abstract: Reading partners’ actions correctly is essential for successful coordination, but interpretation does not always reflect reality. Attribution biases, such as self-serving and correspondence biases, lead people to misinterpret their partners’ actions and falsely assign blame after an unexpected event. These biases thus further influence people’s trust in their partners, including machine partners. The increasing capabilities and complexity of machines allow them to work physically with humans. However, their improvements may interfere with the accuracy for people to calibrate trust in machines and their capabilities, which requires an understanding of attribution biases’ effect on human-machine coordination. Specifically, the current thesis explores how the development of trust in a partner is influenced by attribution biases and people’s assignment of blame for a negative outcome. This study can also suggest how a machine partner should be designed to react to environmental disturbances and report the appropriate level of information about external conditions. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Human Systems Engineering 2019

Bakgrund: Oväntade händelser i operationssalen påverkar operationssjuksköterskan på olika sätt. Verktyg för att minska och eliminera oväntade händelser och dess negativa konsekvenser har arbetats fram genom WHO´s checklista för säker kirurgi, utbildningar och teamträningar. Trots dessa verktyg sker oväntade händelser fortfarande kontinuerligt. Operationssjuksköterskan ska verka för att identifiera och reducera oväntade händelser i samband med operativa ingrepp, för att undvika vårdskador och minska patientlidande. Detta är grundläggande för operationssjuksköterskans arbete för säker vård.  Syfte: Studiens syfte var att belysa operationssjuksköterskors upplevelser och hantering av oväntade händelser i operationssalen. Metod: Studien har en kvalitativ design med induktiv ansats. Åtta operationssjuksköterskor rekryterades och individuella semistrukturella intervjuer genomfördes från två operationsavdelningar. En kvalitativ innehållsanalys enligt Erlingsson & Brysiewicz (2017) genomfördes.   Resultat: Tre övergripande kategorier med subkategorier som beskriver operationssjuksköterskors upplevelser och hantering av oväntade händelser framkom efter analysen; Att möta en oväntad händelse, Värdefulla förutsättningar för handhavandet av oväntade händelser samt Teamarbete som verktyg. I Att möta en oväntad händelse framkom olika händelser som ansågs oväntade samt känslor förknippade med dessa händelser. I Värdefulla förutsättningar för handhavandet av oväntade händelse var erfarenhet, samtal, förberedelse, fokusering och rutiner viktiga delar. Samarbete, ledarskap och kommunikation framkom som viktiga begrepp i Teamarbete som verktyg.  Slutsats: Oväntade händelser är ett naturligt inslag i operationssjuksköterskans vardag. Hur dessa händelser upplevs och hanteras beror på en mängd olika faktorer, såsom tidigare erfarenhet, samarbete och möjlighet till samtal. Studien visar att teamarbetet är viktigt för att hanteringen av oväntade händelser ska bli så optimal som möjligt, och därigenom inte riskera patientsäkerheten. / Background:  Unexpected events in the operating room affect the theatre nurse in different ways. Tools for reducing and eliminating unexpected events and the negative consequences of these events, have been developed through the WHO's checklist for safe surgery, education and team training. Despite these tools, unexpected events still happen continuously. The theatre nurse shall work for identifying and reducing unexpected events related to surgical procedures, in order to avoid healthcare injuries and reduce patient suffering. This is the foundation of working for safe care for the theatre nurse.  Purpose The purpose of this study was to illuminate theatre nurses' experiences and handling of unexpected events in the operating room.  Method: The design of the study is qualitative with an inductive approach. Eight theatre nurses were recruited and individual semi-structured interviews were conducted from two operating wards. A qualitative content analysis according to Erlingsson & Brysiewicz (2017) was conducted.  Result: Three overarching categories including subcategories describing theatre nurses` experiences and handling of unexpected events emerged after the analysis; To encounter an unexpected event, Valuable conditions for managing unexpected events and Teamwork as a tool. In To encounter an unexpected event, various events emerged that were considered unexpected and emotions associated with these events. In Valuable conditions for managing unexpected events experience, conversation, preparation, focusing and routines were important parts. Collaboration, leadership and communication emerged as important concepts in Teamwork as a tool. Conclusion: Unexpected events are natural parts in the everyday life of the theatre nurse. How these events are experienced and handled depend on a number of different factors, such as previous experience, cooperation and the opportunity for conversation. This study shows that teamwork is important for optimal handling of unexpected events, and thereby not risk patient safety.

Heightened perceptions of threat, along with the proximity and nature of terrorist attacks, can influence trust dynamics. This dynamic often increases due to heightened social cohesion and collective resilience. This study examines the influence of jihadist terrorist attacks on social trust within communities in the Netherlands, Sweden, France, and Germany. The study hypothesized and theorized about how jihadist terrorism influences shifts in societal trust among the affected populations. Utilizing a "multiple unexpected events during survey" (MUESD) research design and integrating individual-level responses from the European Social Survey (ESS) with event-specific data from the Global Terrorism Database (GTD). The findings indicate a statistically significant increase in social trust shortly after the attacks, within the first to two weeks. This emphasizes the link between external security threats and internal social cohesion. By providing a nuanced understanding of the resilience responses activated during crises, the study contributes to the knowledge of the socio-political impact of terrorism and offers insights into the shifts in societal trust among affected populations. This research underscores the importance of understanding how societies react to and recover from terrorist threats, shedding light on the dynamics of trust and community solidarity in the face of adversity.

