Orientador: José Antonio Dell´Aqua Junior / Resumo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o fluxo sanguíneo luteal e os efeitos colaterais em jumentas após administração de dois agentes luteolíticos. Cinco dias após a ovulação, oito fêmeas asininas foram randomizadas em crossover design, em dois grupos experimentais. No grupo 1 (GI) foi utilizado Dinoprost Trometamina, e no grupo 2 (G2) Cloprostenol sódico. Foram realizados exames ultrassonográficos modo B e modo Doppler 15 minutos antes (-15) da administração dos análogos da PGF2α, e nos tempos 0, 15, 30, 45 e 60 minutos e 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12 e 24 horas pós-aplicação. Já os efeitos colaterais foram observados nos tempos 0, 15, 30, 45 e 60 minutos pós-administração dos agentes luteolíticos. O fluxo sanguíneo e a área do corpo lúteo reduziram gradativamente durante as primeiras 24 horas em ambos os grupos. Em relação a observação dos efeitos colaterai, a aplicação de Dinoprost Trometamina provocou um maior grau de sudorese, enquanto que, após aplicação de Cloprostenol Sódico, maior desconforto abdominal e diarreia foram observados como efeitos colaterais. Conclui-se que ambos os tratamentos (dinoprost e cloprostenol) são eficientes na promoção da luteólise, entretanto os efeitos colaterais diferem em resposta à administração de cada ativo. Novos estudos se fazem necessários, com redução das doses luteolíticas efetivas visando minimizar os efeitos colaterais observados. / Abstract: The aim of the study was to evaluate the blood flow and side effect in jennies after treatment with two luteolytic drugs. Five days after ovulation, eight jennies included were randomized in crossover design into two experimental groups. In group 1 (GI) Dinoprost Tromethamine was used, and in group 2 (G2) Cloprostenol sodium. Mode B and Doppler ultrasound examinations were performed 15 minutes before (-15) administration of PGF2α, and at times 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes and 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12 and 24 hours after application. Side effects were observed at 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after luteolytic agents administration. Blood flow and corpus luteum area decreased gradually during the first 24 hours in both groups. Regarding the observation of side effects, G1 presented major score of sweating, while in G2, greater abdominal discomfort and diarrhea was evidenced as a major side effect. It is concluded that both treatments (dinoprost and cloprostenol) are efficient in promoting luteolysis, however side effects differ between each active. Further studies are needed to determine whether low doses may be effective in inducing luteolysis to minimize side effects. Keywords: jennies, corpus luteum, Doppler ultrasonography, prostaglandins. / Mestre

<p>The purpose of this work was to: a) Determine whether the amount of colour in a power Doppler image is dependent on the angle between the examined vessel and the soundbeam and/or on the velocity of the flow within the vessel; b) Investigate if a dependency on flow velocity could be used for the detection of volume flow differences and c) Define clinical applications utilising the improved sensitivity to low flow of PD.</p><p>In the experimental studies (study I and II) a silicon tube in a water bath was insonated, the insonation angle and the volume flow changed and the resulting images stored, transferred to a personal computer and analysed with regard to the amount of colour present in the image.</p><p>In study III and IV the ability of power Doppler to depict low flow was used to produce a map of the perfusion in well perfused organs, lack of colour in all or part of an organ taken as a sign of decreased perfusion. 150 patients with a renal transplant (study III) and 15 patients with abdominal trauma (study IV) were examined; the detected areas of decreased perfusion were correlated to other imaging modalities, laboratory and clinical records in order to determine the underlying pathology.</p><p>In study V the power Doppler sensitivity was used to look for and describe small portosystemic shunts in 141 patients with liver cirrhoses and suspected portal hypertension.</p><p>The colour representation in a power Doppler image was found to be dependent both on the insonation angle and the flow velocity. Computer analysis of the images could detect differences in volume flow down to a change of 10 ml/min.</p><p>Of the 150 renal transplants, areas of decreased perfusion were found in 12, all of which could be given a plausible explanation (2 focal infections, 4 AV fistulae, 1 kinked segmental artery and 5 with problems related to an accessory artery).</p><p>Of the 20 organs (7 livers and 13 spleens) examined in the 15 trauma patients, 5 were found to have areas without colour, corresponding to localised haematomas. Using computed tomography as gold standard, ultrasound showed neither false positive nor false negative findings.</p><p>Of the 141 patients with cirrhosis, 40 had Doppler ultrasound findings of a shunt, consistent with a portal hypertension. 7 of these 40 shunts showed a typical “ball ” or “corkscrew ” pattern.</p><p>Conclusion: The colour in a power Doppler image is dependent not only on reflector concentration (as it should be in theory) but also on the insonation angle and the velocity of the flow. This can be used to detect relative changes in volume flow. Clinical applications of power Doppler include mapping of organ perfusion and the detection of small vessels. These applications are based on the high sensitivity of power Doppler.</p>

