Είναι ευρέως γνωστό ότι οι διαδικασίες της διάβρωσης του εδάφους επηρεάζονται από ένα πλήθος βιοφυσικών και ανθρώπινων παραγόντων και εμφανίζονται με διαφορετικές εντάσεις σε διαφορετικά περιβάλλοντα. Εντούτοις, οι χωρικές και χρονικές κλίμακες των διαδικασιών είναι ακόμα ανεπαρκώς κατανοητές. Ως εκ τούτου, ο έλεγχος και ο υπολογισμός της διάβρωσης και της απόθεσης αποτελεί ένα σύνθετο και δύσκολο στόχο. Επομένως, είναι ανάγκη να βελτιωθεί η κατανόηση των διαδικασιών λαμβάνοντας υπόψη την ποσοτική τους έκφραση, ώστε να είναι σε θέση ειδικοί επιστήμονες να αναλύσουν το αντίκτυπο του φαινομένου αυτού. Αντικείμενο της παρούσας μεταπτυχιακής διατριβής είναι η εκτίμηση μοντέλου διάβρωσης και στερεοπαροχής στον ταμιευτήρα του ομώνυμου φράγματος του ποταμού Πηνειού, στην περιοχή του Νομού Ηλείας. Απώτερος στόχος αυτής της μελέτης είναι ο υπολογισμός και η εκτίμηση του όγκου των φερτών υλών που έχουν αποτεθεί στον ταμιευτήρα του φράγματος, με αποτέλεσμα την πολυετή δυσλειτουργία του, με σκοπό την εφαρμογή πρακτικών που θα δώσουν παράταση στην οικονομική ζωή του έργου. Προς την κατεύθυνση αυτή αναπτύχθηκε μια μέθοδος η οποία συνδυάζει την Παγκόσμια Εξίσωση Εδαφικής Απώλειας (Universal Soil Loss Equation - USLE) με τα Γεωγραφικά Συστήματα Πληροφορίας (GIS), συγκεκριμένα το λογισμικό ArcGIS 10. Η USLE υπολογίζει την μακροπρόθεσμη μέση ετήσια απώλεια εδάφους πολλαπλασιάζοντας πέντε συγκεκριμένους παράγοντες που περιγράφουν τα χαρακτηριστικά λεκανών, όπως η διαβρωτικότητα της βροχόπτωσης, η διαβρωσιμότητα του εδάφους, η μορφολογία του εδάφους, η φυτοκάλυψη του εδάφους και η διαχείριση των εδαφών κατά της διάβρωσης. Το GIS χρησιμοποιείται για την αποθήκευση των συντελεστών της USLE ως μεμονωμένα ψηφιακά επίπεδα τα οποία πολλαπλασιάζονται μεταξύ τους για να δημιουργήσουν έναν δυναμικό χάρτη εδαφικής διάβρωσης. Αυτός ο συνδυασμός παρέχει έναν τρόπο εκτίμησης της πιθανής διάβρωσης του εδάφους σε μια περιοχή με τις υπάρχουσες πηγές δεδομένων. Ο εντοπισμός των περιοχών που παρουσιάζουν μεγαλύτερο κίνδυνο διάβρωσης και η χαρτογράφησή τους, συμβάλουν στην πρόληψη της περαιτέρω υποβάθμισης του εδάφους με χρήση των απαραίτητων αντιδιαβρωτικών μέτρων. Για τον υπολογισμό του συντελεστή διαβρωτικότητας της βροχόπτωσης (R) και για την εξαγωγή του χάρτη κατανομής της χρησιμοποιήθηκαν οι μηνιαίες και ετήσιες μετρήσεις βροχόπτωσης από πέντε μετεωρολογικούς σταθμούς που εντοπίζονται στην λεκάνη απορροής ανάντη του φράγματος. Ο συντελεστής διαβρωσιμότητας του εδάφους (Κ) απαιτεί μετρήσεις πεδίου για την εκτίμηση των ιδιοτήτων του εδάφους. Στην παρούσα μελέτη, λόγω αδυναμίας συγκέντρωσης δειγμάτων, οι ιδιότητες του εδάφους εκτιμήθηκαν με γεωλογικά κριτήρια και εν συνεχεία με τη χρήση του GIS δημιουργήθηκε χάρτης κατανομής διαβρωσιμότητας του εδάφους. Με βάση το Ψηφιακό Μοντέλο Αναγλύφου της περιοχής μελέτης υπολογίστηκε ο τοπογραφικός συντελεστής (LS), ενώ βάσει του CORINE και σύμφωνα με τη βιβλιογραφία υπολογίστηκε ο παράγοντας κάλυψης και διαχείρισης γης (C). Τέλος, ο συντελεστής διαχείρισης των εδαφών κατά της διάβρωσης (P) ορίστηκε ίσος με τη μονάδα (1) καθώς δεν έχει παρθεί κανένα μέτρο για την προστασία των εδαφών κατά της διάβρωσης σε όλη την λεκάνη απορροής. Βάσει των παραπάνω υπολογισμών προέκυψε η μέση ετήσια απώλεια εδάφους ανά μονάδα επιφάνειας της λεκάνης απορροής ανάντη του φράγματος, η οποία ανέρχεται στους ----- t/ha ή SE=---- t/km2. Κατόπιν υπολογισμού της μέσης ετήσιας εδαφικής διάβρωσης, βάσει εμπειρικής μεθόδου υπολογίστηκε ο συντελεστής (%) στερεοαπορροής και κατ' επέκταση η μέση ετήσια στερεοαπορροή της λεκάνης ανάντη του φράγματος Πηνειού, η οποία ανέρχεται