<p>Program: MIMA student – International business and Entrepreneurship</p><p>Course name: Master Thesis (EFO705)Title: Imitation as Organization’s StrategyAuthors: Voravej AssavapisitkulSataporn Bukkavesa</p><p>Supervisor: Sven-Åke NyströmProblem: Does imitation really benefit organization?</p><p>Purpose: The authors are writing this topic because the authors feel that this topic is not widely been investigated, moreover, it is a very interesting topic for the authors. According to the course literatures that the authors have read, the authors perceived that most of them focused on innovation and seems like they ignored or mentioned little on the topic of imitation and how can imitation benefits organization. Therefore, the authors are personally interested in the topic. The authors hope that the readers would gain more knowledge on the topic and would be able to apply with their business or study.</p><p>Method: Interpretivist; Documentary; Interview</p><p>Summary: In this Master Thesis, the authors have discussed several dimensions of imitation with examples. First, the authors discussed about imitation during the early stage of industrialization with the examples in Korea. This topic discussed of the opportunity provided through imitation process for the new firms to be able to catch up and compete with experienced firms. The next topic is on unique capability. Firms can apply imitation as their own capability that can prevent others’ imitation, moreover, they can become successful in the new market. Then the authors found that there are ways to imitate other firms’ knowledge legally in the form of strategic alliances. In the topic of creation of strategic alliances, the authors suggested four patterns of engagement that firms can select according to their objectives. Under the topic of firms experience, there are some empirical data supported that the degree of imitation has negative relationship with firms’ experience curve. Moreover, the authors discussed about the how competitors’ actions affect the firms to select different strategy of organization management in the topic of the choice of alliances and mergers and acquisitions by competitor’s move. Then the authors discussed about how successful were the imitations by reverse-engineering implemented by Korea’s electronics industry. Furthermore, the authors also provide examples of imitations in other industries. The next topic is limitation and prevention on imitation. Then the authors provided the reasons why do firms imitate. Moreover, the authors discussed about the factors that affect the speed of imitation process and show how the speed of imitation related to benefits and losses of the firms. Next, the authors suggested some successful strategies for product imitation. Then the authors discussed about the drawbacks of imitation with some examples. Finally, the authors provided the results and analysis of the interviews as primary data collection to show the success of firms that implemented imitations, people’s attitudes toward imitation, and the degree that originality and product origin can limit imitation.</p>

<p>Tidigare forskning har visat att människor överskattar chanserna för att positiva händelser ska inträffa dem och underskattar riskerna för att negativa händelser ska inträffa dem jämfört med genomsnittet. Detta kallas orealistisk optimism (OO). En faktor som påverkar detta är grad av upplevd kontroll. Studiens huvudsakliga syfte var att undersöka sambanden mellan upplevd kontroll och OO. I en enkätstudie undersöktes OO och upplevd kontroll för diverse händelser. Deltagarna fick t ex svara på hur sannolikt det är att de utsattes för vissa händelser jämfört med genomsnittet. Händelserna var bl a hälsorelaterade. Deltagarna var studenter från en högskola i Mellansverige, 18 män och 109 kvinnor. OO uppstod för alla händelser utom två. Det fanns vissa samband mellan OO och upplevd kontroll. Nytt med studien är att vissa händelser som i tidigare undersökningar skattats som okontrollerbara i själva verket kan upplevas som delvis kontrollerbara. Sambanden mellan OO och upplevd kontroll bör vidare undersökas.</p>

The elasticity of a Krull domain R is equivalent to the elasticity of the block monoid B(G,S), where G is the divisor class group of R and S is the set of elements of G containing a height-one prime ideal of R. Therefore the elasticity of R can by studied using the divisor class group. In this dissertation, we will study infinite divisor class groups to determine the elasticity of the associated Krull domain. The results will focus on the divisor class groups Z, Z(p infinity), Q, and general infinite groups. For the groups Z and Z(p infinity), it has been determined which distributions of the height-one prime ideals will make R a half-factorial domain (HFD). For the group Q, certain distributions of height-one prime ideals are proven to make R an HFD. Finally, the last chapter studies general infinite groups and groups involving direct sums with Z. If certain conditions are met, then the elasticity of these divisor class groups is the same as the elasticity of simpler divisor class groups.