The purpose of this work was to: a) Determine whether the amount of colour in a power Doppler image is dependent on the angle between the examined vessel and the soundbeam and/or on the velocity of the flow within the vessel; b) Investigate if a dependency on flow velocity could be used for the detection of volume flow differences and c) Define clinical applications utilising the improved sensitivity to low flow of PD. In the experimental studies (study I and II) a silicon tube in a water bath was insonated, the insonation angle and the volume flow changed and the resulting images stored, transferred to a personal computer and analysed with regard to the amount of colour present in the image. In study III and IV the ability of power Doppler to depict low flow was used to produce a map of the perfusion in well perfused organs, lack of colour in all or part of an organ taken as a sign of decreased perfusion. 150 patients with a renal transplant (study III) and 15 patients with abdominal trauma (study IV) were examined; the detected areas of decreased perfusion were correlated to other imaging modalities, laboratory and clinical records in order to determine the underlying pathology. In study V the power Doppler sensitivity was used to look for and describe small portosystemic shunts in 141 patients with liver cirrhoses and suspected portal hypertension. The colour representation in a power Doppler image was found to be dependent both on the insonation angle and the flow velocity. Computer analysis of the images could detect differences in volume flow down to a change of 10 ml/min. Of the 150 renal transplants, areas of decreased perfusion were found in 12, all of which could be given a plausible explanation (2 focal infections, 4 AV fistulae, 1 kinked segmental artery and 5 with problems related to an accessory artery). Of the 20 organs (7 livers and 13 spleens) examined in the 15 trauma patients, 5 were found to have areas without colour, corresponding to localised haematomas. Using computed tomography as gold standard, ultrasound showed neither false positive nor false negative findings. Of the 141 patients with cirrhosis, 40 had Doppler ultrasound findings of a shunt, consistent with a portal hypertension. 7 of these 40 shunts showed a typical “ball ” or “corkscrew ” pattern. Conclusion: The colour in a power Doppler image is dependent not only on reflector concentration (as it should be in theory) but also on the insonation angle and the velocity of the flow. This can be used to detect relative changes in volume flow. Clinical applications of power Doppler include mapping of organ perfusion and the detection of small vessels. These applications are based on the high sensitivity of power Doppler.

The principal aim of the present thesis was to prospectively follow (clinical status and ultrasound + Doppler findings) the patellar tendons in the young elite volleyball players at the Swedish National Centre for high school volleyball in Falköping. In an Olympic weightlifter with chronic painful jumper´s knee, the effects of treatment with sclerosing injections followed by early instituted very heavy weightlifting training, was also evaluated. First, in a prevalence study, we demonstrated that the clinical diagnosis patellar tendinopathy-jumper’s knee, together with structural tendon changes and vascularisation in the painful area of the tendon, was demonstrated in 12/114 tendons in Swedish junior elite volleyball players, but not in any tendons of individually matched (age, height and weight) not regularly sports active controls. Structural tendon changes alone was demonstrated among the volleyball players but also among the controls. In a 7 months prospective study of a total of 120 tendons, we demonstrated that the clinical diagnosis patellar tendinopathy-jumper’s knee was associated with neovessels/vascularity in the area with structural tendon changes in 17/19 tendons. Seventy tendons that at start were clinically normal, and had normal ultrasound + Doppler findings, remained clinically normal after 7 months with intensive training and playing volleyball. In a 3-year prospective study it was demonstrated that normal clinical tests and normal ultrasound + Doppler findings at school start, indicated a low risk (8%) for these players to sustain patellar tendinopathy-jumper’s knee during the 3 school years with intensive training and playing. In a case study, involving an Olympic elite weightlifter with chronic painful patellar tendinopathy-jumper’s knee, successful treatment with ultrasound and Doppler-guided injection of the sclerosing agent polidocanol, allowed for pain-free very heavy weight training two weeks after treatment. Further heavy weightlifting training on a daily basis, preparing for European Championships, was done without causing tendon rupture and/or pain. Key words: Jumper’s knee, Patellar tendinopathy, Chronic pain, Ultrasonography, Doppler, Neovascularisation, Volleyball, Weightlifting

No description available.