σε ----- t/ha ή ----- t/km2. Για την συγκεκριμένη λεκάνη απορροής το ----- των παραγόμενων φερτών υλών είναι αυτό που τελικά μεταφέρεται και αποτίθεται κάθε χρόνο στον ταμιευτήρα του φράγματος, τα οποία ανέρχονται σε ------ t. / It’s widely known that the procedures of soil erosion are affected by a number of biophysical and human factors and appeared with different intensities in different places. However, the spatial and temporal scales of the procedures are still poorly understood. Therefore, the control and the calculation of soil erosion and deposition are a complex and difficult task. So, it’s necessary to improve the understanding of the procedures, taking into account their quantitative expression, in order to scientists be able to analyze the impacts of this phenomenon. The main purpose of this thesis is the estimation of the erosion and sediment model in the reservoir of the homonymous dam of river Peneus, in the prefecture of Ilia. The ultimate goal of this study is to calculate and estimate the volume of sediment that have been deposited in the reservoir of the dam, resulting in perennial dysfunction , in order to implement practices that will give extension in the economic life of the project. For this propose a method has been developed that combines the Universal Soil Loss Equation- USLE with Geographic Information Systems- GIS. This method is the software ArcGIS 10. The USLE equation calculates the long-term average annual soil loss by multiplying five specific factors that describe the characteristics of the basins, such as the rainfall erosivity, the soil erodibility, the topography, the vegetation cover of the soil and the management of soil erosion. The GIS system is used to store the USLE’s factors as individual digital levels that are multiplied together to create a dynamic map of soil erosion. This combination provides a way of estimating of the possible erosion of the soil in an area with the existing data sources. The identification of the areas of greatest risk of erosion and their cartography, helped to prevent further soil degradation by using the necessary corrosion measures. For calculating the rainfall erosivity factor (R) and for the extraction of the distribution map of erosion are used monthly and annual rainfall measurements from five meteorological stations located in the watershed upstream of the dam. The soil erodibility factor (K) requires field measurements to estimate the properties of the soil. In this study, due to our inability to obtain samples, soil properties were evaluated with geological criteria and subsequently using the GIS created map distribution of soil erodibility. Based on the digital elevation model of the study area, was calculated the topographic factor (LS), while under CORINE and the literature was calculated the capper and land administration (C). Finally, the factor of soil management against erosion (P) was set equal to one (1) as there has not been taken any step to protect soils against erosion throughout the basin. Based on the above calculation showed average annual soil loss per unit area of the watershed upstream of the dam, which amounts to ---- t/ha or SE=---- t/km2. After calculation the average annual soil erosion, based on the empirical method has calculated the sediment delivery ratio and thus the average annual sediment yield of the watershed upstream of the dam Peneus, which is -----t/ha or ----- t/km2. For this specific watershed the ----% of the produced sediment is what ultimately transported and deposited annually in the reservoir of the dam, which amount to ---- t.