Ce travail porte sur l'étude de la fidélité de la traduction chez les eucaryotes d'un point de vue mécanistique et génomique. Au cours de ma thèse j'ai développé trois approches :Le premier projet porte sur l'étude du rôle du facteur de l'élongation eEF2 dans le maintien du cadre de lecture. La stratégie associe une mutagénèse aléatoire du gène EFT2 à un criblage phénotypique, elle permet d'isoler des mutants capables d'augmenter ou diminuer l'efficacité de recodage d'une séquence de décalage du cadre de lecture en -1.Le second projet décrit la mise au point d'un système de traduction en molécule unique qui permet d'étudier le ribosome eucaryote. La traduction est initiée grâce à l'IRES CrPV qui a pour caractéristique d'être totalement indépendante des facteurs d'initiation et de l'ARNt initiateur. L'élongation de la traduction est détectée grâce au départ d'un oligonucléotide fluorescent qui est décroché par l'activité hélicase du ribosome. Les résultats de ces expériences constituent une preuve de principe démontrant que l'étude de la traduction eucaryote en molécule unique est possible.Le troisième projet est une étude de génomique comparative qui permet de rechercher des événements de recodage ainsi que d'autres événements non-conventionnels de la traduction dans le génome de la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae. L'approche est basée sur une recherche d'organisations génomiques conservées au sein de 19 génomes de levures. Les gènes candidats sont testés in vivo grâce à un vecteur double rapporteur. Cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence le gène VOA1 qui a été ensuite caractérisé plus en détails.

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Program: MIMA student – International business and Entrepreneurship Course name: Master Thesis (EFO705)Title: Imitation as Organization’s StrategyAuthors: Voravej AssavapisitkulSataporn Bukkavesa Supervisor: Sven-Åke NyströmProblem: Does imitation really benefit organization? Purpose: The authors are writing this topic because the authors feel that this topic is not widely been investigated, moreover, it is a very interesting topic for the authors. According to the course literatures that the authors have read, the authors perceived that most of them focused on innovation and seems like they ignored or mentioned little on the topic of imitation and how can imitation benefits organization. Therefore, the authors are personally interested in the topic. The authors hope that the readers would gain more knowledge on the topic and would be able to apply with their business or study. Method: Interpretivist; Documentary; Interview Summary: In this Master Thesis, the authors have discussed several dimensions of imitation with examples. First, the authors discussed about imitation during the early stage of industrialization with the examples in Korea. This topic discussed of the opportunity provided through imitation process for the new firms to be able to catch up and compete with experienced firms. The next topic is on unique capability. Firms can apply imitation as their own capability that can prevent others’ imitation, moreover, they can become successful in the new market. Then the authors found that there are ways to imitate other firms’ knowledge legally in the form of strategic alliances. In the topic of creation of strategic alliances, the authors suggested four patterns of engagement that firms can select according to their objectives. Under the topic of firms experience, there are some empirical data supported that the degree of imitation has negative relationship with firms’ experience curve. Moreover, the authors discussed about the how competitors’ actions affect the firms to select different strategy of organization management in the topic of the choice of alliances and mergers and acquisitions by competitor’s move. Then the authors discussed about how successful were the imitations by reverse-engineering implemented by Korea’s electronics industry. Furthermore, the authors also provide examples of imitations in other industries. The next topic is limitation and prevention on imitation. Then the authors provided the reasons why do firms imitate. Moreover, the authors discussed about the factors that affect the speed of imitation process and show how the speed of imitation related to benefits and losses of the firms. Next, the authors suggested some successful strategies for product imitation. Then the authors discussed about the drawbacks of imitation with some examples. Finally, the authors provided the results and analysis of the interviews as primary data collection to show the success of firms that implemented imitations, people’s attitudes toward imitation, and the degree that originality and product origin can limit imitation.

This study investigated three francophone adolescent girls� experiences with singing. A qualitative, narrative research approach (Bogdan & Biklen, 2003; Murray, 2003) was used to increase understanding about the benefits of singing, with a particular interest in exploring singing as a potentially positive means for adolescent minority-culture girls to successfully negotiate multiple aspects of identity, that is, adolescence, gender, and culture. Semi-structured interviews provided an opportunity for the participants to share their experiences, and describe what it is like for them to sing. Data were analyzed with The Listening Guide (Gilligan, Spencer, Weinberg, & Bertsch, 2003), a relational analysis responsive to the narrative and authentic voices of participants, and used to generate �I� poems and identify themes. Three ways of singing were identified � private informal, social informal, public formal � as well as three themes, evoked with the metaphors of: Rhythm (singing and experiences of identity), Harmony (singing and relationships), and Melody (singing, wellbeing, and strength). Findings confirm and extend the small but growing research literature on the psychology of singing, and have implications for those interested in working with youth using a strength-based perspective focused on positive youth development (Larson, 2000).

