L'objectif de cette thèse est de proposer une méthodologie statistique permettant de formuler une règle de classement capable de surmonter les difficultés qui se présentent dans le traitement des données lorsque la distribution a priori de la variable réponse est déséquilibrée. Notre proposition est construite autour d'un ensemble particulier de règles d'association appelées "class association rules". Dans le chapitre II, nous avons exposé les bases théoriques qui sous-tendent la méthode. Nous avons utilisé les indicateurs de performance usuels existant dans la littérature pour évaluer un classifieur. A chaque règle "class association rule" est associée un classifieur faible engendré par l'antécédent de la règle que nous appelons profils. L'idée de la méthode est alors de combiner un nombre réduit de classifieurs faibles pour constituer une règle de classement performante. Dans le chapitre III, nous avons développé les différentes étapes de la procédure d'apprentissage statistique lorsque les observations sont indépendantes et identiquement distribuées. On distingue trois grandes étapes: (1) une étape de génération d'un ensemble initial de profils, (2) une étape d'élagage de profils redondants et (3) une étape de sélection d'un ensemble optimal de profils. Pour la première étape, nous avons utilisé l'algorithme "apriori" reconnu comme l'un des algorithmes de base pour l'exploration des règles d'association. Pour la deuxième étape, nous avons proposé un test stochastique. Et pour la dernière étape un test asymptotique est effectué sur le rapport des valeurs prédictives positives des classifieurs lorsque les profils générateurs respectifs sont emboîtés. Il en résulte un ensemble réduit et optimal de profils dont la combinaison produit une règle de classement performante. Dans le chapitre IV, nous avons proposé une extension de la méthode d'apprentissage statistique lorsque les observations ne sont pas identiquement distribuées. Il s'agit précisément d'adapter la procédure de sélection de l'ensemble optimal lorsque les données ne sont pas identiquement distribuées. L'idée générale consiste à faire une estimation bayésienne de toutes les valeurs prédictives positives des classifieurs faibles. Par la suite, à l'aide du facteur de Bayes, on effectue un test d'hypothèse sur le rapport des valeurs prédictives positives lorsque les profils sont emboîtés. Dans le chapitre V, nous avons appliqué la méthodologie mise en place dans les chapitres précédents aux données du projet QUARITE concernant la mortalité maternelle au Sénégal et au Mali. / The aim of this thesis is to design a supervised statistical learning methodology that can overcome the weakness of standard methods when the prior distribution of the response variable is unbalanced. The proposed methodology is built using class association rules. Chapter II deals with theorical basis of statistical learning method by relating various classifiers performance metrics with class association rules. Since the classifier corresponding to a class association rules is a weak classifer, we propose to select a small number of such weak classifiers and to combine them in the aim to build an efficient classifier. In Chapter III, we develop the different steps of the statistical learning method when observations are independent and identically distributed. There are three main steps: In the first step, an initial set of patterns correlated with the target class is generated using "apriori" algorithm. In the second step, we propose a hypothesis test to prune redondant patterns. In the third step, an hypothesis test is performed based on the ratio of the positive predictive values of the classifiers when respective generating patterns are nested. This results in a reduced and optimal set of patterns whose combination provides an efficient classifier. In Chapter IV, we extend the classification method that we proposed in Chapter III in order to handle the case where observations are not identically distributed. The aim being here to adapt the procedure for selecting the optimal set of patterns when data are grouped data. In this setting we compute the estimation of the positive predictive values as the mean of the posterior distribution of the target class probability by using empirical Bayes method. Thereafter, using Bayes factor, a hypothesis test based on the ratio of the positive predictive values is carried out when patterns are nested. Chapter V is devoted to the application of the proposed methodology to process a real world dataset. We studied the QUARITE project dataset on maternal mortality in Senegal and Mali in order to provide a decision making tree that health care professionals can refer to when managing patients delivering in their health facilities.

