Previous research has shown how venting one’s feelings can reduce the negative emotions of a consumption experience. This study proposes a general process of how consumers with feelings of unfairness due to a negative consumption experience can achieve emotional disclosure and reduced unfairness by posting online reviews. By using an experimental design with scenarios, this study tests how the perceived unfairness in this process is affected by the party encouraging the consumer to post an online review and the consumer’s public commitment. A student sample was divided into four groups and the perception of unfairness was compared between the groups depending on whether the party encouraging the feedback was a company perceived to be responsible for the sense of unfairness or an independent party and whether when the consumer was identifiable or anonymous to see if public commitment had an effect. Results showed that emotional disclosure was found to reduce the perceived unfairness in all groups. There was no significant difference between being encouraged by the company or independent party. Furthermore, no public commitment was in effect, even when participants’ answers were thought to become known to others. The results indicate that companies may prefer to encourage consumers to provide feedback themselves rather than using a third party and that posting online reviews will not make the consumer committed to their feeling of unfairness.

It often appears some cognitive conflicts among the citizens¡¦ when evaluating the policy outcomes performance about Dengue fever prevention, since existed some characteristics in the input and outcome dimension, it include multi-involvers, multi-goals, multi-values and subjective judgement(Wang Ming-Shen and Chen Cheng-Liaou, 2004: 11). We taked the unfairness measurement approach of the Information Integration Theory (IIT) to explore the policy outcome performance about Dengue fever prevention. In this way, we constructed an algebraic model, namely ¡§Dengue Fever Basic Unfairness Measurement Model,¡¨ with accrute empirical test and validity criteria. According to the way of the factorial graph patterns and statistical interaction test of the model, we may analyze and collect these multiple information of policy outcomes(Farkas, 1991: 61 ; Anderson, 1996: 33). We obtained some important findings, include: 1.The citizen integrated the information of Dengue fever prevention outcomes by ¡¥averging¡¦ model, the experimental data support the mode and it had important policy implications. 2.The effort(implicit factor) of the governer¡¦s devoted to prevention tasks was more than the budget expendures(explicit factor) was the most important factor of outcome performance evaluation, and this had important cognitive implication. 3.According to the differences of the information qulity from the Dengue fever prevention, there was an interpersonal salience about the evaluation of the policy outcome performance. 4.It showed that highly corelation between the habitant¡¦s life modes and the prevention outcomes performance, this implied that the implicit social meaning of Dengue fever prevention were interpersonal interaction. 5.The citizen¡¦s perception of the unfairness measurement for the policy outcome performance of Dengue fever prevention were not satisfaction and sensitive to the interpersonal unfairness situation.

In this thesis, we propose a new protocol named Layered TCP with RTT Compensation (LTCP-RC, for short). LTCP-RC is a simple modification to the congestion window response of the high-speed protocol, Layered TCP (LTCP). In networks characterized by large link delays and high RTTs, LTCP-RC makes the LTCP protocol more scalable. Ack-clocked schemes, similar to TCP, suffer performance problems like long convergence time and throughput degradation, when RTT experienced by the flow increases. Also, when flows with different RTTs compete, the problem of unfairness among competing flows becomes worse in the case of high-speed protocols. LTCP-RC uses an RTT Compensation technique in order to solve these problems. This thesis presents a general framework to decide the function for RTT Compensation factor and two particular design choices are analyzed in detail. The first algorithm uses a fixed function based on the minimum RTT observed by the flow. The second algorithm uses an adaptive scheme which regulates itself according to the dynamic network conditions. Evaluation of the performance of these schemes is done using analysis and ns-2 simulations. LTCP-RC exhibits significant performance improvement in terms of reduced convergence time, low drop rates, increased utilization in presence of links with channel errors and good fairness properties between the flows,. The scheme is simple to understand, easy to implement on the TCP/IP stack and does not require any additional support from the network resources. The choice of parameters can be influenced to tune the RTT unfairness of the scheme, which is not possible in TCP or other high-speed protocols. The flexible nature of the analysis framework has laid the ground work for the development of new schemes, which can improve the performance of the window based protocols in high delay and heterogeneous networks.

