Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Labour economists in South Africa have extensively researched on almost all aspects of the unemployment phenomenon, specifically, the levels and extent of unemployment as well as the causes of unemployment have received a lot of empirical attention. One category of the labour force, namely the underemployed, has mostly been ignored in empirical studies. An investigation into the prevalence and rate of underemployment is essential because unemployment alone underestimates the magnitude of a country’s available excess labour capacity. The study focuses on various conceptual and empirical issues, including the definition of underemployment, the extent of underemployment in South Africa, demographic characteristics of the underemployed, an empirical estimation of the total earnings effect of underemployment, the duration of underemployment, and the possible policy options to tackle underemployment. To achieve its research objectives, the study conducts various descriptive and econometric analyses, using the data from the 1995-2016 labour force surveys and the first four waves of NIDS conducted in 2008-2015.

by Johnston H.C. Wong. / Bibliography: leaves 137-143 / Thesis (M.S.W.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1983

Lam Yuen Yan Sharon. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 65-71). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / List of Tables --- p.vii / List of Figures --- p.viii / List of Appendices --- p.ix / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Method --- p.18 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Results --- p.26 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Discussion --- p.46 / References --- p.65

Music therapy has been an established health profession for over 60 years serving a diverse population in different settings. Researchers studied the effects of burnout, career longevity, job satisfaction, and workforce analysis of clinical music therapy; however, no studies exist on the prevalence of unemployment and underemployment in clinical music therapy. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of unemployment and underemployment in clinical music therapy. Participants who completed an anonymous online survey (n = 1,240) were board-certified music therapists who provided information on their current employment status. Results showed that the prevalence of unemployment among the participants was 5.78%, and prevalence of underemployment was 15.6%. Music therapists with more than 15 years of experience were more likely to work full-time than music therapists with 15 or fewer years of experience. Music therapists over 40 were no more likely to work full-time than music therapists who were 39 or younger. Implications for music therapy practice are discussed.

M.A. (Psychology) / The thesis was introduced by a description of the historical development of career counselling in South Africa, which indicated that the first traces of career counselling services were present at early times. The description also stressed the importance of career counselling especially during times of work shortage. Present day living costs and shortage of work emphasize the need for effective career counselling to ensure suitable career choices. Currently students are trained In career counselling and evaluated by supervisors without the existence of recognised and tested criteria. To ensure a higher standard of training and practice the implementation of such criteria is of utmost importance in the current developmental phase of career counselling in South Africa. The research aim of this study is the development and evaluation of criteria for effective diadic career counselling. The criteria were specifically designed for students in training and they should form part of the career counselling curriculum. In order to achieve the aim of the study, an integrated theoretical developmental research model was used. The model mainly consists of Thomas's (1984) four-phase model which features analysis, design, development and evaluation phases. Each of the phases contains a number of material conditions as well as methodologies through which these conditions can be met. In the first phase an analysis of the problem was undertaken, the status of existing criteria was investigated and a feasibility study was undertaken. It was then decided to proceed with the design phase. In this phase the following material conditions were met aims and objectives were formulated for the criteria, a practice model was drawn up, a tentative presentation was made of the innovation suggestions, and the innovation procedures were determined.

A qualitative - exploratory study was conducted to investigate the experiential consequences of underemployment for Chinese immigrants who were former professionals in their country of origin. Twelve male immigrants aged 28 to 63 who have resided in Canada 1 to 4 years were interviewed. For the most part, the study was existentially based using a phenomenological - content analysis format to derive results. Results indicated that Chinese immigrants' problematic responses to underemployment differed greatly depending upon their initial place of origin i.e., familiarity with and adaptability to the host society being the significant factor. Counseling suggestions to assist these individuals followed the existential paradigm. Finally, several possibilities that exist for further research into this topic of the underemployed immigrant are described. / Education, Faculty of / Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of / Graduate