Nesta tese de doutorado, a estabilidade a pequenas perturbações é estudada sob a ótica dos sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica com geradores síncronos distribuídos. Duas peculiaridades específicas destes sistemas são abordadas: o desequilíbrio da carga e da rede e a proximidade das cargas aos geradores. Em relação ao primeiro tópico, duas abor dagens são propostas para o estudo de estabilidade a pequenas perturbações em sistemas com desequilíbrio da carga, uma delas baseada na estimação modal a partir de dados obtidos através de medições ou simulações no domínio do tempo, e a outra baseada na modelagem fasorial do sistema com desequilíbrio da carga e posterior linearização do sistema algébrico-diferencial não-linear obtido. Em relação ao segundo tópico, constatam-se nesta tese que as oscilações eletromecânicas podem induzir certos fenômenos de qualidade de energia, notadamente as flutuações de tensão. Nesta tese, uma estrutura é proposta e critérios são definidos para o estudo destas flutuações induzidas por problemas tipicamente relacionados à estabilidade, considerando o estudo de perturbações isoladas e também o estudo estatístico de perturbações. Através desta análise, é proposto também um procedimento de projeto de controladores de amortecimento com critérios bem definidos para auxiliar na mitigação destas flutuações de tensão induzidas por oscilações eletromecânicas. Tal procedimento de projeto é complementar aos índices de desempenho do sistema dinâmico tipicamente utilizados para o projeto destes controladores em sistemas de transmissão. Os significativos avanços em ambos os tópicos abordados abriram um vasto campo de trabalho a ser estudado do ponto de vista da estabilidade a pequenas perturbações de sistemas de distribuição com geradores síncronos distribuídos. / In this thesis, the small-signal stability is studied from the perspective of power distribution systems with distributed synchronous generators. Two specific peculiarities of these systems are addressed: the load and network unbalance, and the proximity of loads to generators. Regarding the first topic, two approaches are proposed to the small-signal stability study of power systems with load unbalance, one based on modal estimation through data obtained from measurements or time-domain simulations, and another one based on a phasorial model of the system with load unbalance and later linearization of the differential-algebraic nonlinear system obtained. Regarding to the second topic, it is observed in this thesis that electromechanical oscillations can induce certain power quality phenomena, notably voltage fluctuations. In this thesis, a structure is proposed and criteria are defined to the study of these fluctuations induced by typical stability problems, considering the study of isolated perturbations and also the statistical study of perturbations. Through this analysis, a procedure for the design of power system stabilizers with clearly defined criteria is also proposed to assist in mitigating the voltage fluctuations induced by electromechanical oscillations. This design procedure is complementary to the stability criteria currently used in the design of power system stabilizers for power transmission systems. The significant advances in both studied topics have also opened a large research field related to the small-signal stability of power distribution systems with distributed synchronous generators.

Ao longo das últimas décadas, o advento de geradores síncronos distribuídos têm modificado significativamente a operação dinâmica de sistemas de distribuição. Características dinâmicas que antes eram típicas de sistemas de transmissão estão agora também presentes em sistemas de distribuição. Problemas relacionados a oscilações eletromecânica mal amortecidas, um dos focos de análise do estudo da estabilidade a pequenas perturbações, podem agora afetar também os sistemas de distribuição devido à inserção de geradores síncronos. Ferramentas usualmente utilizadas em sistemas de transmissão para a análise de tais oscilações não são completamente adequadas para analisar os fenômenos que ocorrem nos sistemas de distribuição com geração distribuída, devido a características peculiares desses sistemas, tais como o desequilíbrio de suas fases. Assim, essa pesquisa propõe um procedimento alternativo para analisar a estabilidade a pequenas perturbações de sistemas de distribuição, através da aplicação de técnicas de estimação modal. Abordam-se duas técnicas de estimação modal: os métodos de Prony e o ESPRIT. O primeiro método consiste em uma ferramenta já consagrada para a identificação de oscilações eletromecânicas de baixa frequência. Enquanto o segundo é uma t´técnica usualmente aplicada em análise de transitórios com desempenho satisfatório no contexto de qualidade de energia. Simulações não lineares são realizadas no software ATP, inicialmente sobre um sistema trifásico equilibrado e tais técnicas são aplicadas e comparadas, tornando possível a validação cruzada de ambos os métodos na identificação do modo eletromecânico do sistema. Na sequência, simulações são realizadas em um um sistema trifásico desequilibrado, permitindo avaliar o efeito do desbalanço da carga sobre as oscilações eletromecânicas, sendo essa uma das maiores contribuições desse trabalho. A principal conclusão adquirida é o fato de que um Power System Stabilizer (PSS) pode ser usado para mitigar os impactos prejudiciais das oscilações eletromecânicas em um gerador síncrono distribuído, sendo que esse PSS pode ser projetado a partir de técnicas típicas, assumindo um funcionamento