The thesis is focused on the system erosion and the flood control measures in the cadastral territory of Smetanova Lhota. For the calculation of the erosion threat was used universal soil loss equation (USLE) and runoff characteristics are calculated using the runoff CN - curves. The proposal has the influence of several factors. It's rainfall, vegetation cover, soil characteristics, morphology and other. Several calculations were carried out using the program ERCN.

The aim of this work is to determine the effect of the application of catch crops in crop rotation in the cadastral territory Vrábče in Czech Budweis. Erosion washing away from the land is calculated using the USLE, also compared washing off using conventional crop rotation and intercropping with the application process. Analyze here the influence of intercropping to increase anti-erosion effect of vegetation cover. The resulting values of erosion are transported using erosion of crop rotations with intercropping significantly reduced.

Orientador: Isabel Cristina Moroz-Caccia Gouveia / Resumo: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal analisar a suscetibilidade aos processos erosivos laminares e lineares, identificando áreas mais críticas e seus impactos sobre os recursos hídricos na Unidade de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Aguapeí (UGRHI-20), localizada no oeste do Estado de São Paulo. Para determinar a suscetibilidade à erosão laminar utilizou-se a Equação Universal de Perda de Solo (EUPS), desenvolvida por Wischmeier e Smith (1976). Para a suscetibilidade à erosão linear utilizou-se a metodologia de Fragilidade Ambiental proposta por Ross (1994). Os resultados mostraram que na UGRHI-20, as estimativas de perda de solo por erosão laminar estão muito acima do recomendado pela FAO (1965) e por Wischmeier & Smith (1978), pois 73% da área se enquadra na classe indicativa “Alta” com valores entre 50 – 200 t.ha-1 ano -1. Em relação à erosão linear, a condição da UGRHI-20 é considerada crítica, pois apresenta 57% de sua área nível de fragilidade emergente forte. Diante de tais resultados, espera-se que esse trabalho possa subsidiar o planejamento ambiental desta bacia hidrográfica pelo poder público e principalmente por órgãos gestores. Para isso, serão entregues exemplares desse trabalho em meio digital para o Comitê de Bacias Hidrográficas dos Rios Aguapeí e Peixe (CBH-AP). / Abstract: The present work has as main objective to analyze the susceptibility to laminar and linear erosive processes, identifying the most critical areas and their impacts on water resources at the Aguapeí River Basin Water Resources Management Unit (UGRHI 20), located in the west of São Paulo. To determine susceptibility to laminar erosion, The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) developed by Wischmeier and Smith (1976) was used. For susceptibility to linear erosion, the Environmental Fragility methodology proposed by Ross (1994) was used. The results showed that in the UGRHI-20 laminar erosion soil loss estimates are far above those recommended by FAO (1965) and Wischmeier & Smith (1978), as 73% of the area falls under the “High” indicative class with values between 50 – 200 t.ha-1year-1. Regarding linear erosion, the condition of UGRHI-20 is considered critical, as it presents 57% of its area strong emerging fragility level. Given these results, it is hoped that this work can subsidize the environmental planning of this watershed by the government and especially by management agencies. To this end, copies of this work will be delivered digitally to the Aguapeí and Peixe River Watershed Committee (CBH-AP). / Mestre