Much has been improved in the basic and applied aspect of female reproduction after understanding of the wave-like developmental pattern of follicles ¡Ý4 mm. However, it is speculated that the understanding of the developmental pattern of small follicles <4 mm may bring about efficient management of ovarian functions for essential reproductive interventions. Present studies were therefore, carried out to characterize the developmental pattern of 1-3 mm follicles in cattle using ultrasonography and to validate a method to histologically characterize the developmental pattern of follicles <1 mm using non-serial data. Transrectal ultrasonography was used once daily (n=18 Hereford-cross heifers) to examine changes in the diameter of follicles ¡Ý1 mm for one interovulatory interval (IOI), as well as every 6 h (n = 9 Hereford-cross cows) from 5 to 13 days after ovulation to encompass emergence of Wave 2. A periodic shift in the peak number (P < 0.05) of 1-3 mm and ¡Ý4 mm follicles and a significant inverse relationship (P < 0.05) between them suggested a wave-like developmental pattern. The number of 1-3 mm follicles detected in anovulatory waves did not differ (P = 0.53) between 2- versus 3-wave IOIs. A difference (P < 0.05) was noticed between anovulatory and ovulatory waves in 3-wave IOIs but not (P = 0.63) in 2-wave IOIs. The future dominant follicle was identified at 1 mm and was found to emerge 6-12 h earlier than the largest subordinate follicle (P < 0.01). Emergence of the future dominant (r = 0.71) and 1st subordinate (r = 0.78) follicles was temporally associated (P < 0.05) with a rise in circulating concentrations of FSH. <p> The developmental pattern of follicles not detectable by ultrasonography (<1 mm) may be assessed histologically by examining the ovaries from different animals on different days (i.e., non-serial method) using follicle diameter or number profiles. A data set (n = 56 heifers) of follicles ¡Ý4 mm was tabulated in a serial (same set of heifers each day; n = 7/day, N = 7) and non-serial (different set of heifers each day; n = 7/day, N = 56) manner for number and diameter profiles around emergence of the first follicular wave. Profiling of serial and non-serial data (serial and non-serial methods) revealed a change in the number of follicles (4-5 mm, 6-8 mm, ¡Ý9 mm) over days (P < 0.01), but the effect of method and the day-by-method interaction were not different (P > 0.28). Similarly, the diameter of the dominant and first 2 subordinate follicles changed over days (P < 0.01), but the effect of method and the day-by-method interaction were not different (P > 0.06), indicating that non-serial data provide wave-like profile of follicles. <p> In conclusion, the hypothesis that follicles 1-3 mm develop in a wave-like manner was supported, and a new non-serial method was validated for the study of follicle dynamics using non-serial (e.g. histologic) data.