equilibrado desse gerador, e ainda assim ter um desempenho satisfatório para os casos desequilibrados estudados. / Over the last few decades, the advent of distributed synchronous generators has significantly modified the operation and dynamics of distribution systems. Dynamic behaviors that were typical of transmission systems are now also present in distribution systems. Problems related to poorly damped electromechanical oscillations, the focus of small-signal stability studies, can now also affect the distribution systems due to the insertion of synchronous generators. Tools usually employed in large systems for the analysis of these oscillations are not completely appropriate to analyze this phenomena in distribution systems with distributed generation, due to particular characteristics of these systems, such as load imbalance. Therefore, this research proposes an alternative procedure to analyze the small-signal stability of distribution systems, through the application of modal estimation techniques. Two modal estimation techniques are used: the Prony and ESPRIT methods. The former consists of a well-established tool for identifying low-frequency oscillations and the latter was chosen due to its satisfactory performance in works related to power quality, where it is applied in transient analysis. Initially, both modal estimation techniques are applied to the results of nonlinear simulations performed in the Alternative Transients Program for balanced three-phase systems. The modes identified by both techniques exhibit a close match, which provides a cross validation between these techniques. In the sequence, simulations are performed in three-phase unbalanced systems, allowing an evaluation of the effect of load imbalance on the electromechanical oscillations (which is another major contribution of this work). Furthermore, it is concluded from the obtained results that a Power System Stabilizer, designed under the assumption of a balanced operation of the distribution system, can be effectively used to mitigate the detrimental effects of the poorly damped oscillations even when the system operates under unbalanced load conditions.

Nesta tese de doutorado, a estabilidade a pequenas perturbações é estudada sob a ótica dos sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica com geradores síncronos distribuídos. Duas peculiaridades específicas destes sistemas são abordadas: o desequilíbrio da carga e da rede e a proximidade das cargas aos geradores. Em relação ao primeiro tópico, duas abor dagens são propostas para o estudo de estabilidade a pequenas perturbações em sistemas com desequilíbrio da carga, uma delas baseada na estimação modal a partir de dados obtidos através de medições ou simulações no domínio do tempo, e a outra baseada na modelagem fasorial do sistema com desequilíbrio da carga e posterior linearização do sistema algébrico-diferencial não-linear obtido. Em relação ao segundo tópico, constatam-se nesta tese que as oscilações eletromecânicas podem induzir certos fenômenos de qualidade de energia, notadamente as flutuações de tensão. Nesta tese, uma estrutura é proposta e critérios são definidos para o estudo destas flutuações induzidas por problemas tipicamente relacionados à estabilidade, considerando o estudo de perturbações isoladas e também o estudo estatístico de perturbações. Através desta análise, é proposto também um procedimento de projeto de controladores de amortecimento com critérios bem definidos para auxiliar na mitigação destas flutuações de tensão induzidas por oscilações eletromecânicas. Tal procedimento de projeto é complementar aos índices de desempenho do sistema dinâmico tipicamente utilizados para o projeto destes controladores em sistemas de transmissão. Os significativos avanços em ambos os tópicos abordados abriram um vasto campo de trabalho a ser estudado do ponto de vista da estabilidade a pequenas perturbações de sistemas de distribuição com geradores síncronos distribuídos. / In this thesis, the small-signal stability is studied from the perspective of power distribution systems with distributed synchronous generators. Two specific peculiarities of these systems are addressed: the load and network unbalance, and the proximity of loads to generators. Regarding the first topic, two approaches are proposed to the small-signal stability study of power systems with load unbalance, one based on modal estimation through data obtained from measurements or time-domain simulations, and another one based on a phasorial model of the system with load unbalance and later linearization of the differential-algebraic nonlinear system obtained. Regarding to the second topic, it is observed in this thesis that electromechanical oscillations can induce certain power quality phenomena, notably voltage fluctuations. In this thesis, a structure is proposed and criteria are defined to the study of these fluctuations induced by typical stability problems, considering the study of isolated perturbations and also the statistical study of perturbations. Through this analysis, a procedure for the design of power system stabilizers with clearly defined criteria is also proposed to assist in mitigating the voltage fluctuations induced by electromechanical oscillations. This design procedure is complementary to the stability criteria currently used in the design of power system stabilizers for power transmission systems. The significant advances in both studied topics have also opened a large research field related to the small-signal stability of power distribution systems with distributed synchronous generators.