Submitted by CARLA MARIA GOULART DE MORAES (carlagm) on 2015-04-23T20:17:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MarciaGomesGeologia.pdf: 3212123 bytes, checksum: 2a235d35b0c87594b8e37e68a2ffd53b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-23T20:17:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarciaGomesGeologia.pdf: 3212123 bytes, checksum: 2a235d35b0c87594b8e37e68a2ffd53b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-15 / Nenhuma / A degradação dos solos é um dos principais problemas relacionados ao desenvolvimento sustentável, e um dos grandes desafios a serem enfrentados já neste século. A ação do homem no planejamento e desenvolvimento da ocupação do espaço na Terra requer cada vez mais uma visão ampla sobre as necessidades da população, os recursos terrestres e aquáticos disponíveis e o conhecimento sobre o comportamento dos processos naturais, para racionalmente compatibilizar necessidades crescentes com recursos limitados. A crescente degradação do solo sob exploração agrícola em todo o mundo despertou nos últimos anos uma preocupação com a qualidade do solo e a sustentabilidade da produção agrícola. A matéria orgânica do solo é um fator relevante na qualidade deste, sendo uma fonte de energia, de carbono e doadora de elétrons da grande maioria dos organismos, o que evidencia sua importância para a biota desempenhar suas funções no sentido de promover as propriedades do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a degradação do solo na microbacia do arroio Morungava, com uso da Equação Universal de Perda de Solo (EUPS), através de análise da variação temporal da matéria orgânica nos horizontes superficiais, em solos Hidromórficos e Argissolos, sob práticas de cultivo em diferentes períodos de uso (18 meses de cultivo; 10 anos de cultivo; 15 anos de cultivo e mais de 30 anos de cultivo), utilizando áreas de mata nativa como referência. Em condições naturais os argissolos mostram um aumento de matéria orgânica (MO) com a profundidade. Nos horizontes superficiais dos solos cultivados analisados observa-se perda de MO por erosão e oxidação superficial, com pouca translocação vertical. Neste caso, a erosão superficial acelerada antropicamente, faz com que o Horizonte B dos argissolos fique próximo a superfície, eventualmente exposto, com o passar do tempo. Já os solos hidromórficos verificam-se grandes perdas iniciais com a retirada de matas nativas, o que pode ser em parte atribuído à oxidação acelerada da MO, devido às mudanças ambientais. Para os solos hidromórficos com mais de 15 anos de uso, verifica-se um comportamento inverso, ocorrendo um significativo aumento superficial da MO, o que pode ser devido ao aporte de MO originado dos argissolos adjacentes. Assim, as planícies aluvionares, para tempos de uso superiores há 15 anos, devem provavelmente atuar como zonas de acumulação de MO na bacia hidrográfica. Há um provável processo menos intenso de translocação vertical, o qual é observado nos primeiros 10 anos de uso dos hidromórficos. Quanto à avaliação espacial de perda de MO observa-se taxas com variação de 0 até 239,15 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹ com o uso do solo atual. Assim, 54,12 % da área apresentam taxas de perda de MO entre 0 a 0,5 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹ 42,21 % variam de 0,5 a 5 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹e os demais 3,67 % de área apresentam perdas de MO acima de 5 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹. Em um cenário onde a legislação ambiental (Código Florestal Federal - Lei 4.771 de 1965 e Código Florestal Estadual - Lei 9.519 de 1992) é cumprida, com reflorestamento nas Áreas de Preservação Permanente ? APPs, referente às encostas com declividade acima de 45º e faixas de 30 metros de cada lado, ao longo dos cursos d´água, observa-se 62,17 % da área com taxas de perda de MO entre 0 a 0,5 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹, 36,86 % variam de 0,5 a 5 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹e os demais 0,97 % de área apresentam perdas de MO acima de 5 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹, chegando a atingir 37,28 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹em alguns pontos. Para um cenário onde a faixa de preservação é de apenas 5 metros de cada lado, ao longo dos cursos d´águas, de acordo com a legislação ambiental do Estado de Santa Catarina (Art. 114 da Lei Estadual 14.675, de 13 abril de 2009), observa-se que as taxas de perda de MO aumentam. No cenário anterior as perdas acima de 5 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹, atingem apenas 0,97% do total da área. Aplicando a legislação do Estado de Santa