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The main purpose of this essay is to investigate if Latvia´s pattern of trade has become more similar to the mature market economies, after Latvia´s independence 1991. Today, the intra-industry trade (IIT) dominates the trade of mature market economies. One of the pioneers of intra-industrial trade is Paul Krugman, who was the first to emphasize the importance "of scale and consumers' desire for variety" in explaining the basis for modern commerce. Customers get more variety and usually cheaper goods when the market gets bigger. I mainly use the modern trade theories to explain the trade pattern in Latvia. To measure how Latvia has developed its intra-industry trade, and thereby is approaching the mature market economies´ trade pattern, I use the Grubel-Lloyd index (GL-index). I can by my calculation of a weighted average of the GL-index, note that the share of IIT both has decreased and increased during the investigated years 1993 to 2004. The reduction took place during the 90s and the increase took place during the 2000s. I also use Balassa Index (BI) to calculate the “comparative advantage” for a number of Latvia's major export products. My calculations show that Latvia's main comparative advantage lies in semi-precious and basic metals. A comparison of the export flows from Latvia to Russia and to the EU15 from 1993 to 2004 shows two distinct trading changes. First, the trade has shifted primarily from Russia to EU countries. Second, many important export goods to Russia, (such as vehicles, machinery, electrical equipment and chemical products) have reduced its share of the total export. Instead we see a concentration to fewer export goods. Wood-, textile industry is the major export to the EU15. I note in the analysis, that the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is large in these areas. It seems to be a connection between the FDI to Latvia and the concentration of trade. In the conclusion of the essay I note that there are a trend that shows that Latvia is coming nearer the western modern economies’.

Detta examensarbete genomfördes på ABB Power Technologies AB i Ludvika. ABB vill överbrygga gapet mellan industri och informationsteknologi för att få de båda delarna att arbeta integrerat. ABB kallar detta koncept för Industrial IT (IIT). Ett krav från koncernledningen är att alla produkter ska vara certifierade enligt nivå 0, som är det första steget i IIT: s certifieringsprocess. Målet var att utföra en kravspecifikation på ett system som ska kunna leverera certifierad produktinformation enligt IIT-standard. Målet var även att, med kravspecifikationen som underlag, ge förslag på en lösning för att ABB ska kunna skapa och bifoga denna produktinformation till sina kunder.Det akademiska syftet var att beskriva hur man kan gå till väga för att certifiera produktinformationen enligt IIT nivå 0 på en produkt i ABB: s verksamhet. Syftet var även att öka förståelsen för IIT-konceptet.Genom hela arbetet har Gatemodellen använts. Denna projektstyrningsmodell är framtagen speciellt för informationssystem-projekt inom ABB och alla projekt som utförs inom ABB ska följa den. För att uppfylla målet med en utförd kravspecifikation har relevanta delar ur Directmodellen använts. För att få information om hur verksamheten fungerar och få insikt i problematiken har intervjuer genomförts som grundar sig på litteraturstudier.Vi föreslår att ett tidigare utgivet system vid namn Aspect Object Builder (AOB) används som grund i det här projektet. AOB: n har använts i liknande projekt inom ABB och fungerat bra. Det finns ingen standardkoppling mellan AOB: n och de system där produktinformationen finns eftersom det finns så många olika typer av filservrar, PDM- och ERP-system, där informationen lagras. Därför måste ett unikt gränssnitt göras för just detta projekt, som hjälper AOB: n att samla in data. Ett förslag till ett gränssnitt presenteras i uppsatsen.

Does the specialization and division of labor lead to the unequal distribution of social resources or the power in the highest stratification decide opportunities and incomes? What roles do occupation, incomes, and social status play in this society? The phenomenon of social stratification extending from specialization of labor results in the disputes over equality and inequality. People of different social stratification hold dissimilar social resources, which differentiate the opportunities that they acquire. In order to understand how people perceive the factors of inputs and outputs of social stratification, the experiment of information integration is to understand that the model of information Integration of how different groups and individuals influence the factors of inputs and outputs of social stratification, to investigate the perception of the factors of inputs and outputs of social stratification of different groups, and to increase the related analysis of social stratification in our country. This research takes Information Integration Theory (IIT) as research method to understand the internal process of how people deal with a couple of variables with perception. Integration of function would be the main discourse of Information Integration Theory. Through study, it is found that people usually use simple rules of algebra such as adding, multiplying and averaging to integrate information. The research is designed to induce the factors of inputs of social stratification as education and family background by means of documents; the factors of outcomes of social stratification as reputation of occupation and incomes. Information Integration Theory, IIT is employed to know the subjects¡¦ cognitive algebras and there might be different models of integration for people perceive unfairness very differently. The research result is shown as below:¡G 1 Information integration of the administrative group is the differential-weight averaging model in the category of ¡§education-reputation of occupation¡¨ whereas the working group is the adding model. 2 The information integration of the administrative group and the working group are both the differential-weight averaging model in the category of ¡§education-income¡¨. 3 The information integration of the administrative group and the working group are both the model of addition in the category of ¡§family background-reputation of occupation¡¨. 4 The information integration of the administrative group and the working group are both the differential-weight averaging model in the category of ¡§family background-income¡¨.