Es besteht weitgehend Einigkeit darüber, dass inzidentelles Lernen bewusstes Wissen über eine sequenziell strukturierte Regelhaftigkeit erzeugen kann, auch wenn die zu Grunde liegenden Lernprozesse nur ungenügend verstanden sind. Ob jedoch Sequenzlernen auch „implizit“ oder unbewusst erfolgen kann, ist umstritten. Fortschritte in diese Frage sind von Untersuchungen zu bewusstem und unbewusstem Lernen zu erwarten, die vor dem Hintergrund übergreifender Bewusstseinstheorien erfolgen. Rünger und Frensch (2008a) zeigen, wie „bewusstes Sequenzwissen“ in Rückgriff auf die „global workspace“-Theorie des Bewusstseins definiert und operationalisiert werden kann. Im Rahmen dieser Theorie wird „inferenzielle Promiskuität“ als zentrales funktionales Merkmal bewusster mentaler Repräsentationen betrachtet. Rünger und Frensch (2008b) überprüfen eine zentrale Vorhersage der „unexpected event“-Hypothese, einer Theorie zur Entstehung bewussten Wissens in inzidentellen Lernsituationen. In einer Serie von Experimenten wurden unerwartete Ereignisse durch Unterbrechungen des inzidentellen Lernprozesses experimentell induziert. In Übereinstimmung mit der „unexpected event“-Hypothese fanden die Autoren, dass sich die Verfügbarkeit bewussten Sequenzwissens erhöhte. Rünger, Nagy und Frensch (in Druck) untersuchen schließlich die Funktion bewussten Sequenzwissens im Kontext eines Rekognitionstests. Die empirischen Befunde deuten darauf hin, dass bewusstes Sequenzwissen die epistemische Grundlage für rationale Urteile im Gegensatz zu intuitiven oder heuristischen Urteilen darstellt. / There is a general consensus that incidental learning can produce conscious knowledge about a hidden sequential regularity, even though the underlying learning mechanisms are still poorly understood. By contrast, whether sequence learning can also be “implicit” or nonconscious is a matter of intense debate. Progress can be achieved by grounding research on conscious and nonconscious learning in larger theoretical frameworks of consciousness. Rünger and Frensch (2008a) show how “conscious sequence knowledge” can be defined and operationalized in reference to global workspace theory of consciousness that depicts “inferential promiscuity” as the functional hallmark of conscious mental representations. Rünger and Frensch (2008b) test a central prediction of the unexpected-event hypothesis — a theoretical account of the generation of conscious knowledge in incidental learning situations. In a series of experiments, unexpected events were induced experimentally by disrupting the incidental learning process. In line with the unexpected-event hypothesis, the authors observed an increased availability of conscious sequence knowledge. Finally, Rünger, Nagy, and Frensch (in press) explore the function of conscious sequence knowledge in the context of a sequence recognition test. The empirical results suggest that conscious sequence knowledge provides the epistemic basis for reasoned — as opposed to intuitive or heuristic — judgments.

The theme of my diploma thesis is the engagement of the volunteers in the solution to the accidents in the South-Moravia region. In my diploma thesis I am involved in the issue of the engagement of the volunteers in the solution to the accidents in the South-Moravia region. I assume that the utilization of the potential of the volunteers is one of the possibilities of the acquisition of the forces, which could be used for the recovery of the consequences, post-traumatic care to struck persons and other activities within the solution to the accidents, all parallelly with the actions of the professional teams of the integrated rescue system bodies. The needs of the population in case of the accidents are rather differentiated, and the engagement of the volunteers completes the appointed forces and means of the integrated rescue system bodies. At present time, the adequate legal framework, modifying the engagement of the volunteers in the solution to the accidents, does not exist in the Czech Republic. Non-governmental non-profit organizations are united in the South-Moravia region into the Panel of the South-Moravia Region, which establishes the platform and enables the South-Moravia Region more effective engagement of the non-governmental non-profit organizations. The volunteers, organized in the Panel of the South-Moravia Region, are engaged in the solution to the accidents and the trainings organized in the level of the region, municipalities with widened competence and the integrated rescue system bodies.

The diploma thesis deals with innovations selected insurance products and their alternatives. The theoretical part describes the insurance market and development of insurance in the Czech Republic, defines important terms as a coincidence, insured event, insurance products, risk and legal norms in the insurance. In the practical part is an analysis of the selected insurance company and its competitors. On the basis of obtained information are selected insurance products compared. In the proposal part are recommended changes for existing insurance products of the selected insurance company in terms of their content and coverage of risk in the unexpected event. The partial aim is the proposal an alternative insurance product for selected insurance company, which could arise in the future in its range of insurance products.