Catarina, as taxas de perda acima de 5 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹, atingem 1,03 % do total da área. As taxas baixas de perda de MO (abaixo de 0,5 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹) para o cenário de 30 metros de preservação chegam a 62,17% da área. Já no cenário com faixa de preservação de apenas 5 metros, as taxas baixas de perda de MO chegam a 53,16% da área. Apesar de ser uma diferença pequena de taxas de perda de MO, estas taxas apresentadas comprovam que a diminuição das faixas de preservação de 30 metros para cinco metros, acarretará em prejuízos ao meio ambiente. Em um cenário onde toda a faixa de preservação de 30 metros de cada lado, ao longo dos cursos d´água, é retirada, as taxas de perda de MO variam de 0 até 239,15 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹. Neste caso 53,16 % da área apresenta taxas de perda de MO entre 0 a 0,5 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹, 43,02 % variam de 0,5 a 5 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹ e 3,82 % de área apresentam perdas de MO acima de 5 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹, chegando a atingir 239,15 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹ em alguns pontos. Essas taxas de perda são equivalentes ao uso do solo atual da área. Isto ocorre pelo fato da microbacia do arroio Morungava apresentar grandes extensões de faixa de preservação ao longo desses cursos d´água, totalmente desmatadas. O cenário criado para desmatamento de 30 metros é semelhante à situação real da área. A partir dos resultados obtidos das coletas de campo e dados gerados em laboratório, conclui-se que a micro bacia do arroio Morungava está sofrendo processo erosivo acelerado com o decorrer dos anos, principalmente em zonas de maior declividade, onde predominam os argissolos. Já os solos em posição fisiográficas com baixa erosão potencial superficial, como os hidromórficos, atuam como zonas de acumulação de sedimentos e matéria orgânica. Verifica-se uma variação ampla nas taxas de perda de MO com o uso do solo atual, com teores elevados nas áreas com maior declividade. Estes teores, de acordo com cenários gerados de reflorestamento, podem diminuir com o cumprimento da legislação ambiental. Assim pode-se afirmar que a EUPS foi fundamental para avaliar a perda de matéria orgânica na microbacia. / Soil degradation is one of the main concerns regarding sustainable development, and one of the challenges to be faced on this century. Mankind actions on planning and development of Earth occupation, needs more and more a broader view of population needs, available terrestrial and hydric resources and knowledge over natural processes behavior, to rationally conciliate growing needs with limited resources. The worldwide growing soil degradation due to agricultural exploitation, over the last years awoke a concern with soil quality and agricultural production sustainability. The soil organic matter is a relevant factor for its quality, being energy and Carbone source and an electron donator to most organisms, which only shows how it is important to biota?s functions and promote soil proprieties. The objective of this study is to evaluate the soil degradation at the micro basin of the Morungava stream, using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), through temporal variation analysis of organic matter on superficial horizons, on hydromorphic and argillaceous soils, under cultivation on different usage periods (18 months of cultivation, 10 years of cultivation, 15 years of cultivation and more than 30 years of cultivation), utilizing areas of native forest as reference. In natural conditions argillaceous soils show an increase in organic matter (OM) as it deepens. On the analyzed cultivated soils superficial horizons, was observed a loss of OM due to erosion and superficial oxidation, with low vertical translocation. In this case, the superficial erosion hasten by anthropic influence, causes the B horizon of argillaceous soils to be near the surface, eventually exposed with time. On the hydromorphic soils, there are big initial losses with the removal of native forests, which can be in part