Widespread media reports have described an increase in heat-related deaths among undocumented immigrant border crossers in Southern Arizona in recent years. The factual basis and important risk factors associated with these deaths have not been well studied. Although, the most common cause of heat fatalities is environmental exposure during heat waves, deserts of the southwestern USA are known for temperatures that exceed this threshold for 30 days or more. Heat-related fatalities, however, have been and continue to be rare among residents of the region. Undocumented immigration across the US-Mexico border into Arizona has likely been robust for decades, although accurate measures of the volume are not available due to its covert nature. This thesis research focuses on the occurrence and distribution of heat deaths among undocumented US-Mexico border crossers in Pima County, Arizona. Implications of this work include improving future research, informing public health policy and planning of prevention strategies.

Magister Artium (Child and Family Studies) - MA(CFS) / The aim of this research was to explore and describe the challenges of 'undocumented' Zimbabwean immigrants with regards to preserving their family and identity while in South Africa. Three main objectives identified which were: (i) To explore and describe what family and identity means to the 'undocumented' Zimbabwean immigrants. (ii) To explore and describe 'undocumented' Zimbabwean immigrants' challenges with regards to their family life and identity upon arrival in South Africa. (iii) To explore and describe 'undocumented' Zimbabwean immigrants' challenges at preserving and maintaining their family relations and identity while in South Africa. A qualitative study utilising explorative and descriptive research designs was employed in a bid to answer the research question, namely: How do 'undocumented' Zimbabwean immigrants preserve their family and identity while in South Africa? Data were collected by means of unstructured individual interviews and transcribed verbatim. Initially, six participants were purposively selected and they in turn directed the researcher through snowball sampling to the other nine participants who fit the research criteria until data saturation had been attained. The interviews were analysed according to Creswell's (2008) steps as well as guidelines for phenomenological data. Data were also analyzed to ensure its dependability, conformability, transferability and credibility. The researcher adhered to ethical considerations of confidentiality, self-determination, no harm, as well as beneficence. From the data emerged four main themes i.e. • 'undocumented' Zimbabwean immigrants in SA's challenges in preserving their families • 'undocumented' Zimbabwean immigrants in SA's challenges in preserving their identity 'undocumented' Zimbabwean immigrants' challenges relating to their journey to SA • challenges experienced by 'undocumented' Zimbabwean immigrants during their stay in SA. Based on these findings, recommendations were made to social workers, social service professionals, governmental and Non-Governmental Organizations on how to mitigate the challenges that come with 'undocumentation.'

The purpose of this research is to better understand why undocumented immigrants do not typically participate in U.S. city planning processes, and present recommendations for improved inclusion. This report provides a brief background into the presence of undocumented immigrants in the U.S., their unique civic organization, and the need to include them in the planning of our cities and communities. The East Riverside Corridor Master Plan, (currently under the adoption process by the City of Austin, Texas) serves as a case study for the report. East Riverside is an area that is predominantly Hispanic and home to a large stock of immigrant workforce housing, yet the plan’s public participation phase saw little to no contributions from the zone’s lowincome immigrant residents. Austin city planners’ perspectives are presented in the report, as are the views and ideas of undocumented women who live in East Riverside low-income housing. Suggestions for re-conceptualizing the planning discipline are presented, as well as general tools for how city planners could better include undocumented immigrants. / text