<p>U disertaciji je predložen metod za proračun kompleksnih kratkih spojeva u aktivnim, neuravnoteženim distributivnim mrežama velikih dimenzija. Predloženim metodom je moguće proračunavati kompleksne kratke spojeve sa proizvoljno izabranim brojem čvorova i brojem faza zahvaćenih kratkim spojem, bez prethodnog komplikovanog izvođenja uslova kratkog spoja. Različiti kratki spojevi se definišu jednostavnom inspekcijom. Pored toga, svi elementi distributivne mreže su modelovani dovoljno preciznim modelima, uključujući i savremene distribuirane energetske izvore. Posebna pažnja je posvećena ovim elementima i izvođenju njihovoh modela pogodnim za proračune kratkih spojeva mreža velikih dimenzija, s obzirom da ti modeli do sada nisu bili razvijeni, a broj ovih uređaja u distributivnim mrežama je sve veći. Predloženim metodom je moguće proračunavati neuravnotežene sisteme u nesimetričnim režimima pre kratkog spoja, a proračun se vrši u domenu simetričnih komponenti. Ova činjenica čini predloženi metod izuzetno brzim i pogodnim za &ldquo;on-line mode&rdquo; distributivnog menadžment sistema. Numerički rezultati na nekoliko reprezentativnih mreža jasno prikazuju prednost predloženog metoda u odnosu na postojeće metode za proračune kratkih spojeva distributtivnih mreža.</p> / <p>In this dissertation a calculation method for quantifying the impact of complex short-circuits on active unbalanced distribution systems is proposed. Unlike previous distribution system short-circuit calculations, the proposed method is capable of solving complex short-circuits with an arbitrary number of faulted busses and phases, without predefining the boundary (fault) conditions. Different short-circuits are defined by simple inspection of these faults. Moreover, all distribution system elements are appropriately modeled and integrated in the proposed method, including electronically coupled distributed energy resources (DERs). The development of new models for these DERs, suitable for on-line calculations of large-scale systems, is specially stressed as these models have not been developed yet. Finally, the proposed calculation procedure is capable of solving unbalanced systems, including mutually coupled sections, in unsymmetrical pre-fault states, and it is performed in the sequence domain. This makes the proposed method particularly fast and suitable for online distribution system analysis. The computation results show the advantages of the proposed method relative to previous short-circuit calculation methods, regarding both the required calculation time and the accuracy.</p>

A repetitive control method for output voltage control of a three phase uninterruptible power supply (UPS) with isolation transformer is investigated. In the method voltage control loop is employed in the stationary dq frame. The controller eliminates the periodic errors on the output voltages due to inverter voltage nonlinearity and load disturbances. The controller design and implementation details are given. The controller is implemented on a 5-kVA UPS prototype which is constructed in laboratory. Linear and nonlinear loads for balanced and unbalanced load operating conditions are considered. The steady-state and dynamic performance of the control method are investigated in detail. The theory of the control strategy is verified by means of simulations and experiments.