<p>  </p> <p>Latinx adolescents from immigrant families often face more challenges than their peers due to simultaneously navigating the demands of two cultures. Many Latinx children are expected to contribute to the household in multiple ways, such as engagement in tasks like filial responsibility, which can impact their development. Filial responsibility is composed of three dimensions 1) instrumental caregiving (e.g., cleaning, translating, and paying bills), 2) emotional caregiving (e.g., providing emotional support to the family), and 3) perceived unfairness (i.e., feelings about whether caregiving tasks are fair). The present study aimed to examine the dimensions of filial responsibility and their relations to internalizing and externalizing problems in Latinx youth and whether perceived unfairness acted as a mediator. Participants were 176 Latinx youth (<em>M</em>age = 15.51 years, 66% female). Our SEM model demonstrated that filial responsibility (instrumental and emotional caregiving) did not have a mediating effect on perceived unfairness in youth adjustment.  Evidence was found for filial responsibility (emotional and instrumental caregiving) being differentially related to youth adjustment directly over time. Instrumental caregiving at T1 negatively predicted internalizing behaviors at T2, while T1 emotional caregiving positively predicted both internalizing and externalizing behaviors at T2 (controlling for prior youth adjustment). Results demonstrate the importance of independently examining the impact of instrumental and emotional caregiving on youth adjustment. Future studies should assess the impact of caregiving tasks on other youth outcomes such as academic success. </p>

No / In light of the growing interest in "ethically questionable" consumer behavior, this study explores possible explanations of the occurrence of such behaviour, and subsequently develops a theoretical framework. The study is based upon data collected from 72 U.K. consumers, acquired from a projective approach with scenarios. Taking the theory of planned behavior (TPB) as an initial analytical framework, attitude, social influence, opportunity (as perceived behavioral control in TPB) and perceived unfairness are identified as the antecedents of ethically questionable behavior (EQB). Social influence is extended to include a broader range of external influences from subjective norm in TPB. Opportunity is considered to represent an aspect of perceived behavioral control as available resource to engage in EQB. Perceived unfairness is presented as an additional component and refers to the extent to which an actor is motivated to redress an imbalance that is perceived as unfair. Binary logistic models suggest that attitude and social influence consistently impact on EQB, as TPB would predict. Analysis of variance suggests that perceived unfairness and opportunity, though context specific, also show signs of significant influence on the acceptance and practice of this behavior. Additional to the construct of TPB, this study develops the dimension of perceived unfairness in the context of EQB decision-making. In the context of TPB, it provides further insight into our understanding of EQB, helping to provide a theoretical framework.

The role of unfair elections in breakdown or maintenance of electoral authoritarian regimes has been subject to debate in recent research. On the one hand, the conduct of elections may serve to enhance popular legitimacy and deter challenges to the regime. On the other hand, electoral manipulation may contribute to grievances that fuel mass protest. However, empirical research on the consequences of electoral manipulation for popular support has been limited by the availability of appropriate survey data and has mostly focused on summary or process-based assessments of electoral unfairness. The premise of this study is that electoral manipulation is difficult to assess due to its inherent complexity and ambiguity. As a result, citizens are likely to use cognitive shortcuts to interpret electoral manipulation. Applying psychological theories of justice and motivated political reasoning in this context, this project aims to investigate how both process- and outcome-based assessments of election unfairness influence summary judgments of election quality, regime support, and support for electoral protest. It further seeks to determine how voters' political preferences bias, or condition, the impact of election unfairness evaluations. These propositions are tested using novel data from the XIX New Russia Barometer survey, conducted shortly after the controversial 2011 Russian State Duma election that triggered mass electoral protests. This study finds that perceived election outcome unfairness affects reactions to elections alongside assessments of the electoral process; it also shows evidence of partisan reasoning in evaluations of election unfairness. Ultimately, this project points to some factors that may explain the diverging consequences of electoral manipulation for popular support.