caused by hasten oxidation of OM due to environmental changes. To hydromorphic soils with more than 15 years of usage, a inverse behavior is observed, occurring a significant increase of superficial OM, which can be due to the arrive of OM from the adjacent argillaceous soils. So, the alluvial plains, to usage periods greater than 15 years, probably act as OM accumulation zones on the basin. There is a probable process less intense of vertical translocation, which is observed during the first 10 years of hydromorphic soil usage. As for the spatial evaluation of OM loss, its observed with variation from 0 to 239,15 t.ha¯¹.year¯¹ with current soil usage. This way, 54,12% of the area presents OM loss rate between 0 and 0,5 t.ha¯¹.year¯¹, 42,21% varies from 0,5 to 5 t.ha¯¹.year¯¹, and the remaining 3,67% of the area show OM losses superior to 5 t.ha¯¹.year¯¹. In a scenery where the environmental legislation (Federal Forest Code ? Law 4.771 of 1965 and State Forest Code ? Law 9.519 of 1992) is followed, with reforesting of Permanent Preservation Areas (APPs), referring to acclivity superior to 45° and a 30 meters preservation band from the margins of any watercourse, is observed that 62,17% of the area have a OM loss rate between 0 and 0,5 t.ha¯¹.year¯¹, 36,86% varies from 0,5 to 5 t.ha¯¹.year¯¹ and the remaining 0,97% have a OM loss rate superior to 5 t.ha¯¹.year¯¹, peaking 37,28 t.ha¯¹.year¯¹ at some points. In a scenery where the preservation band is only 5 meters from the margin of watercourses, in accordance with the environmental legislation of Santa Catarina state (Art.114 State Law 14.675 from 2009, April 13), its observed an increase in the OM loss Rates. If in the previous scenery the OM losses over 5 t.ha¯¹.ano¯¹, were only 0,97% of total area, applying the Santa Catarina State Law, the OM losses over 5 t.ha¯¹.ano¯¹, are 1,03% of total area. The low OM loss rates (under 0,5 t.ha¯¹.ano¯¹,) on the 30 meters preservation scenery were 62,17% of the area, applying the Santa Catarina state 5 meters preservation scenery it drops to 53,16% of the area. Even if it is a small difference on OM loss rates, these rates testify that the reduction of the preservation bands will incur in harm to the environment. In a scenery where all the preservation band is removed along the watercourses, the OM loss rates varies from 0 to 239,15 t.ha¯¹.year¯¹. In which case 53,16% of the area presents OM loss rates from 0 to 0,5 t.ha¯¹.year¯¹, 43,02% varies from 0,5 to 5 t.ha¯¹.year¯¹ and 3,82% of the area show OM losses over 5 t.ha¯¹.year¯¹, peaking 239,15 t.ha¯¹.year¯¹ at some points. Those loss rates are equivalent to those of the current soil usage in this area. This is due to the fact that the micro basin of the Morungava stream presents great extensions of preservation bands along its watercourses totally depleted. The scenery created with no preservation band is similar to the current situation of the area. From the gotten results of the collections of field and data generated in laboratory, one concludes that the micro basin of the Morungava stream is suffering sped up erosive process with elapsing of the years, mainly in zones of bigger declivity, where the argissolos predominate. Already the ground in position fisiográficas with low superficial potential erosion, as the hidromórficos, act as zones of accumulation of sediments and organic matter. An ample variation in the taxes of loss ME with the use of the ground is verified current, with texts raised in the areas with bigger declivity. These texts, scenes in accordance with generated of reforestation, can diminish with the fulfilment of the ambient legislation. Thus it can be affirmed that the EUPS was basic to evaluate the loss of organic matter in the micron basin.

The aim of this work is to explore the area of the Complex Land Consolidation Poněšice in the view of the pedology, hydrogeology and climatology. Further make a erosion threat calculations using the USLE and Curve Number method and afterwards review the application of the erosion control measures in another section of the chapter Main terriorial systems. In conclusion, to estimate the economic aspects of the proposed measures.