State estimation plays an important role in modern power systems. The errors in the telemetered measurements and the connectivity information of the network will greatly contaminate the estimated system state. This dissertation provides solutions to suppress the influences of these errors. A two-stage state estimation algorithm has been utilized in topology error identification in the past decade. Chapter II discusses the implementation of this algorithm. A concise substation model is defined for this purpose. A friendly user interface that incorporates the two-stage algorithm into the conventional state estimator is developed. The performances of the two-stage state estimation algorithms rely on accurate determination of suspect substations. A comprehensive identification procedure is described in chapter III. In order to evaluate the proposed procedure, a topology error library is created. Several identification methods are comparatively tested using this library. A remote measurement calibration method is presented in chapter IV. The un-calibrated quantities can be related to the true values by the characteristic functions. The conventional state estimation algorithm is modified to include the parameters of these functions. Hence they can be estimated along with the system state variables and used to calibrate the measurements. The measurements taken at different time instants are utilized to minimize the influence of the random errors. A method for auto tuning of measurement weights in state estimation is described in chapter V. Two alternative ways to estimate the measurement random error variances are discussed. They are both tested on simulation data generated based on IEEE systems. Their performances are compared. A comprehensive solution, which contains an initialization process and a recursively updating process, is presented. Chapter VI investigates the errors introduced in the positive sequence state estimation due to the usual assumptions of having fully balanced bus loads/generations and continuously transposed transmission lines. Several tests are conducted using different assumptions regarding the availability of single and multi-phase measurements. It is demonstrated that incomplete metering of three-phase system quantities may lead to significant errors in the positive sequence state estimates for certain cases. A novel sequence domain three-phase state estimation algorithm is proposed to solve this problem.

Electric power distribution network is an important part of electrical power systems for delivering electricity to consumers. Electric power utilities worldwide are increasingly adopting the computer aided monitoring, control and management of electric power distribution systems to provide better services to the electrical consumers. Therefore, research and development activities worldwide are being carried out to automate the electric power distribution system. The power distribution system consists of a three-phase source supplying power through single-, two-, or three-phase distribution lines, switches, and transformers to a set of buses with a given load demand. In addition, unlike transmission systems, single-, two-, and three-phase sections exist in the network and single-, two-, and three-phase loads exist in the distribution networks. Further, most distribution systems are overhead systems, which are susceptible to faults caused by a variety of situations such as adverse weather conditions, equipment failure, traffic accidents, etc. When a fault occurs on a distribution line, it is very important for the utility to identify the fault location as quickly as possible for improving the service reliability. Hence, one of the crucial blocks in the operation of distribution system is that of fault detection and it’s location. The achievement of this objective depends on the success of the distribution automation system. The distribution automation system should be implemented quickly and accurately in order to isolate those affected branches from the healthy parts and to take alternative measures to restore normal power supply. Fault location in the distribution system is a difficult task due to its high complexity and difficulty caused by unique characteristics of the distribution system. These unique characteristics are discussed in the present work. In recent years, some techniques have been discussed for the location of faults, particularly in radial distribution systems. These methods use various algorithmic approaches, where the fault location is iteratively calculated by updating the fault current. Heuristic and Expert System approaches for locating fault in distribution system are also proposed which uses more measurements. Measurements are assumed to be available at the sending end of the faulty line segment, which are not true in reality as the measurements are only available at the substation and at limited nodes of the distribution networks through the use of remote terminal units. The emerging techniques of Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be a solution to this problem. Among the various AI based techniques like Expert systems, Fuzzy Set and ANN systems, the ANN approach for fault location is found to be encouraging. In this thesis, an ANN approaches with limited measurements are used to locate fault in long distribution networks with laterals. Initially the distribution system modeling (using actual a-b-c phase representation) for three-, two-, and single-phase laterals, three-, two-, and single- phase loads are described. Also an efficient three-phase load flow and short circuit analysis with loads are described which is used to simulate all types of fault conditions on distribution systems. In this work, function approximation (FA) is the main technique used and the classification techniques take a major supportive role to the FA problem. Fault location in distribution systems is explained as a FA problem, which is difficult to solve due to the various practical constraints particular to distribution systems. Incorporating classification techniques reduce this FA problem to simpler ones. The function that is approximated is the relation between the three-phase voltage and current measurements at the substation and at selected number of buses (inputs), and the line impedance of the fault points from the substation (outputs). This function is approximated by feed forward neural network (FFNN). Similarly for solving the classification problems such as fault type classification and source short circuit level classification, Radial Basis Probabilistic Neural Network (RBPNN) has been employed. The work presented in this thesis is the combinational use of FFNN and RBPNN for estimating the fault location. Levenberg Marquardt learning method, which is robust and fast, is used for training FFNN. A typical unbalanced 11-node test system, an IEEE 34 nodes test system and a practical 69- bus long distribution systems with different configurations are considered for the study. The results show that the proposed approaches of fault location gives accurate results in terms of estimated fault location. Practical situations in distribution systems such as unbalanced loading, three-, two-, and single- phase laterals, limited measurements available, all types of faults, a wide range of varying source short circuit levels, varying loading conditions, long feeders with multiple laterals and different network configurations are considered for the study. The result shows the feasibility of applying the proposed method in practical distribution system fault diagnosis.