Over 11 million undocumented immigrants live in the shadows all across America. They live with the fear of being separated from their families and the risk of being detained or deported back to a country they escaped. This thesis explores ideas of home, safety, and belonging through different elements in architecture, utilized to create welcoming and safe spaces. The community and health center is designed to reach, support, and empower immigrants, while acting as a new home where immigrants access a variety of health, education, and social programs. The project reuses and re-purposes an abandoned building, which was originally designed to welcome immigrants, by carving out historic spaces while creating a new addition that gives it new life. To create a more welcoming experience, the existing brick building is integrated with the new through the use of natural materials, color, and the addition of large openings that allow natural light to fill the interiors. The design of large gathering areas both inside and outside allow people to come together and create a sense of community. Located in the center of immigrant neighborhoods, the proposed community and health center acts as a new beacon of hope and tranquility for immigrants in the District of Columbia. / Master of Architecture / Everyday more than 11 million undocumented children and adults face the fear of being separated from their families and the risk of being placed in caged-like cells called immigrant detention centers. Rather than having more spaces that criminalize and treat immigrants inhumanely, this thesis seeks to design a space that welcomes and supports undocumented immigrants. A proposed community and health center is designed to reach, support, and empower immigrants, while acting as a new home where immigrants could access a variety of health, education, and social programs. The project reuses and repurposes a section of an abandoned building, originally built to provide housing and health services to immigrants, and introduces a new addition with the goal to preserve and continue its history as a place for immigrants. In order to create a more welcoming and safe experience, the design of the proposed building integrates three different strategies. First, the integration of sustainable natural materials and warm colors in the structure of the new addition and the interiors of the existing building. Second, the integration of large operable openings that frame views of the exterior landscape and allow natural light and fresh air to fill the interiors. Lastly, the integration of gathering spaces in the landscape and interiors that allow people to come together and create a sense of community. The proposed community and health center would become a new beacon of hope and tranquility for undocumented immigrants that live with fear and face different obstacles due to their legal status.

Before the passage of the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA), the relationship between undocumented immigrants and the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) was highly antagonistic. Undocumented immigrants were distrustful of the immigration service due to its deportation mission that implemented deceitful tactics, which included using immigrant children to lure their undocumented parents and sending letters to immigrants promising legalization only to deport them once they arrived to INS offices among many others. However, this changed for a brief period after the passage of IRCA when INS transformed its image in the eyes of immigrants and became their amigo – their friend. INS accomplished this by engaging in a furious public relations campaign and training their staff to be supportive of immigrants as they applied for legal status – unprecedented measures for an agency that was set on deporting immigrants. Immigrants began to trust INS and went to them for help to get legalization during IRCA, something that experts thought would be impossible. While the literature on IRCA has studied its legislative history, short-term effects and long-term impact, it has overlooked the central question this study analyzes: why did INS implement unprecedented measures to help undocumented immigrants attain legalization? Using congressional hearings on INS, interviews and public statements made by INS officials, institutional evaluations of IRCA’s implementation, news articles and secondary data, I show that INS was going through a legitimation crisis, meaning that Congress and other overseeing institutions questioned INS’ effectiveness and management leading to stagnation in INS’ growth, something INS wanted to change. Implementing the legalization component of IRCA successfully was one way in which INS could regain its standing in the eyes of Congress, which meant helping immigrants attain legal status. In other words, the interests of immigrants and INS converged during IRCA leading to a change in INS’ behavior. To understand this process, this study shows how INS went from being la migra (immigration services) to el amigo of undocumented immigrants during IRCA. / text

abstract: The role of the American police is to work for and with the communities they serve. The relationship between police and community, however, has not always been a positive one. In recent decades, police organizations throughout the United States have attempted various approaches to addressing the problem. Most recently, they have been focused on improving that relationship by enhancing their legitimacy. This practice is commonly known as the process-based model of policing: theoretically, a procedurally just interaction will enhance legitimacy, which in turn will enhance willingness to cooperate with the police. The benefit for police agencies in enhancing legitimacy lies in the idea that when the police are perceived as a legitimate entity, the public will be more likely to cooperate with them. Enhancing police legitimacy also offers benefits for the public, as this is preceded by a procedurally just interaction. The goal of this dissertation is to assess the applicability of the process-based model of policing to an under-studied population: Hispanics and undocumented immigrants residing within Maricopa County, Arizona. The analysis for this dissertation uses data from two different sources: a sample of Maricopa County residents (n=854) and a sample of Maricopa County arrestees (n=2268). These data are used to assess three research questions. The first research question focuses on assessing the applicability of the process-based model of regulation as a theoretical framework to study this population. The second research question compares Hispanic and White respondents’ views of procedural justice, police legitimacy, and how these perceptions relate to their willingness to cooperate with the police. The last research question examines the differences between undocumented immigrants’ and U.S. citizens’ perceptions of procedural justice, police legitimacy, and how these perceptions relate to their willingness to cooperate with the police. In doing so, this study examined the convergent and discriminant validity of key theoretical constructs. Among several notable findings, the results show that the process-based model of regulation is a promising framework within which to assess perceptions of the police. However, the framework was only supported by the sample of arrestees. Implications for theory, practice, and suggestions for future research are discussed. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Justice Studies 2017