Submitted by PAULO SÉRGIO MARTIN (paulosergiomartin@gmail.com) on 2018-07-14T03:59:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Martin_PS_Dissert_MP_Estradas_Rurais_2018.pdf: 5079449 bytes, checksum: 5b99661ef6b9e4b120ee8a099ee40004 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ALESSANDRA KUBA OSHIRO ASSUNÇÃO (alessandra@fct.unesp.br) on 2018-07-16T12:21:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 martin_ps_me_prud.pdf: 5079449 bytes, checksum: 5b99661ef6b9e4b120ee8a099ee40004 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-16T12:21:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 martin_ps_me_prud.pdf: 5079449 bytes, checksum: 5b99661ef6b9e4b120ee8a099ee40004 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-04 / Neste presente trabalho buscou-se identificar as diversas variáveis do potencial de perda de solo no município de Ouro Verde/SP, considerando como parâmetro a classificação de solos, geologia, relevo, precipitação pluvial, o uso e ocupação da terra, as práticas de manejo conservacionista, mapeando as áreas com potencial de erosão laminar dos solos e o cruzamento das informações com a situação atual das estradas rurais não pavimentadas. As estradas não pavimentadas foram classificadas em trechos-tipos, destacando-se algumas características importantes, como altura de barranco, se está “encaixada”. O uso do MDE (Modelo Digital de Elevação) possibilitou a representação do relevo da superfície terrestre e com os dados vetoriais do município de Ouro Verde, baixados através do site do IBGE, foi possível a interpretação visual da área de estudo, analisadas através das imagens do satélite Sentinel-2. O objetivo foi identificar as estradas rurais ou trechos prioritários para readequação, através do Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG), com mapeamento das áreas do município e realizando o cruzamento de informações e, aplicação da Equação Universal de Perdas de Solo (USLE) e do programa InVEST®, estimando perdas de solo por erosão laminar. Servir de orientação para os gestores públicos (Prefeitura Municipal e FEHIDRO) na análise e tomada de decisão. Para determinação do Fator R para o município de Ouro Verde, a precipitação pluvial foi analisada através de uma série histórica, fornecida pelo Escritório de Desenvolvimento Rural de Dracena. Para determinação dos valores do fator R para os demais municípios que compõem as Unidades de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos 20 e 21, utilizou-se o software livre netErosividade SP. Para realização da priorização dos trechos críticos das estradas, foram utilizados os parâmetros (estruturas e situações), adaptado do Projeto de Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável – Microbacias Hidrográficas II – Acesso ao mercado, obtendo-se o enquadramento das Classes de priorização. O programa InVEST® possibilitou explorar cenários com resultados futuros prováveis, e assim foram gerados os diversos mapas de potencialidade de erosão para o município de Ouro Verde: Mapa de Susceptibilidade à Erosão Laminar, Mapa do Potencial à Erosão, Mapa do Potencial de Erosão Laminar Total por Microbacias Hidrográficas e Mapa final de Priorização das Estradas Não Pavimentadas. Obteve-se o Mapa Final de Priorização utilizando alguns parâmetros, mas é possível cruzar tantas informações quanto forem necessárias, subjetivas e objetivas, e assim chegar no objetivo, que é a priorização de trechos críticos de Estradas Rurais Não Pavimentadas. / This work aimed to identify the various variables of soil loss potential in the municipality of Ouro Verde / SP, considering as a parameter the classification of soils, geology, relief, rainfall, land use and occupation, management practices conservationist, mapping the areas with potential of laminar erosion of the soils and the crossing of the information with the current situation of the unpaved rural roads. Unpaved roads have been classified into parts-types, highlighting some important characteristics, such as height of ravine, if it is "docked". The use of the MDE (Digital Elevation Model) made possible the representation of the land surface and the vectorial data of the municipality of Ouro Verde, downloaded through the IBGE website, it was possible the visual interpretation of the study area, analyzed through the images of the Sentinel-2 satellite. The objective was to identify the rural roads or priority stretches for readjustment, through the Geographic Information System (GIS), with mapping of the areas of the municipality and carrying out the information crossing and, applying the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and the InVEST® program, estimating soil losses due to laminar erosion. To serve as guidance for public managers (City Hall and FEHIDRO) in the analysis and decision making. To determine the R factor for the municipality of Ouro Verde, rainfall was analyzed through a historical series, provided by the Office of Rural Development of Dracena. To determine the R factor values for the other municipalities that make up the Water Resources Management Units 20 and 21, the free software netErosividade SP was used. For the prioritization of the critical stretches of the roads, the parameters (structures and situations), adapted from the Sustainable Rural Development Project - Hydrographic Microbasins II - Access to the market, were used to obtain the prioritization classes. The InVEST® program made it possible to explore scenarios with probable future results, thus generating the various erosion potential maps for the municipality of Ouro Verde: Laminar Erosion Susceptibility Map, Erosion Potential Map, Total Laminar Erosion Potential Map by Hydrographic Microbasins and Final Map of Prioritization of Non-Paved Roads. The final Prioritization Map was obtained using some parameters, but it is possible to cross as much information as necessary, subjective and objective, and thus reach the objective, which is the prioritization of critical sections of Non-Paved Rural Roads.

