions is studied at Pt electrodes recovered with electrically neutral polypyrrole and at reticulated vitreous carbon electrodes, in the presence of dissolved oxygen. The aim is to remove Cu²+ ions by reduction on neutra I polypyrrole both through the spontaneous reaction and by its electroreduction at -0.40 V vs. a saturated calomel electrode, and by electroreduction on reticulated vitreous carbono In these experiments the concentration of the Cu²+ ions remaining in the solution is monitored by linear scan voltammetry or by potentiodynamic voltammetry at a Pt ultramicroelectrode. Monitoring of Cu²+ ions by atomic absorption spectrometry was also performed in the electroreduction processes at neutral polypyrrole and reticulated vitreous carbono It has been shown that the best efficiency results were found for reticulated vitreous carbono Copper electrodeposited on Pt in sulphuric medium may exhibit one, two or three anodic stripping waves, which correspond respectively to the oxidation of a bulk copper deposit, a thin copper film and a copper monolayer adsorbed on pt. This behaviour has been evidenced by potentiodynamic cycles imposed to a Pt disk ultramicroelectrode in the 10-5 to 10-4 M Cu²+ concentration range in sulfuric media.

A remoção de íons Cu²+ de soluções ácidas diluídas é investigada utilizando eletrodos de Pt recobertos com polipirrol previamente reduzido (PPl) e eletrodos de carbono vítreo reticulado (CVR). O estudo tem por objetivo a redução de Cu²+ sobre ppl via reação espontânea e eletroredução a -0,40 V vs. eletrodo de calomelano saturado (ECS), e a eletroredução sobre CVR. Nestes experimentos, a concentração de íons Cu²+ remanescentes na solução é monitorada por voltametria de varredura linear ou por voltametria potenciodinâmica em um ultramicroeletrodo de platina (UME). Também o monitoramento por espectrometria de absorção atômica (EAA) foi realizado nos processos de remoção por eletrodeposição. Foi mostrado que o CVR é o material mais adequado para este fim. O cobre depositado sobre platina em meio sulfúrico exibe uma, duas ou três ondas de redissolução anódica, que correspondem respectivamente à oxidação de uma camada de cobre adsorvida sobre a platina, à oxidação de um filme fino depositado sobre a camada adsorvida e à oxidação do depósito de cobre denso que cresce sobre o filme fino. Este comportamento foi evidenciado por ciclos potenciodinâmicos impostos a um UME de disco de Pt na faixa de concentrações de Cu²+ entre 10-5 e 10-4 M em meio sulfúrico. / The removal of CU²+ ions from dilute acidic solutions is studied at Pt electrodes recovered with electrically neutral polypyrrole and at reticulated vitreous carbon electrodes, in the presence of dissolved oxygen. The aim is to remove Cu²+ ions by reduction on neutra I polypyrrole both through the spontaneous reaction and by its electroreduction at -0.40 V vs. a saturated calomel electrode, and by electroreduction on reticulated vitreous carbono In these experiments the concentration of the Cu²+ ions remaining in the solution is monitored by linear scan voltammetry or by potentiodynamic voltammetry at a Pt ultramicroelectrode. Monitoring of Cu²+ ions by atomic absorption spectrometry was also performed in the electroreduction processes at neutral polypyrrole and reticulated vitreous carbono It has been shown that the best efficiency results were found for reticulated vitreous carbono Copper electrodeposited on Pt in sulphuric medium may exhibit one, two or three anodic stripping waves, which correspond respectively to the oxidation of a bulk copper deposit, a thin copper film and a copper monolayer adsorbed on pt. This behaviour has been evidenced by potentiodynamic cycles imposed to a Pt disk ultramicroelectrode in the 10-5 to 10-4 M Cu²+ concentration range in sulfuric media.