During the last decade, immigration operations have drastically increased in the United States. Between 2009 and 2015, the Obama administration deported a record high of 2.4 million unauthorized immigrants (Homeland Security, 2016). Due to the amplified number of migrants being deported, the number of individuals in U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) detention centers has also increased. Consequently, this phenomenon has raised concerns regarding undocumented migrants’ access to medical services in these facilities. This research project was conducted in order to assess the quality of medical and health care services in ICE detention centers in the state of Arizona. It also examined whether the ICE operational manuals and detention standards on medical care were being followed and were consistent with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The findings indicated that ICE was not compliant with a major portion of their Performance-Based National Detention Standards on medical care and thus, were violating the basic human rights of undocumented immigrants in detention centers as stated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

The intent of this thesis is to examine current perceptions that U.S. Americans have about immigrants coming to the U.S. illegally/ undocumented. There is currently an ongoing debate around immigration in today's political climate. Historically, immigration has always happened in the U.S. and has sparked a vast array of feelings from the U.S. population (Obinna 2018). This study aims to contribute to the existing literature on undocumented immigration to the U.S. and opinion surrounding it. The current study uses the opinion of 177 people to compare current perceptions of undocumented people based on gender, income, and political standing. This study found that income was not related to opinion on immigration. Specific questions regarding border control, undocumented immigrants as a problem, and whether children and families should be detained were found to be answered differently based on gender. It also found that those who identified as more conservative-leaning had more negative opinions surrounding undocumented immigrants.

Poverty in the United States has been widely explored, but very seldom does research consider the impacts of poverty among undocumented immigrants. As a result, policymakers are unable to account for or accommodate the unique needs of undocumented immigrants. Using Dalton's theory of the psychology of poverty, this case study explored the experiences of undocumented immigrants in Immokalee, Florida to better understand how the current policy landscape impacts their existence and livelihoods. The data were collected through 18 interviews with undocumented immigrants and a review of government data related to poverty among this population from the United States Census Bureau, the Department of Homeland Security, and the Bureau of Labor. All data were inductively coded and subjected to thematic analysis. Findings indicate that these undocumented immigrants in South Florida experienced a range of social and economic depravities, including stress, fear, and anxiety as well as inadequate housing and poor health and nutrition, particularly among children, all of which are consistent with Dalton's theory of the psychology of poverty. Another key finding reinforces previous research that undocumented workers were subject to inadequate working conditions and were at risk of exploitation by employers, particularly in the agricultural industry. The positive social change implications stemming from this study include recommendations to policymakers in South Florida to develop policies to alleviate uncertainty for undocumented immigrants, including creating policy to specifically address inadequate working conditions in order to reduce the potential exploitation of socio-economically marginalized workers.

Master of Arts / Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work / Laszlo Kulcsar / Undocumented immigrants are an exploited and disenfranchised faction of society that garner counterfactual attitudes by the public. This study aims to dispel myths held among the public by contesting fiction with facts. First, I argue that media sources and misinformation have culpability in inciting the publics' misguided perceptions about undocumented immigrants. For example, the images propelled to viewers reproduce moral panics, stratification, subjugation, social injustice and the fallacious notion that Mexican‟s are representative of all Hispanic unauthorized immigrants. This thesis then examines the public opinion responses of participants from the CBS and New York Times monthly survey poll of May 2007, compared to academic and government sources on health care, terrorism, and economics. The analysis concludes that participants‟ responses reveal misconceptions on the usage of health care by undocumented immigrants; the threat of terrorism as a means to deny Hispanics citizenship; the economic impact of cost to benefit analysis of the undocumented; and that Mexicans are not representative of all undocumented immigrant groups.