The present study evaluated a newly developed self-report questionnaire assessing young adults’ perceptions of their parents' current differential treatment of them and their siblings. This study also explored the influence of young adults' perceptions of parental differential treatment (PDT) on their general adjustment, sibling relationship quality, and romantic relationship adjustment. Attachment style was hypothesized to mediate the relations between PDT and these psychosocial outcomes in young adulthood. Participants included 275 university students and non-student community participants aged 18 to 25 years. Participants completed multiple-choice questionnaires assessing the variables of interest. The factor structure of the new measure of perceptions of PDT was confirmed by results of confirmatory factor analysis using structural equation modelling, and this new measure showed good internal consistency and good convergent validity when compared to another widely used self-report measure of PDT. Young adults’ perceptions of higher overall levels of PDT, regardless of which sibling was favoured, and their perceptions of being treated less positively than their siblings were associated with poorer general and romantic relationship adjustment, more insecure attachment style, and poorer quality sibling relationships. A control variable, social desirability, was found to be related to self-reports of lower levels of perceived PDT, more secure attachment style, more positive parent-child and sibling relationships, and better general and romantic relationship adjustment. Results of path analyses showed that attachment style partially mediated the relations between maternal and paternal PDT and sibling relationship quality. Attachment style fully mediated the relations between maternal and paternal PDT and adjustment, and between maternal PDT and romantic relationship adjustment. PDT was related to sibling relationship quality even after accounting for the influence of overall parent-child relationship quality and perceptions of unfairness of PDT. The present study’s strengths and limitations and the implications of the current findings for clinical practice and future research are discussed. / Graduate

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:16:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 725990 bytes, checksum: 6ee49dff0efec34d5f1a6f143e9b444b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Society expects family prepare their children to the social life, because family is the environment where the child learn to notice the social environment and the way of participating in it. Then, the parental stile which parents adopt in the upbringing of their children is important because allow the child to develop feelings of unfairness and responsibility. In this direction, the present dissertation aimed to verify the relation among the perception of the adolescents about the socialization styles of their parents and the feelings of unfairness and responsibility which they showed facing aggressive situations which involved victim and aggressors. In this perspective, two empiric studies were performed. In the Study 1, it was researched whether the participants would demonstrate some difficult in the comprehension of the semantic content of the survey s questionnaires. 56 students at the mean age of 14,52 years old participated of the study. They answered the Parental Styles Questionnaire (PSQ), the Aggressive Situations Questionnaire (ASQ), and sociodemographic questions. The results revealed the necessity of replace some expressions or words belonged to the PSQ for others which could be more understandable; and they suggested the relevance of reducing the ASQ. After the effectiveness of the respective adaptations and changes performed in the questionnaires, it was realized the Study 2, being performed the definitive research. In this step, 330 adolescents participated of the research, being 145 of the male sex (43,9%) and 185 of the female sex (56,1%), with ages varying from 12 to 18 years old (M=15,37), of public (38,5%) and private schools (61,5%) in the João Pessoa city, being 39,1 % in the elementary school and 