La marche est définie par des séquences de gestes cycliques et répétées. Il a été déjà montré que la vitesse et la variabilité de ces séquences peuvent révéler des aptitudes ou des défaillances motrices. L’originalité de ce travail est alors d’analyser et de caractériser les foulées de sujets âgés à partir des signaux de pression issus de semelles instrumentées lors de la marche, au moyen d’outils de traitement du signal. Une étude préliminaire, sur les signaux de pression générés lors de la marche, nous a permis de mettre en évidence le caractère cyclo-stationnaire de ces signaux. Ces paramètres sont testées sur une population de 47 sujets. Tout d'abord, nous avons commencé par un prétraitement des signaux et nous avons montré dans la première de cette thèse que le filtrage peut éliminer une partie vitale du signal. C’est pourquoi un filtre adaptatif basé sur la décomposition en mode empirique a été conçu. Les points de retournement ont été filtrés ensuite en utilisant une technique temps-fréquence appelée «synochronosqueezing». Nous avons également montré que le contenu des signaux de force de marche est fortement affecté par des paramètres inquantifiables tels que les tâches cognitives qui les rendent difficiles à normaliser. C’est pourquoi les paramètres extraits de nos signaux sont tous dérivées par une comparaison inter-sujet. Par exemple, nous avons assimilé la différence dans la répartition de poids entre les pieds. Il est également recommandé dans ce travail de choisir le centre des capteurs plutôt que de compter sur la somme des forces issues du réseau de capteurs pour la classification. Ensuite, on a montré que l’hypothèse de la marche équilibrée et déséquilibrée peut améliorer les résultats de la classification. Le potentiel de cette hypothèse est montré à l'aide de la répartition du poids ainsi que le produit de l'âge × vitesse dans le premier classificateur et la corrélation dans le second classificateur. Une simulation de la série temporelle de VGRF basé sur une version modifiée du modèle de Markov non stationnaire, du premier ordre est ensuite dérivée. Ce modèle prédit les allures chez les sujets normaux et suffisamment pour les allures des sujets de Parkinson. On a trouvé que les trois modes: temps, fréquence et espace sont très utiles pour l’analyse des signaux de force, c’est pourquoi l’analyse de facteurs parallèles est introduite comme étant une méthode de tenseur qui peut être utilisée dans le futur / Walking is defined as sequences of repetitive cyclic gestures. It was already shown that the speed and the variability of these sequences can reveal abilities or motorskill failures. The originality of this work is to analyze and characterize the steps of elderly persons by using pressure signals. In a preliminary study, we showed that pressure signals are characterized by cyclostationarity. In this study, we intend to exploit the nonstationarity of the signals in a search for new indicators that can help in gait signal classification between normal and Parkinson subjects in the elderly population. These parameters are tested on a population of 47 subjects. First, we started with preprocessing the vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) signals and showed in this first part of the thesis that filtering can remove a vital part of the signal. That is why an adaptive filter based on empirical mode decomposition (EMD) was built. Turning points are filtered using synochronosqueezing of time-frequency representations of the signal. We also showed that the content of gait force signals is highly affected by unquantifiable parameter such as cognitive tasks which make them hard to be normalized. That is why features being extracted are derived from inter-subject comparison. For example we equated the difference in the load distribution between feet. It is also recommended in this work to choose the mid-sensor rather than relying on summation of forces from array of sensors for classification purposes. A hypothesis of balanced and unbalanced gait is verified to be potential in improving the classification accuracy. The power of this hypothesis is shown by using the load distribution and Age×Speed in the first classifier and the correlation in the second classifier. A time series simulation of VGRF based on a modified version of nonstationary- Markov model of first order is derived. This model successfully predict gaits in normal subjects and fairly did in Parkinson’s gait. We found out that the three modes: time, frequency and space are helpful in analyzing force signals that is why parallel factor analysis is introduced as a tensor method to be used in a future work