This study aims to start from the individual perspective and concretize the Diamond Model issued in the Competitive Advantage of Nations by Porter in 1990, and discuss the interior cognitive structure of investment policy of the state/private-run facilities from the cognitive psychology by means of information integration. In the aspect of private-run facility, it is an integrated pattern for the general investors to encounter diverse investment information, while the discussion of the sympathetic pattern in the marketing and investment introduction of government for state-run facility. After dedicated himself for more than forty years in studying Information Integration Theory, IIT, Anderon, an American scholar, found that in integrating diverse information, people stick to the three major patterns of Adding, Multiplying and Averaging. It was also certified that IIT has a positive impact in the interior and exterior efficiency in measuring the subjective essentiality and toleration of different sorts of information. Statistic is applied to this study in analyzing its algebra pattern for understanding the essentiality and integration pattern of investment factors and comparing the policy-making difference in the investment of state & private-run facilities so as to make it a reference for this expects that the marketing division of enterprise style government can control the thread of area economic under limited conditions and established a long-term developing urban environment through the thinking method of sympathetic pattern.

本文主要是在探討台灣與東協五國之間電機產品的產業內貿易情形。在第二章之中，首先採用World Trade Atlas資料庫及Asian Development Bank的資料，觀察東協五國（印尼、馬來西亞、菲律賓、新加坡和泰國）1999至2003年五年間整體經貿的變化情形；接著再針對台灣與東協五國之間的經貿結構情況作進一步說明。 在實證方面，使用World Trade Atlas資料庫中的資料，其中產品分類標準以國際商品統一分類制度(The Harmonized Commodity Description Coding System, HS)作為貿易商品分類的基礎。並選擇HS六分位的分類資料來做實證研究，觀察台灣與東協五國1999年至2003年五年間產業內貿易、水平產業內貿易與垂直產業內貿易程度及其變動過程，並從國家特性因子與產業特性因子兩個方面，針對產業內貿易、垂直與水平產業內貿易分別建立實證模型與研究假設。以Grubel and Lloyd (1975)所提出的GL指數為應變數，利用一般最小平方法(OLS)估計實證模型之參數，以探討產業內貿易、水平產業內貿易與垂直產業內貿易的決定因素。 由於本文分別由國家別及產業別兩種不同的切入點分析台灣與東協五國電機產品的產業內貿易、水平產業內貿易與垂直產業內貿易情況，得到國家別與產業別兩大類實證結果。就迴歸結果來看，本文所放入的決定因素所得的符號，並不完全和之前學者的假設相符，推論可能是由於電機產品本身特性或是未考慮的因素所導致。 最後則由本文的研究結果，提出建議與未來研究方向。

In the integrated public affairs management framework, except information communication, mass communication media also have economic industrial characteristics. Issues from mass communication media must make people have clinical and neutral cognition to avoided influences on people¡¦s judgements about facts. According to the study of the third-person effect, we proved that people mentually exist cognitive biases against communication information. Thus they always become operated subjects of elections. In order to understand subjects¡¦ cognitive and judge models, we employed three major factors, two situations of negative and positive news about THSR (Taiwan High-Speed Railway) to design our Information Integration Theory research. We also compared with the south and north people in Taiwan to show unbalances of the regional development about mass media and population quality. Findings of the research are as follow¡G 1. The north people with different issue involvements, have more movements in the the third-person effect in the negative news situation. 2. In the negative news situation, the north people¡¦s third-person effect and information reliability were represented by a negative correlation. 3. Media expose and people¡¦s third-person effect were represented by a positive correlation. 4. People¡¦s information integration models were following the adding rule. 5. The north people have more intention to support media regulation with the public opinion and actions. At last, we concluded several suggestions: 1. Unbalances of the regional development in Taiwan not only between the south and north, we must invest more resources to study and record. 2. Our study was a tiny subsection of public affairs management framework, researchers could study deeper and wider in the future. 3. The statistic tool of Information Integration Theory need to be updated to simplify importing data.

