Au milieu du XVIIIe siècle, la Franche-Comté rejoint le réseau des sociétés savantes qui ont pour objectif de contribuer « au progrès des sciences et à la perfection des talents » : une académie des sciences, belles-lettres et arts est établie à Besançon. Les académiciens comtois entreprennent dès lors de nombreux travaux et s’emploient à favoriser l’émulation de leurs concitoyens en organisant régulièrement des concours. De cette activité qui perdure jusqu’en 1789 témoignent les archives manuscrites de la compagnie, aujourd’hui conservées à la Bibliothèque municipale de Besançon et consultables en ligne sous forme numérisée. Menée avec un regard littéraire, l’exploration de ce vaste fonds d’archives a permis de sélectionner un échantillon de discours restés inédits et d’en proposer une édition critique. Le genre de l’éloge, très lié à l’institution académique, méritait que l'on entreprenne ce travail de transcription et d’annotation : on trouvera ainsi dans cet ouvrage une série de pièces épidictiques, composées par les académiciens eux-mêmes ou provenant d’individus étroitement liés à l’académie par leur fonction de prédicateurs ou leur participation aux concours. On a en particulier cherché à démêler quelles étaient les sources et les influences de ces différentes productions comtoises, à analyser l’originalité et le style de celles-ci, tout en apportant les éclaircissements historiques utiles à leur compréhension, le genre épidictique procédant volontiers par allusions. L’étude met ainsi en avant la présence de l’éloquence littéraire en Franche-Comté à la veille de la Révolution, et les efforts d’appropriation de ses codes génériques par les lettrés de la province / In the middle of the 18th century, la Franche-Comté joined the network of learned societies whose objective was to contribute “to the progress of science and to the perfection of talents”: an academy of sciences, belles lettres and arts was established in Besançon. Comtois academicians thus undertook many works and were committed to promoting the emulation of their fellow citizens by regularly organizing competitions. The company’s handwritten archives, which today are kept in the Besançon municipal library and may be consulted on line in digitized form, bear witness to this activity, which continued until 1789. Conducted from a literary viewpoint, the exploration of these vast archival collections has made it possible to select a sample of previously unpublished speeches and to propose a critical edition of them. The encomium genre, closely linked to the academic institution, was worthy of our undertaking this transcription and annotation work : thus, we find in this work a series of epideictic plays, composed by the academicians themselves or by individuals having close ties to the academy through their role as clergymen or their participation in competitions. We sought in particular to unravel the sources and the influences of these various productions, to analyze their originality and style, while providing the historical clarification needed to understand them, the epideictic genre lending itself freely to the use of allusions. The study thus highlights the presence of literary eloquence in Franche-Comté on the eve of the French revolution, and the efforts to appropriate its general codes by the scholars of the province / Im mittleren XVIII. Jahrhundert schließt sich die Franche-Comté dem Kreis der Gelehrtengesellschaften an, die « zu dem Fortschritt der Wissenschaften und der Vervollkommnung der Talente » beitragen sollen : zu dieser Zeit wird in Besançon eine Akademie der Wissenschaften, der schönen Literatur und der Künste gegründet. Ihre Mitglieder unternehmen von diesem Moment an zahlreiche Forschungen und organisieren regelmäßig Wettbewerbe, um unter ihren Mitbürgern die wissenschaftliche Wetteifer zu fördern. Diese bis zur Revolution hindauerndeTätigkeit bezeugen heute die akademischen, von der Stadtbibliothek Besançon aufbewahrten und nunmehr on-line erhältlichen Handschriften. Die aus einem literarischen Aussichtspunkt geführte Erforschung dieses umfangreichen Archivguts ermittelte eine Auswahl unveröffentlicht gebliebener Reden und ermöglichte, davon eine kritische Auflage vorzulegen. Gewiß waren die hier vorgeführten akademischen Lobreden, insofern als sie zu einem mit der Institution eng verbundenen literarischen Genre gehören, einer gedruckten Übertragung und einer kritischen Ausgabe würdig. Dieses Werk schlägt also eine Folge von epidiktischen Stücken vor, die entweder von Akademikern selbst verfaßt wurden, oder von Einzelnen, die als Prediger