60,9% in the high school. The analysis demonstrated it is possible to use the PSQ with adolescents from Paraíba, confirming the adequacy of the multifactorial model according to was theoretically expected. Results revealed that in the stories with aggressive situations, adolescents who had realized themselves raised by authoritative parents demonstrated more social and personal responsibility facing the victims of aggression, differently from what was observed in the authoritarian style, in which the adolescents who had realized themselves raised by authoritarian parents showed more feelings of prejudice related to victims. And those who had realized themselves raised in a permissive style, were the adolescents who demonstrated a more favorable posture to the aggression against the victim. Concerning the perception of unfairness, content analysis results highlighted that adolescents, in a general way, had seen the unfairness as a violation of the human rights. It was also considered that this perception was not free of biases; but, independently of the cognitive development level in which the subject was found, their position was no dissociated from their social relations, and from the social pertinence of the victim. / A expectativa que a sociedade possui em relação à família é que esta prepare seus filhos para a convivência social, uma vez que é na família que a criança aprende a perceber o meio social e a forma de participar dele. Assim, o estilo parental que os pais adotam na educação de seus filhos tem importância relevante por possibilitar à criança o desenvolvimento dos sentimentos de injustiça e responsabilidade. Nesta direção, a presente dissertação buscou verificar a relação entre a percepção dos filhos adolescentes sobre os estilos de socialização de seus pais e os sentimentos de injustiça e responsabilidade que apresentaram frente às situações de agressão que envolveram vítima e ofensores. Neste sentido, realizaram-se dois estudos empíricos. No Estudo 1 verificou-se se os respondentes apresentariam alguma dificuldade na compreensão do conteúdo semântico dos questionários da pesquisa. Participaram 56 estudantes com idade média de 14,52 anos. Estes responderam o Questionário de Estilos Parentais (QEP) e o Questionário de Situações Agressivas (QSA), além de perguntas sociodemográficas. Os resultados revelaram a necessidade de substituir algumas expressões ou palavras do QEP, por outras que fossem mais bem compreendidas; e sugeriram a pertinência de reduzir o QSA. Após a efetivação das respectivas adaptações e alterações efetuadas nos questionários, realizou-se o Estudo 2, procedendo-se a pesquisa definitiva. Nesta etapa, participaram da pesquisa 330 adolescentes, sendo 145 do sexo masculino (43,9%) e 185 do sexo feminino (56,1%), com idade variando de 12 a 18 anos (M = 15,37), de escolas públicas (38,5%) e particulares (61,5%) da cidade de João Pessoa PB, sendo 39,1% do ensino fundamental e 60,9% do ensino médio. As análises demonstraram a possibilidade de utilização do QEP com os adolescentes paraibanos, confirmando a adequação do modelo multifatorial de acordo com o que era esperado teoricamente. Os resultados revelaram que nas histórias que continham situações de agressão, os adolescentes que se perceberam criados por pais autoritativos foram os que mais demonstraram responsabilidade social e pessoal frente às vítimas de agressão, ao contrário do que foi observado no estilo autoritário, em que os adolescentes que se perceberam criados por pais autoritários apresentaram mais sentimentos de preconceito em relação às vítimas. E os que se perceberam criados em um estilo permissivo, foram os adolescentes que apresentaram uma postura mais favorável à agressão contra a vítima. Em relação à percepção de injustiça, os resultados da análise de conteúdo evidenciaram que os adolescentes de um modo geral, perceberam a injustiça como sendo uma violação dos direitos humanos. Considerou-se ainda que essa percepção não se encontrava livre de vieses; pelo contrário, independente do nível de desenvolvimento cognitivo em que o sujeito se encontrava, seu posicionamento não estava dissociado de suas relações sociais, e da pertinência social da vítima.