Les S-nitrosothiols (RSNOs) sont considérés comme des stocks circulant de monoxyde d'azote (NO) et qui ont de nombreux rôles in vivo. Une variation de la proportion des taux de RSNOs a été démontrée dans de nombreuses maladies. Il est donc important de pouvoir identifier et quantifier chaque RSNO dans les fluides biologiques pour la réalisation de diagnostics médicaux. Il devient alors intéressant de développer des outils analytiques pour la détermination des RSNOs, en utilisant de faibles volumes d'échantillons biologiques. Ce travail de thèse a ainsi été orienté vers le développement d'outils analytiques miniaturisés pour l'analyse des RSNOs dans les fluides biologiques, en se focalisant sur la conception de micro-dispositifs (laboratoires sur puce), intégrant toutes les étapes de l'analyse, à savoir l'injection, la séparation, la décomposition et la détection sur un seul et même dispositif pour l'identification et la quantification des RSNOs. Pour cela, chaque étape a dû être optimisée. Ainsi, une meilleure compréhension de la réactivité des RSNOs, en terme de voies de décomposition et de cinétique, a été étudiée en développant deux méthodologies basées sur l'électrophorèse capillaire (CE) couplée soit à la spectrométrie de masse (MS) soit à une détection par mesure de conductivité sans contact à couplage capacitif (C4D). Par la suite, les conditions de décomposition et la détection sensible du NO libéré ont été réalisées en utilisant des microcapteurs électrochimiques à NO. Sur la base des résultats obtenus, deux stratégies originales ont été développées pour la détection de la totalité des RSNOs présents dans le plasma (i) via la décomposition des RSNOs en utilisant des nanoparticules d’or couplées à des microcapteurs NO et (ii) via la conception d’un dispositif miniaturisé de diagnostic sur papier. Finalement, grâce à l’optimisation des étapes de décomposition, de séparation et de détection, une étude préliminaire a été menée pour concevoir une micropuce d’électrophorèse intégrant la décomposition des RSNOs et une détection électrochimique afin de quantifier indépendamment différents RSNOs. / S- nitrosothiols (RSNOs) are considered as biological circulating stock of nitric oxide (NO) that have many roles in vivo. The variation of RSNOs proportion has been recognized in many diseases, so that the identification and quantitation of each RSNO in biological fluids is of prime importance. There is thus interest for the development of analytical tools for their determination, using low biological sample volumes. This PhD work was thus orientated towards the development of miniaturized analytical tools for the analysis of RSNOs in biological fluids, with a focus on microdevices (lab-on-a-chip), by integrating the injection, separation, decomposition and detection steps for the simultaneous identification and quantitation of various RSNOs. To this aim, a better understanding of RSNO reactivity, in terms of decomposition, was necessary and was assessed by developing two methodologies based on capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled to different detection techniques: mass spectrometry (MS) and capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D). Then, the conditions for RSNOs decomposition and further sensitive detection of released NO by miniaturized electrochemical NO-sensors were determined. Finally, two original strategies were developed for the detection of the total amount of RSNOs in plasma (i) decomposition using gold nanoparticles and (ii) conception of miniaturized paper-based point of care device. Thanks to the optimization of decomposition, separation and detection steps, preliminary work was conducted to develop a microchip electrophoresis coupled to RSNOs decomposition to quantify separately the different RSNOs.

Ce travail de thèse a porté sur le développement de réseaux de micro- et nanocapteurs opto-électrochimiques pour la bioanalyse. Ils répondent à la demande grandissante dans le domaine de la recherche et du diagnostic pour des outils permettant de réaliser de multiples analyses simultanément avec des échantillons de faibles volumes. Ces nouvelles biopuces de haute densité sont fabriquées à partir de faisceaux cohérents de fibres optiques. Une des deux faces est micro- ou nanostructurée par une attaque chimique, puis fonctionnalisée avec une sonde biologique. La première biopuce est un réseau de nanocapteurs fluorescents à ADN où les sondes ont été immobilisées grâce aux propriétés d’électropolymérisation du pyrrole. La lecture est réalisée à distance au travers du faisceau d’imagerie. En combinant la technique d’immobilisation avec des microleviers électrochimiques, plusieurs sondes différentes ont pu être adressées sur le même réseau nanostructuré. La seconde biopuce permet d’effectuer des immunodosages multiplexés en utilisant l’imagerie électrochimiluminescente résolue à l’échelle d’une microsphère. Le développement de cette technique permet de combiner les avantages de l’électrochimiluminescence avec des immunodosages multiplexés. L’élaboration de ces réseaux allie différentes techniques physico-chimiques, notamment électrochimiques, pour obtenir des biopuces avec un fort potentiel, grâce à une densité et un degré de multiplexage importants. / This work presents the development of optoelectrochemical micro- and nanosensor arrays for bioanalytical applications. These platforms respond to the growing need in research and diagnostic for tools allowing multiple and simultaneous analysis in small-volume samples. These new high density biochips are made from coherent optical fiber bundles: one face is micro- or nanostructured by chemical etching and then functionnalized with biological probes. The first biochip is a fluorescent DNA nanosensor array where probes have been immobilized by electrodeposition of a polypyrrole thin film. The detection of the hybridization is remotely performed through the imaging fiber. Different probes were succesfully addressed onto the same nanostructured array thanks to electrochemical cantilevers. The second biochip allows multiplexed sandwich immunoassays using electrochimiluminescent imaging resolved at the single bead level. In particular, the development of this new readout mechanism allows extending electrochemiluminescent detection for multiplexed immunoassays. Design and implementations of both platforms take advantages of different physical and chemical techniques, especially electrochemical, to obtain biochips with a great potential through high density and high multiplexing level.