oder als Wettbewerber ein enges Verhältnis zur Akademie hatten. In der vorliegenden Studie werden ins besondere die Urquellen und Einflüsse nachgeforscht, welche die Schriften der Akademiker von Besançon geprägt haben, und die Eigenart und der eigentümliche Stil dieser Schriften untersucht. Nützliche bzw. notwendige historische Erläuterungen werden dem Leser zu einer besseren Verständnis der Texte helfen, die – dem epidiktischen Genre gemäß – oft anspielungsreich sind. Hervorgebracht wird, wie die literarische Redekunst sich in der Franche-Comté am Vorabend der französischen Revolution entwickelt hat, und wie sich die Gelehrten dieser Provinz bemüht haben, sich die Merkmale des Genres anzueignen

Les recherches consacrées à Sony Labou Tansi et les publications d’inédits témoignent de la richesse d’une œuvre dont les facettes sont multiples. Un pan de cet univers demeure toutefois méconnu : les premiers pas de l’écrivain. L’accès à ses manuscrits et tapuscrits conservés en partie à la Bibliothèque francophone de Limoges – d’autres sont consultables à l’ITEM – ouvre la voie à des analyses renouvelées. Composés de 1967 à 1975, ces textes, pour la grande majorité inédits de son vivant, dressent le portrait d’un auteur congolais en formation, se lançant dans l’aventure de l’écriture. Celle-ci consiste alors à construire son identité d’auteur, fabriquer un univers et professionnaliser son écriture destinée à investir les maisons d’édition françaises. Dans une première partie, ce travail démontre qu’en rédigeant ses textes, Sony Labou Tansi forge son identité auctoriale. Il se conçoit sous les traits d’une bombe, les manuscrits devenant des laboratoires où s’exerce son audace. Devenir écrivain revêt une dimension institutionnelle, à laquelle s’intéresse notre deuxième partie. À rebours de l’imaginaire anarchiste de la bombe, la création littéraire est considérée comme un métier : il faut donc en accepter les codes et élaborer une stratégie d’émergence afin d’être publié. Une troisième partie analyse les métamorphoses de son univers en gésine. Les refus des maisons d’édition ainsi que la tension entre le fantasme d’une création conçue comme une révolte et le désir d’être adoubé l’institution littéraire ne le conduisent nullement à renoncer à ses ambitions. Le maître mot de ces années d’apprentissage est devenir et c’est ainsi que Sony Labou Tansi réinvente son univers, qui est le lieu de transformations incessantes. Sa trajectoire est doublement significative : la bataille de la création et de la publication est le lot de tout novice, mais paraît bien plus complexe pour une génération d’auteurs africains confrontée à un univers éditorial francophone en mutation. / The searches on Sony Labou Tansi’s works and the publications of his manuscripts testify of the wealth of his texts. A piece of it remains however unknown : the first steps of the writer. The access to its manuscripts and typescripts partially kept at the Francophone Library of Limoges – others are available for consultation in the Institute of Modern Texts and Manuscripts – open the way to renewed analyses. Written between 1967 and 1975, these texts, for the great majority unpublished in his lifetime, paint the portrait of a Congolese writer in training, dashing into the adventure of the writing. This one consists then in building his author’s identity, in making a universe and in professionalizing his writing intended to invest the French edition. In a first part, this work demonstrates that by drafting his texts, Sony Labou Tansi forges his auctorial identity. He conceives himself under the features of a bomb, the manuscripts becoming bold laboratories. Becoming a writer includes an institutional dimension, in which is interested our second part. Despite the anarchistic imagination of the bomb, the creative writing is considered as a job : it is thus necessary to accept its codes and to develop a strategy of emergence to be published. Our third part analyzes the metamorphoses of this universe under construction. The refusals of publishing houses as well as the tension between the fantasy of a creation conceived as a revolt and the desire to be recognized by the literary institution do not affect his will. The key word of these years of learning is to become and so Sony Labou Tansi reinvents its universe, which is the place of ceaseless transformations. His trajectory is doubly interesting : the battle of the creation and of the publication concerns every young writer, but seems more complex for a generation of African authors confronted with a changing editorial universe.