Submitted by Fabielle Cheuczuk (fabielle.cheuczuk@unioeste.br) on 2018-03-13T17:16:00Z No. of bitstreams: 2 ANDREI PAGNONCELLI - USUCAPIÃO EXTRAJUDICIAL.pdf: 1034677 bytes, checksum: a32efb3f0726272bf504b62b839a2b79 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-13T17:16:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 ANDREI PAGNONCELLI - USUCAPIÃO EXTRAJUDICIAL.pdf: 1034677 bytes, checksum: a32efb3f0726272bf504b62b839a2b79 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Extrajudicial usucapion is a recent legislative change aimed at the lessening of the jurisdiction of courts in order to contribute to the relief of the judiciary. Although extremely useful, it is not being widely applied. All the procedures of usucapion existing in Brazilian’s law are capable of being postulated through extrajudicial usucapion, because the Civil Procedure Code instituted a new procedural rite that will be analyzed by the registrar of real estate, without removing such possibility from the Judiciary Power, thus being the choice between one or the other an option of the originator of the request. The need for procedures that are citizen-friendlier and also contribute to the withdrawal of non-contentious cases of the Judiciary, makes the Legislative Power turn its attention with more persistence, since the benefit is double: to the citizen and to the Judiciary. In addition to the lessening of the jurisdiction, this paper brings the analysis focused on the requirements of usucapion. It concerns about the historical aspects of the ownership and origin of the term. It also analyzes the main possessory theories of Savigny and Ihering, as well as the contemporary possessory theories of Silvio Perozzi, Raymond Saleilles, and Antonio Hemandez Gil. This paper analyzes the elements of possession in order to understand the legislation’s reasons for possessory protection. It concerns about the juridical nature of possession, concluding that it is a fact, not a right. It also concerns about the right of property, seeking to understand its concepts, the purpose of protection and the social function of property. It makes an analysis of the characteristics of the property right over the subjects and the object of the property right. It analyzes the registry system to understand why Brazil has adopted the system of property acquisition derived from the Roman Law. Afterwards, it enters the study of usucapion, possession requirements ad usucapionem, the existing modalities, the requirement demands of each modality, to later analyze the institute of indirect judicial expropriation, or also known as private expropriation. Finally, it deals with lessening of the jurisdiction of courts, entering into the main topic that is extrajudicial usucapion. It deals with all the facilitating elements and the elements that make it difficult to apply this institute. With regard to the practical aspect, it deals with the requirements of the author's attorney-file, the requirements for the notarial certificate, and the requirements that involve the registrar's analysis of the property. At the end of the study, we concluded that extrajudicial misappropriation is an extremely valuable measure for land regularization, with great importance for social development and the application of public policies. In addition, ensuring a correct decision that gives the author the right without having to seek a decision by a magistrate makes the measure even more useful as it will help to unburden the Judiciary. It is a research carried out by the inductive methodology, with bibliographic procedure and documentary technique. / A usucapião extrajudicial é uma recente alteração legislativa voltada a desjudicialização, com finalidade de contribuir com o alívio do poder judiciário. Apesar de extremamente útil, não está tendo ampla aplicabilidade. Todas as modalidades de usucapião existentes no direito brasileiro são capazes de serem postuladas por meio da usucapião extrajudicial, pois o Código de Processo Civil instituiu um novo rito processual que será analisado pelo registrador de imóveis, sem retirar do Poder Judiciário tal possibilidade, sendo uma opção de escolha para o autor do pedido entre um ou outro. A necessidade de procedimentos que facilitem ao cidadão e ainda contribuam para a retirada de processos não contenciosos do Poder Judiciário, faz com que o Poder Legislativo volte a atenção com maior afinco, pois o benefício é duplo: ao cidadão e ao Poder Judiciário. Além da desjudicialização, este trabalho traz a análise voltada aos requisitos da usucapião. Trata dos aspectos históricos da posse e origem do termo. Também faz uma análise sobre as teorias possessórias principais de Savigny e de Ihering, bem como as teorias possessórias contemporâneas de Silvio Perozzi, Raymond Saleilles e Antonio Hemandez Gil. Analisa os elementos da posse buscando compreender os motivos da proteção possessória na legislação. Trata da natureza jurídica da posse, chegando a conclusão de que é um fato, e não um direito. Trata do direito de propriedade, buscando compreender seus conceitos, a finalidade da proteção e a função social da propriedade. Faz uma análise das características do direito de propriedade sobre os sujeitos e o objeto do direito de propriedade. Analisa o sistema registral para compreender a razão pela qual o Brasil adotou o sistema de aquisição de propriedade derivada do Direito Romano. Após, adentra ao estudo da usucapião, requisitos da posse ad usucapionem, as modalidades existentes, os requisitos que cada modalidade exige, para em seguida analisar o instituto da desapropriação judicial indireta, ou também conhecida como desapropriação privada. Por fim, trata da desjudicialização, adentrando no tema principal do trabalho que é a usucapião extrajudicial. Trata de todos elementos facilitadores e os elementos que dificultam a aplicação deste instituto. Quanto ao aspecto prático, trata dos requisitos da minuta de incumbência do advogado do autor, dos requisitos necessários para a ata notarial realizada pelo tabelião de notas, e dos requisitos que envolvem a análise do pedido pelo registrador de imóveis. Ao final de todo estudo, pudemos concluir que a usucapião extrajudicial é uma medida extremamente valorosa para a regularização fundiária, tendo muita importância ao desenvolvimento social e a aplicação das políticas públicas. Além disso, a garantia de uma decisão correta que dê o direito ao autor sem ter que procurar uma decisão feita por um magistrado, torna a medida ainda mais útil, pois ajudará desafogar o Poder Judiciário. Trata-se de pesquisa realizada pela metodologia indutiva, com procedimento bibliográfico e técnica documental.