Orientador: Fábio Antonio de Campos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T10:15:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Zullo_GustavoJoseDanieli_M.pdf: 1349346 bytes, checksum: 3046c46d6a242c643fd933ff263cce76 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O objetivo desta dissertação consiste em evidenciar que a economia brasileira está estruturalmente baseada em um baixo padrão de remuneração. Inicialmente amparados pela discussão sobre a marginalidade social, quando no primeiro capítulo fazemos um breve balanço do debate travado nos anos 1970 sobre suas origens econômicas, buscamos sintetizar as diferentes posições sobre os efeitos que a dominação do capital monopolista exerceu sobre o mercado de trabalho. Desse debate surgem duas concepções distintas e que, consequentemente, redundam em metodologias diferentes para quantificar a heterogeneidade que é própria de economias dependentes e de origem colonial, como a brasileira. A primeira dessas, que examinamos analiticamente no segundo capítulo, distingue as formas de trabalho em duas categorias: formal e informal. Sobre essa abordagem, antes de salientarmos de forma direta as deficiências inerentes a tal classificação, destacamos que alguns de seus pressupostos não estavam balizados pela formação econômico-social do país. Pensada dentro de um arcabouço teórico que julgava que o desenvolvimento capitalista brasileiro seria suficiente para homogeneizar as estruturas econômicas e sociais, essa concepção subestima a dependência como uma força que delimita as potencialidades nacionais. Por outro lado, no terceiro capítulo, nos valemos de uma metodologia que, desagregando os ocupados entre empregados e subempregados, enfatiza mais fortemente as interações entre as estruturas agrária e urbana. Mais especificamente, analisamos a repercussão do processo de urbanização ocorrido em meados do século XX sobre o mercado de trabalho nos últimos trinta anos, período em que a heterogeneidade estrutural, ainda que sob novas formas, é reafirmada como singularidade nacional / Abstract: The aim of this work is to emphasize that the Brazilian economy is structurally based on a low standard of remuneration. Initially supported by the discussion about social marginality, when in the first chapter we give a brief assessment of the debate of the 70¿s on their economic backgrounds, we seek to synthesize the different positions on the effects that the domination of monopoly capital had on the labor market. This debate arises two distinct conceptions and therefore, originates different methodologies to quantify the heterogeneity that is typical of dependent economies and with colonial origins such as the Brazilian. The first of these, we examine analytically in the second chapter, we distinguish the forms of work into two categories: formal and informal. On this approach before we emphasize directly the inherent shortcomings of this classification, we point out that some of their assumptions were not justified by the socioeconomic structure of the country. Conceived within a theoretical framework that thought the capitalist development was enough to homogenize the economic and social structures, this conception underestimates the dependence as a force that delimits the national potential. On the other hand, in the third chapter, where we make use of a methodology that disaggregates the occupied labor force between employees and underemployed, we more strongly emphasize the interactions between agrarian and urban structures. More specifically, we analyze the impact of the urbanization process occurred in the mid-twentieth century on the labor market over the past thirty years, a period in which the structural heterogeneity, albeit in new forms, is reaffirmed as national singularity / Mestrado / Economia Social e do Trabalho / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

Yes / Set in the context of the recent unprecedented upsurge of in-work poverty (IWP) in the UK – which currently exceeds out of work poverty – this article presents an account of the realities of experiencing poverty and being employed. Central issues of low-pay, limited working hours, underemployment and constrained employment opportunities combine to generate severe financial complexities and challenges. This testimony, taken comparatively over a year, reveals the experiences of, not only IWP, but of deep poverty, and having insufficient wages to fulfil the basic essentials of nourishing food and adequate clothing. This article contributes to current academic and social policy debates around low-paid work, IWP, the use of foodbanks and underemployment. New dimensions are offered regarding worker vulnerabilities, given the recent growth of the IWP phenomenon.

The major theme of this study is to demonstrate the importance of including the underemployed in assessments of ethnic stratification. Particularly, it is argued that this approach presents a more balanced evaluation of the degree of labor force integration of the Mexican origin population. Empirically, the prevalence of underemployment among Mexican origin and whites workers for the 1976-1987 period is analyzed. During this 12-year span, the level of underemployment for Mexican workers increased from 32 percent to 42 percent, while the white level fluctuated around 21 percent. Models to determine the causes of underemployment were estimated using logistic regression. The models evaluate the relative importance of human capital variables (e.g., age and schooling) and structural variables (e.g., occupation and industrial sector location) as determinants of underemployment. Results indicate that young, poorly educated Mexican origin workers are more vulnerable to underemployment than their white counterparts; that Mexicans incumbents in service and low-skill, blue-collar occupations are more susceptible to underemployment than whites in the same occupations; and that the risk of underemployment is greater for Mexicans than their white counterparts located in the periphery and trade sectors. It was also found that nativity status has no statistical effect on the propensity for underemployment. But Mexicans with limited English proficiency were more likely to be underemployed than their more English proficient peers. To gauge the effect of labor underutilization on ethnic inequality, the Mexican-white earnings differential is analyzed controlling for employment instability. Results show that employment instability exerts a heavy cost: Mexican men who experience employment instability earn 37 percent less than their adequately employed counterparts. Last, the underemployed should be included in ethnic stratification studies focusing on labor market outcomes because their exclusion provides a more conservative assessment of inequality. Data for the analyses come from the Current Population Survey and the 1976 Survey of Income and Education.

Considering the increasing levels of unemployment and underemployment, and the limited evidence concerning the impact of underemployment on health, my study examines the relations between subjective, objective, and time-related underemployment and employees’ health-related quality of life, as manifested through self-rated health, activity limitations and work-related stress. The study compares an expanded model of work-health relations that, along with the factors addressed by control-demand, and social capital theories, includes characteristics of the physical work environment, and employees’ economic class. In addition to the commonly examined factors related to employment and health (control-demand and social capital), my study explores the impact of the work environment (hazards, discomfort and physical demands) and economic class to determine the specific effects of underemployment on an employee’s health-related quality of life. My main argument is that underemployment, in conjunction with lower economic class, higher exposure to a harmful work environment, lack of control over work, and lower social capital, contributes to increased work-related stress and diminishes health-related quality of life. The study applies a mixed methodological approach based on data from the Canadian Work and Lifelong Learning Survey and the US General Social Survey, and qualitative analysis of interviews from the Ontario Survey on Education-Job Requirements Matching. Evidence based on cross-sectional and qualitative data analysis provides consistent findings and confirms the main assumption that high levels of underemployment have a significant effect on employees’ health-related quality of life. The study shows that employees’ economic class, characteristics of work environment and control over work carry the highest associations with health-related quality of life, while underemployment has a significant additive association with health-related quality of life, most importantly with work-related stress.