[pt] O objetivo desta tese é pensar o fazer literário de João Guimarães Rosa e a constituição de sua imagem enquanto autor, a partir de seus arquivos e estabelecer um diálogo com a sua biografia. A proposta é explorar como o escritor passava do desejo de escrever à escritura; o trânsito entre a forma breve e a forma longa e vice-versa; a sua relação com a imprensa. Por fim, analisaremos o seu romance inacabado A fazedora de velas, articulando-o com os últimos livros que publicou em vida e com obras de outros autores, tais como Marcel Proust e Gilberto Freyre. Roland Barthes será o principal intercessor por essas veredas literárias, em especial, os últimos cursos que ministrou no Collège de France, publicados no Brasil sob o título A preparação do romance (volumes I e II). / [en] The objective of this thesis is to think over Guimarães Rosa creative process and the making of his self-image as an author based on his literary archives and to establish a dialog with his biography. The idea is to explore how he passed from the desire to write to scripture; his transitioning from short narratives to long ones and vice versa; his relationship with the press. Finally, we will analyze Guimarães Rosa s unfinished novel A fazedora de velas (The candle maker), linking it with his last books and with the works of other writers, such as Marcel Proust and Gilberto Freyre. Roland Barthes will be our main guide throughout those literary paths, especially the last two courses he delivered at the Collége de France, published in Brazil as The preparation of a novel I and II.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo propor um comentário acerca do complexo Fatzer de Bertolt Brecht. Trata-se, por um lado, da leitura do conjunto de fragmentos trabalhados por Brecht entre 1926 e 1930, divididos em documento e comentário, que não foram publicados durante a vida do autor. Entendemos que neste conjunto podemos encontrar, em primeiro lugar, um registro do processo de formação artística e política do autor, sua passagem para o marxismo ocorrida na república de Weimar nos anos vinte. Em segundo lugar, identificamos no material o método dialético de configuração artística de Brecht em ação, ao qual ele uma vez referiu-se como o mais alto padrão técnico. Por outro lado, propomos uma leitura do fragmento Fatzer publicado no primeiro dos seus Versuche em 1930. A nossa hipótese é que este pode ser entendido como uma obra de agitprop brechtiana em defesa da Frente Única. / The goal of this work is to propose a commentary about Brecht\'s Fatzer complex. On one hand, it is the reading of the entirety of fragments worked by Bertolt Brecht between 1926 and 1930, divided in document and commentary, unpublished during the author\'s life. We understand that in the complex we can find, in the first place, a register of Brechts artistical and political formation process, the \"way\" into Marxism that occurred in the Weimar Republic in the twenties. In the second place, we identify on this material Brecht\'s dialectical method of artistic configuration in action, which he has once referred to as \"the highest technical standard\". On the other hand, we propose a reading of the Fatzer fragment that was published in the first of his Versuche in 1930. Our hypothesis is that it can be understood as a brechtian agitprop work in defense of the United Front.

La tesi ha lo scopo di inquadrare Giordani nel contesto del mondo culturale cattolico tra le due guerre e di approfondire la sua proposta di «cristianesimo integrale» come soluzione alla crisi che negli anni Venti e Trenta viziò il mondo economico, il sistema politico e lo scenario culturale, a livello di principi fondamentali, di valori. Per questo si è dato assoluto rilievo ai rapporti di Giordani con molti intellettuali suoi contemporanei e con varie istituzioni culturali cattoliche. Il testo segue dapprima un indirizzo biografico, che permette di ripercorrere la vita di Giordani dalla giovinezza, segnata dalla guerra e dall’esperienza al fronte, alla sua serena fine, nel 1980. Si tratta di una testimonianza di come la sua conseguenzialità tra fede e opere abbia inciso negli ambienti che lo hanno visto protagonista, tanto che è stato avviato per lui il processo di beatificazione. La ricerca è stata condotta tenendo conto degli scritti di Giordani e della storiografia precedente, ma soprattutto utilizzando numerosi materiali d’archivio. In particolare i carteggi privati aiutano a ricostruire l’operato di Giordani a favore dell’impegno degli intellettuali cattolici negli anni oscuri del fascismo e la sua indefessa attività per la realizzazione di un nuovo umanesimo. Altro spazio è stato riservato ai rapporti maturati da Giordani con due esponenti del mondo cattolico italiano di quel periodo, ovvero Giovanni Papini e Piero Bargellini. / This dissertation aims at setting Igino Giordani within the broader framework of the catholic cultural environment between the two world wars. It focuses on his proposal of an «integral Christianity» as a solution to the recession which threatened the fundamental values and principles of the economy, politics and culture during the 1920's and 1930's. This is the reason why the relationships between Giordani and many of his colleagues and cultural catholic institutions have been studied in depth. The work starts with a biography, underlining how Giordani's youth has been affected by the war and the experience as a soldier, up to his peaceful death, in 1980. His life shows how the consistency of his actions with his faith made him an influent personality in his working environments, to the point that the beatification process has begun. The research is based on Giordani's writings and on the previous historiography, but the most important source is constituted by a large number of archive documents. Particularly, Giordani's private correspondence has been very useful in understanding how he acted in order to support the engagement of the catholic intellectuals during the dark fascist age and his endless activity in order to build a new humanism. The work also focuses on the relationships between Giordani and two members of the Italian catholic world of the time: Giovanni Papini and Piero Bargellini.