This dissertation serves as a legal analysis of a crucial labour issue, namely old age and retirement, which inevitably affects, or at least concerns, all employees, this dissertation will concentrate on the legal analysis of the principles which currently regulate the fairness of any termination of employment due to an employee reaching a certain age. The subject is deemed to be both relevant and actual, due to the relatively new amendment to one the Social Assistance Amendment Act, Act number 6 of 2008, whereby the retirement age of men has periodically been lowered from 65 to 60. The introduction to the last mentioned Act states to purpose of the Amendment Act, namely: “To amend the Social Assistance Act, 2004, so as to regulate afresh the eligibility of men for an older person's grant”. This inevitably had an impact on employers’ policies, relevant contractual clauses and the operational aspects of many businesses. Our society needs to protect the norms of fairness in not only the dismissal of employees, but also with regard to pre-employment interviews, advertisements, requirements set by labour brokers, etcetera. Any such similar study will inevitably lead to the question of what the most severe sanction could be when it is ruled that a dismissal is automatically unfair. The issue of retirement is a constitutionally enshrined and protected right and The Labour Relations Act honours this right by also providing “double the protection” against discrimination merely due to old age. This dissertation will concentrate on the latter part of the scale of unfairness, namely automatically unfair dismissals, which inevitably leads to a study of that fine line or balance between unfairness of a dismissal, which is not based on any arbitrary discriminatory ground as opposed to those dismissals which are. Firstly, the starting point is the pre-requisites / requirements for dismissal. Secondly distinction in labour law between “unfair dismissal” and “automatically unfair dismissal” is focused on. This entails a look at the meanings as set out in Sections 186 (1) and Section 187, especially Section 187 (1) (f). Thirdly a study of the Employment Equity Act’s prohibition of unfair discrimination as set out in Chapter II, Sections 5 to 11 will provide more clarity on the reason why not only the Labour Relations Act deals with or should deal with discrimination. Fourthly, the Social Assistance Amendment Act’s amendment of retirement age for males and the impact on the labour market in the RSA will be examined Thereafter, a brief comparison of certain countries’ legislation, practice and procedure on unfair discrimination due to old age, will be set out. It is the author of this dissertation’s objectives to:. <ul> (i) attempt to bring the impact of the Social Assistance Amendment Act, Act number 6 of 2008, to the attention of South African employers, employees and the State; (ii) highlight the need for employer’s to tread carefully when dealing with aspects which may easily be deemed to be automatically unfair; (iii) clarify the murky waters between fair dismissals and automatically unfair dismissals; (iv) present the cases “walking the tightrope” to provide more clarity and insight into the reasoning of Commissioners and Judges; (v) elaborate on the compulsory referral of automatically unfair dismissals to the Labour Court; (vi) Analyse the relevant Constitutional clauses and consequences of contravention thereof; (vii) Point out all relevant aspects of the Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act, Act number 4 of 2000; (viii) Shine a spotlight on the expanding realm of Social Security and the impacts thereof on this topic of discussion and ‘visa versa’; (ix) Attempt to provide answers to the self-posed question of whether or not the gap between unfair and automatically unfair dismissals should be broadened or narrowed, and; (x) take a brief, critical look into the cost effectiveness and accessibility of employees to our tribunals and Courts to satisfy employees that their rights are indeed easily enforceable. </ul> / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Mercantile Law / unrestricted