Die Dissertation erforscht die Unsicherheit, Sensitivität und Grenzen großskaliger Erosionsmodelle. Die Modellierung basiert auf der allgemeinen Bodenabtragsgleichung (ABAG), Sedimenteintragsverhältnissen (SDR) und europäischen Daten. Für mehrere Regionen Europas wird die Bedeutung der Unsicherheit topographischer Modellparameter, ABAG-Faktoren und kritischer Schwebstofffrachten für die Anwendbarkeit empirischer Modelle zur Beschreibung von Sedimentfrachten und SDR von Flusseinzugsgebieten untersucht. Der Vergleich alternativer Modellparameter sowie Kalibrierungs- und Validierungsdaten zeigt, dass schon grundlegende Modellentscheidungen mit großen Unsicherheiten behaftet sind. Zur Vermeidung falscher Modellvorhersagen sind kalibrierte Modelle genau zu dokumentieren. Auch wenn die geschickte Wahl nicht-topographischer Algorithmen die Modellgüte regionaler Anwendungen verbessern kann, so gibt es nicht die generell beste Lösung. Die Ergebnisse zeigen auch, dass SDR-Modelle stets mit Sedimentfrachten und SDR kalibriert und evaluiert werden sollten. Mit diesem Ansatz werden eine neue europäische Bodenabtragskarte und ein verbessertes SDR-Modell für Einzugsgebiete nördlich der Alpen und in Südosteuropa abgeleitet. In anderen Regionen Europas ist das SDR-Modell bedingt nutzbar. Die Studien zur jährlichen Variabilität der Bodenerosion zeigen, dass jahreszeitlich gewichtete Niederschlagsdaten geeigneter als ungewichtete sind. Trotz zufriedenstellender Modellergebnisse überwinden weder sorgfältige Algorithmenwahl noch Modellverbesserungen die Grenzen europaweiter SDR-Modelle. Diese bestehen aus der Diskrepanz zwischen modellierten Bodenabtrags- und maßgeblich zur beobachteten bzw. kritischen Sedimentfracht beitragenden Prozessen sowie der außergewöhnlich hohen Sedimentmobilisierung durch Hochwässer. Die Integration von nicht von der ABAG beschriebenen Prozessen und von Starkregentagen sowie die Disaggregation kritischer Frachten sollte daher weiter erforscht werden. / This dissertation thesis addresses the uncertainty, sensitivity and limitations of large-scale erosion models. The modelling framework consists of the universal soil loss equation (USLE), sediment delivery ratios (SDR) and European data. For several European regions, the relevance of the uncertainty in topographic model parameters, USLE factors and critical yields of suspended solids for the applicability of empirical models to predict sediment yields and SDR of river catchments is systematically evaluated. The comparison of alternative model parameters as well as calibration and validation data shows that even basic modelling decisions are associated with great uncertainties. Consequently, calibrated models have to be well-documented to avoid misapplication. Although careful choices of non-topographic algorithms can also be helpful to improve the model quality in regional applications, there is no definitive universal solution. The results also show that SDR models should always be calibrated and evaluated against sediment yields and SDR. With this approach, a new European soil loss map and an improved SDR model for river catchments north of the Alps and in Southeast Europe are derived. For other parts of Europe, the SDR model is of limited use. The studies on the annual variability of soil erosion reveal that seasonally weighted rainfall data is more appropriate than unweighted data. Despite satisfactory model results, neither the careful algorithm choice nor model improvements overcome the limitations of pan-European SDR models. These limitations are related to the mismatch of modelled soil loss processes and the relevant processes contributing to the observed or critical sediment load as well as the extraordinary sediment mobilisation during floods. Therefore, further research on integrating non-USLE processes and heavy-rainfall data as well as on disaggregating critical yields is needed.

This thesis is focused to determine water erosion of soil and drain from basin of štefanov stream. The basin of štefanov stream is unobserved with area 15,1 km2. After evaluation of current status is processed integrated design against the adverse effects of surface runoff.