Avec l'avènement de la microélectronique et des techniques de miniaturisation, de nouveaux domaines transdisciplinaires sont nés au confluent des sciences de l'ingénieur, de la matière et du vivant. La technologie a désormais investi l'échelle du nanomètre ; elle parvient à sonder, mais aussi surtout à façonner les constituants élémentaires de la matière synthétique et organique, depuis les atomes jusqu'aux complexes macromoléculaires. La nécessité d'isoler des molécules et des assemblages supramoléculaires est motivée par leur découplage du milieu environnant avec lequel ils interagissent. Des stratégies de compartimentation se sont devéloppées pour répondre aux besoins grandissants d'isolement de ces entités, en particulier à travers deux approches classiques en nanotechnologie : top-down et bottom-up. L'approche top-down consiste à "sculpter" la matière pour lui conférer des dimensions compatibles avec les objets à confiner. La lithographie et les techniques de microfabrication en général rentrent typiquement dans cette catégorie. Des stratégies microfluidiques destinées à manipuler spécifiquement des assemblages supramoléculaires ont été ainsi développées soit en vu d'applications pour la microanalyse totale, soit pour des études biophysiques fondamentales. Dans l'approche bottom-up, des molécules de natures différentes sont agencées pour former l'entité qui va confiner les objets d'intérêt. La chimie et le vivant procèdent par cette approche pour synthétiser des assemblages supramoléculaires et des organismes. Dans cette optique, la compaction de polyélectrolytes par des agents lipidiques en particules nanométriques a été étudiée. Cette stratégie permet en particulier de transférer des gènes au sein des cellules. Enfin, toujours dans le cadre d'une approche bottom-up de la compartimentation, nous présentons une méthodologie résolument bio-inspirée qui exploite les propriétés naturelles d'auto-assemblage des virus. Cette autre statégie ouvre la voie à l'encapsulation d'une large variété de molécules et de nano-objets. Elle tire avantage de l'extraordinaire précision moléculaire de l'assemblage d'un virus et vise à tirer profit de ses propriétés circulatoires dans l'organisme. C'est dans cet esprit que se clôt ce mémoire avec une présentation succinte des perspectives à long terme orientées autour de l'assemblage de systèmes viro-inspirés. Les objectifs seront d'élucider les mécanismes moléculaires sur des systèmes de complexité croissante, et en parallèle de maîtriser ces mécanismes via le développement de méthodologies d'auto-assemblage dirigé.

This study investigated three francophone adolescent girls� experiences with singing. A qualitative, narrative research approach (Bogdan & Biklen, 2003; Murray, 2003) was used to increase understanding about the benefits of singing, with a particular interest in exploring singing as a potentially positive means for adolescent minority-culture girls to successfully negotiate multiple aspects of identity, that is, adolescence, gender, and culture. Semi-structured interviews provided an opportunity for the participants to share their experiences, and describe what it is like for them to sing. Data were analyzed with The Listening Guide (Gilligan, Spencer, Weinberg, & Bertsch, 2003), a relational analysis responsive to the narrative and authentic voices of participants, and used to generate �I� poems and identify themes. Three ways of singing were identified � private informal, social informal, public formal � as well as three themes, evoked with the metaphors of: Rhythm (singing and experiences of identity), Harmony (singing and relationships), and Melody (singing, wellbeing, and strength). Findings confirm and extend the small but growing research literature on the psychology of singing, and have implications for those interested in working with youth using a strength-based perspective focused on positive youth development (Larson, 2000).

Dans la gamme de tailles nanométriques, les propriétés optiques de particules uniques d'or et d'argent sont celles du solide massif modifiées par le confinement diélectrique : en particulier les Résonances de Plasmon de Surface. L'interaction lumièrenanoparticule étant très faible, l'étude d'une particule unique a pu être réalisée grâce au développement d'une technique optique originale en champ lointain basée sur la modulation spatiale de l'échantillon. Cette technique a permis la détection et la caractérisation optique géométrique de nanoparticules uniques d'environ 10 nm de diamètre, à l'aide de sources laser ou d'un continuum. L'utilisation d'une lampe blanche et d'un montage proche UltraViolet – visible – proche InfraRouge a permis l'étude de plus grosses particules et donc du mode quadrupolaire du plasmon ainsi que l'analyse de valeurs publiées des fonctions diélectriques des métaux nobles. L'étude de particules en fonction de leur taille a permis de vérifier le passage au mode quasi-statique d'oscillation collective des électrons de conduction. La corrélation des mesures optiques à la microscopie électronique à transmission a montré l'influence de la forme et des interactions entre particules sur cette réponse optique.