Much has been improved in the basic and applied aspect of female reproduction after understanding of the wave-like developmental pattern of follicles ¡Ý4 mm. However, it is speculated that the understanding of the developmental pattern of small follicles <4 mm may bring about efficient management of ovarian functions for essential reproductive interventions. Present studies were therefore, carried out to characterize the developmental pattern of 1-3 mm follicles in cattle using ultrasonography and to validate a method to histologically characterize the developmental pattern of follicles <1 mm using non-serial data. Transrectal ultrasonography was used once daily (n=18 Hereford-cross heifers) to examine changes in the diameter of follicles ¡Ý1 mm for one interovulatory interval (IOI), as well as every 6 h (n = 9 Hereford-cross cows) from 5 to 13 days after ovulation to encompass emergence of Wave 2. A periodic shift in the peak number (P < 0.05) of 1-3 mm and ¡Ý4 mm follicles and a significant inverse relationship (P < 0.05) between them suggested a wave-like developmental pattern. The number of 1-3 mm follicles detected in anovulatory waves did not differ (P = 0.53) between 2- versus 3-wave IOIs. A difference (P < 0.05) was noticed between anovulatory and ovulatory waves in 3-wave IOIs but not (P = 0.63) in 2-wave IOIs. The future dominant follicle was identified at 1 mm and was found to emerge 6-12 h earlier than the largest subordinate follicle (P < 0.01). Emergence of the future dominant (r = 0.71) and 1st subordinate (r = 0.78) follicles was temporally associated (P < 0.05) with a rise in circulating concentrations of FSH. <p> The developmental pattern of follicles not detectable by ultrasonography (<1 mm) may be assessed histologically by examining the ovaries from different animals on different days (i.e., non-serial method) using follicle diameter or number profiles. A data set (n = 56 heifers) of follicles ¡Ý4 mm was tabulated in a serial (same set of heifers each day; n = 7/day, N = 7) and non-serial (different set of heifers each day; n = 7/day, N = 56) manner for number and diameter profiles around emergence of the first follicular wave. Profiling of serial and non-serial data (serial and non-serial methods) revealed a change in the number of follicles (4-5 mm, 6-8 mm, ¡Ý9 mm) over days (P < 0.01), but the effect of method and the day-by-method interaction were not different (P > 0.28). Similarly, the diameter of the dominant and first 2 subordinate follicles changed over days (P < 0.01), but the effect of method and the day-by-method interaction were not different (P > 0.06), indicating that non-serial data provide wave-like profile of follicles. <p> In conclusion, the hypothesis that follicles 1-3 mm develop in a wave-like manner was supported, and a new non-serial method was validated for the study of follicle dynamics using non-serial (e.g. histologic) data.

The dromedary camel has a very high economic importance in the Arabic countries. Nevertheless, there is a very little background literature on the use of ultrasound (US) and computed tomography (CT) in dromedaries in comparison to other domestic and farm animal species. Therefore, the tarsal region of six cadaver limbs, obtained from three orthopedic disease free dromedary camels, was evaluated via radiography, US and CT. The limbs were frozen and sectioned transversely, sagittaly and dorsally. The anatomic structures were identified and correlated to the analogous structures on the corresponding CT slices and US images and published in two manuscripts. Radiography was performed in both standard (0º and 90º) oblique (45º and 135º) radiographic projections. The tarsus was investigated via US in four planes (dorsal, medial, lateral and plantar) and each plane was scrutinized in four levels (calcaneal tuber, tibial malleoli, base of calcaneus and proximal head of metatarsus) in both transverse and longitudinal views. Radiography provided a good representation of the bony structures and articulations with little information on the soft tissues of the tarsus and superimposition of the tarsal bones. Ultrasonography furnished adequate delineation of the peri-articular tissues of the tarsus and was limited to the bone surface. Computed tomography provided cross sectional imaging of the dromedary tarsus without bone and soft tissue overlap and allowed visualization and differentiation of tissues in almost every situation. This work was undertaken to document the normal appearance of the dromedary camel tarsus via radiography, ultrasonography, and computed tomography which may be used as a resource for interpretation of dromedary tarsal pathology using various diagnostic imaging modalities.

Visual interpretation of noisy images is not an easy problem. This is certainly apparent with ultrasound images. Due to the noise inherent in the images, it is often the case that discrepancies as to location of object boundaries and detection of different tissues arise even among highly trained physicians. The relatively low cost and short image acquisition time, however, make ultrasound an attractive imaging modality. Currently, diagnostic evaluation of ultrasound images is performed on two-dimensional (2D) cross-sections of the object of interest. No depth information is available and there is no way of viewing the outer surface of the object. The only way for a physician to visualise the entire object is by mentally reconstructing the object based on a series of a 2D images as well as prior expectations of the morphology of the object. In the case of abnormal or diseased growth, the physician's expectations often do not correspond to the actual morphology of the object. However, the use of three-dimensional (3D) data acquisition and visualisation may be used to overcome these problems. The present work addresses a number of difficulties in processing 3D ultrasound data. This includes special treatment of the volumetric ultrasound data obtained from a 3D probe, determination of 3D features of the different tissue types present in the ultrasound data and identification and localisation of objects (segmentation) in the volumetric ultrasound data. Experimental results obtained from synthesised and real ultrasound data demonstrate that the present work contributes significantly to the use of ultrasound imaging as a diagnostic tool. As well, the present work can be applied to different imaging modalities or different applications areas and is thus beneficial to the area of biomedical image processing, in general.

Tez (Uzmanlık) - Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi, Radyodiagnostik Anabilim Dalı, 2008. / Kaynakça var.