This study investigates how the public forum cognition of citizen affect their intension to attend public forum given researching methods of Public Affairs Management Integrated Reference Framework (PAM) and Social Development Matrix(SDM). Based on PAM, we analysed the meaning of citizen governance and the role of citizen through real events, and discussed the cognition and psychological weights of our citizen to participate public forums. Through the analysis methods of literatures, this study summarized three factors that proposed by Ostrom(1990) - Institution, Commitment and Supervision, and then sequentially made the standard measurement divided into two levels by fair/unfair, high/low and valid/invalid. In this study, we focused on citizens who had participated in interactive management and chose Information Integration Theory (IIT) as our research method. Our research discussed that psychological weights of Institution, Commitment and Supervision, which defined three explanatory variables to estimate the public forum consciousness of citizens. By using SPSS and AVERAGE software, we computed the psychological weights of three factors and understood the attitudes of citizens toward public forum, furthermore, we compared the differences among the weights and offered suggestion and strategies of citizen governing in the future. The results are as following: 1. Compared to participants from traditional conservative society, our participants from highly developed multi-cultural society are more willing to attend public forums. 2. Participants of different backgrounds assess sequentially the importance of three factors by Supervision, Institution and Commitment. 3. Our results showed that the integrated information patterns(model) are all unequal weighted average pattern(model). 4. All three factors of our research are significant on dependent variable in main effects, two-factor interaction and three-factor interaction.

It often appears some cognitive conflicts among the citizens¡¦ when evaluating the policy outcomes performance about Dengue fever prevention, since existed some characteristics in the input and outcome dimension, it include multi-involvers, multi-goals, multi-values and subjective judgement(Wang Ming-Shen and Chen Cheng-Liaou, 2004: 11). We taked the unfairness measurement approach of the Information Integration Theory (IIT) to explore the policy outcome performance about Dengue fever prevention. In this way, we constructed an algebraic model, namely ¡§Dengue Fever Basic Unfairness Measurement Model,¡¨ with accrute empirical test and validity criteria. According to the way of the factorial graph patterns and statistical interaction test of the model, we may analyze and collect these multiple information of policy outcomes(Farkas, 1991: 61 ; Anderson, 1996: 33). We obtained some important findings, include: 1.The citizen integrated the information of Dengue fever prevention outcomes by ¡¥averging¡¦ model, the experimental data support the mode and it had important policy implications. 2.The effort(implicit factor) of the governer¡¦s devoted to prevention tasks was more than the budget expendures(explicit factor) was the most important factor of outcome performance evaluation, and this had important cognitive implication. 3.According to the differences of the information qulity from the Dengue fever prevention, there was an interpersonal salience about the evaluation of the policy outcome performance. 4.It showed that highly corelation between the habitant¡¦s life modes and the prevention outcomes performance, this implied that the implicit social meaning of Dengue fever prevention were interpersonal interaction. 5.The citizen¡¦s perception of the unfairness measurement for the policy outcome performance of Dengue fever prevention were not satisfaction and sensitive to the interpersonal unfairness situation.

According to the literature on the subject and PAM framework (Ming-shen Wang, 2006), the cognition of the citizen of Kaohsiung in Kaohsiung development and direct cross- strait link could be influenced by three factors: the factor of economic development, the factor of social development, the factor of political development. The study applied category estimation and information integration theory (Anderson, 1996) to treat the citizen of Kaohsiung' s cognition structure, integration function, cognitive algebra, estimate etc. in Kaohsiung development and direct cross- strait link. The main research method in this study is information integration theory. It can figure the internal process of how individuals deal with a series of variables out, including valuation function, integration function and response function. And integration function is the key of information integration theory. Many researches of information integration theory mentioned that people always make use of simple cognitive algebra to integrate information, as adding rule, multiplying rule and averaging rule. The research result in this study is shown as below: 1. Although the middle and bottom classes in Kaohsiung considered that if opening direct cross- strait link, it can make economic development better, most people thought that it could make social development and political development worse. So they tend to oppose direct cross- strait link. 2. Most white-collar classes in Kaohsiung (including industrial circle, political circle, academic circle, grass-roots circle and mass media circle) considered that if opening direct cross- strait link, it can make economic development, social development and political development better. So they tend to assist direct cross- strait link. 3. In group analysis, the information integration of the industrial circle in " acceptive situation of Kaohsiung development" is different-weight averaging model. They pay much attention to economic development. 4. In group analysis, the information integration of the political circle in " acceptive situation of Kaohsiung development" is different-weight averaging model. They pay much attention to economic development. 5. In group analysis, the information integration of the academic circle in " acceptive situation of Kaohsiung development" is different-weight averaging model. They pay much attention to economic development. 6. In group analysis, the information integration of the grass-roots circle in " acceptive situation of Kaohsiung development" is different-weight averaging model. They pay much attention to social development. 7. In group analysis, the information integration of the mass media circle in " acceptive situation of Kaohsiung development" is different-weight averaging model. They pay much attention to economic development. 8. In individual analysis, 60% people pay much attention to economic development, 22% people pay much attention to social development, and 18% people pay much attention to political development.