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-04-11T15:15:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 joaotitoalmeidavianna.pdf: 4307092 bytes, checksum: 061d2a47a7e37bf6c1a1875c27f352ad (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-04-18T12:47:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 joaotitoalmeidavianna.pdf: 4307092 bytes, checksum: 061d2a47a7e37bf6c1a1875c27f352ad (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-18T12:47:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 joaotitoalmeidavianna.pdf: 4307092 bytes, checksum: 061d2a47a7e37bf6c1a1875c27f352ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-05 / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo o desenvolvimento de alternativas para detecção de faltas de alta impedância (HIFs) sustentadas em sistemas de distribuição. Como a maioria destas faltas é monofásica, enfoque foi dado para este tipo de falta no desenvolvimento do trabalho. Devido ao desequilíbrio e a variação da carga dos sistemas de distribuição, a proteção tradicional dos mesmos apresenta dificuldades na detecção destas faltas, que acabam se sustentando no sistema. Isso acarreta um risco de segurança pública, na medida em que estruturas externas ao sistema elétrico são mantidas energizadas representando risco a vidas que entrem em contato com elas. Características da topologia típica de sistemas de distribuição brasileiros (conhecida como do “tipo europeu”) foram exploradas de forma a se elaborar duas propostas de métodos de detecção e localização de HIFs. Ambos os métodos se baseiam na alocação de medidores alocados ao longo do sistema de distribuição, cujas medidas são integradas a uma central de dados via rede de comunicação. Nesta central, as medidas recebidas são analisadas de forma a diagnosticar a presença e localização de faltas monofásicas de alta impedância no sistema e emitir alarmes que descrevam a situação atual do mesmo. O primeiro método, o PDSZ, baseia-se em medições fasoriais sincronizadas e, além da detecção e localização, conta com um algoritmo de classificação das fases envolvidas na falta. Já o segundo (PQDSZ) baseia-se em medições não fasoriais e não possui esta última funcionalidade. Ambos os métodos são implementados em laboratório e simulados com o uso de um Simulador Digital de Tempo Real (RTDS), o que permite uma validação bem próxima da aplicação dos métodos em um sistema real. Tais simulações comprovam a aplicabilidade dos métodos propostos e todos os resultados são analisados de forma a confirmar este fato. / This work aims to develop alternatives for the detection of sustained high impedance faults (HIFs) on distribution power systems. As the majority of these faults are single phase ones, the development was focused on this kind of fault. Due to load unbalance and variation of the distribution systems, the traditional protectiontechniques presents problems on detecting these faults, which are kept sustained on the system. This situation represents a serious public hazard, because the external electrical system structure remains energized, representing a risk to lives that eventually get in touch with it. There is also the risk of starting a fire from this fault point. Topologycal features of Brasilian distribution systems (known as “european type”) were exploited in order to elaborate two methods for detection and localization of HIFs. Both methods are based on the use of meters alocated along the distribution system, whose measurements are sent to a central data concentrator, through a network communication. Then, the received measurements are analysed in order to diagnose the ocurrence of single phase high impedance faults on the system and send alarms that describe the current system situation. The first method, named PDSZ, is based on Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) and besides detecting and locating the fault, can also classify it, showing which phaseis involved. The second one, the PQDSZ, is based on non-synchronized measurements and can not classify the fault. Both methods were implemented on laboratory and tested using real equipament and a Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS), which allows a very precise evaluation of the proposed methods, emulating conditions very similar the real ones. The simulations prove the aplicability of the proposed methods and the results are analysed in order to show the effectiveness of the proposed methods.