Disagreement on what kind of philosopher Nietzsche was (e.g., the first postmodern or a traditional) stems, in part, from what weight his unpublished writings are given in various interpretations of his philosophy. I argue that the unpublished material can sometimes assist in interpreting passages from Nietzsche's published work, but that it should not be given equal interpretive status as books Nietzsche himself authorized for publication. Since this issue alone is not decisive for understanding what kind of philosopher Nietzsche was (contra current debates which reduce the ambiguity to this issue), I characterize three genres of Nietzsche scholarship, and argue that contemporary analytical accounts are best understood as appropriations of things Nietzsche said for solving current philosophical problems, rather than accurate representations of what Nietzsche himself was up to. This leads me to conclude that, probably, Nietzsche was the father of a whole new kind of philosophizing that finds later expression in such thinkers as Heidegger, Foucault, Derrida, Rorty, and recent literary theory. / Master of Arts

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Les manuscrits privés de Georges Canguilhem (1904-1995) ne sont accessibles au publique que depuis 2008. Le présent travail se focalise sur l'analyse des manuscrits concernant la période d'enseignement de Canguilhem, professeur de philosophie (à partir de 1929) et de philosophie et histoire des sciences (à partir de 1955) dans les lycées et dans les universités françaises. Depuis la mort du philosophe de Castelnaudary, on a assisté à une nouvelle tentative de systématisation et de mise en cohérence de la totalité de sa production philosophique publiée qui, selon les interprètes du passé, commençait conventionnellement en 1943, c'est-à-dire avec la parution du fameux "Essai sur quelques problèmes concernant le normal et le pathologique". Des articles récents (auxquels a été consacré le premier chapitre) ont par exemple mis en lumière l'importance de quelques écrits auparavant inconnus, tels que « Descartes et la technique » (1937) et « Activité technique et création » (1938) ; d'autres travaux ont avancé la thèse d'un Canguilhem ''philosophe tout court'', en rompant avec cette tradition qui le considérait d'abord comme un historien des sciences. Le but de ce travail est de démontrer que la clé interprétative permettant, à la fois, de regarder la production philosophique de Canguilhem comme un ''tout'' organique et systématique, et de le considérer comme un ''philosophe tout court'', consiste en un concept d'action, qui est à son tour une catégorie purement philosophique, car concernant les rapports entre le plan de la pensée abstraite et le plan de l'acte concret. Si le terme action, dont le concept correspondant indique précisément le surpassement de l'acte libre à l'égard de la norme abstraite et figée, n'est pas présent dans les textes publiés, les manuscrits inédits (analysés dans les chapitres II et III) approfondissent ce concept en lui conférant en même temps un nom, qui est justement celui d'action. Une grande partie d'un manuscrit de 1929-32, Philosophie (éléments de doctrine et textes choisis), porte par exemple sur l'étude de la notionphilosophique d'action. Le quatrième et dernier chapitre, entièrement dédié à un cours des années 1966-67, tenu à la Sorbonne et intitulé L'action, viendra conclure sur ce concept. / The private manuscripts of Georges Canguilhem (1904-1995) were not accessible to the public until 2008. Our work focuses on the analysis of the manuscripts written while Canguilhem, Professor of Philosophy (from 1929) and Philosophy and History of Science (from 1955), was teaching in several French schools and universities. Since the death of the philosopher from Castelnaudary, there has been a renewed interest in systematizing the whole of his published philosophical production. According to the majority of scholars, it began in 1943, that is, with the publication of the famous "Essay on some problems concerning the normal and the pathological". In literature, some recent works (which have been thoroughly discussed in Chapter I) have highlighted the importance of some previously unknown writings, such as « Descartes et la technique » (1937) and « Activité technique et création » (1938). Other authors have proposed that Canguilhem was a philosopher tout court, challenging a conventional view that considers him - first and foremost - as a science historian. This work aims to demonstrate that the concept of action allows for considering the philosophical production of Canguilhem as an organic and systematic ''whole'', and to consider him as a "philosopher tout court". This concept stands as a purely philosophical concept, due to the relationship between abstract thinking and concrete action. While the term action, whose corresponding concept defines precisely the overcoming of the free act against the abstract and rigid norm, is not present in the published texts, the unpublished manuscripts (discussed in Chapters II and III) deepen this concept by giving it a name, which is precisely that of action. As an example, a manuscript written in 1929-1932, "Philosophie (éléments de doctrine et textes choisis)", is mostly focused on the study of the philosophical notion of action. The fourth and last chapter is entirely dedicated to a course held in 1966-1967 at the Sorbonne University in Paris, entitled "L'action".

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A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo investigar sob quais condições é possível promover o exercício da cidadania desde a infância no contexto da escola pública. O pressuposto assumido nesse estudo foi a noção das crianças como grupo social com interesses específicos, capazes de expressar sua visão sobre o que significa viver a cidadania e de participar em decisões sobre assuntos que as envolvam, propondo soluções criativas em diálogos com os adultos. Buscou-se estudar a experiência de transformação curricular em uma escola da rede pública municipal, em São Paulo, que se apresenta com uma proposta de formação cidadã desde a infância. Adotou-se como perspectiva metodológica a abordagem qualitativa, por meio de estudo de caso inspirado pelas orientações etnográficas. O percurso da pesquisa e a construção da metodologia estabeleceram coerência entre fundamentos que permitissem enfatizar a sintonia entre ética e pesquisa. A produção de dados envolveu leitura de documentos institucionais, o registro em diário de campo, observações participantes e entrevistas com trinta e nove crianças, três adolescentes e nove adultos. A literatura no que se refere à pesquisa com crianças subsidiou todo o processo investigativo, dando ênfase aos aspectos éticos, tais como: participação voluntária, consentimento dos pais e deles próprios e privacidade. Os fundamentos da pedagogia de Paulo Freire foram a principal base de sustentação teórico-prática da pesquisa. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que é plenamente viável a realização de propostas na educação escolar que proporcionem à criança participar ativamente da construção de sua cidadania. Para tanto, conclui-se que a escola pesquisada criou condições concretas em parceria com a comunidade local, para superar situaçõeslimites, e descobrir inéditos viáveis, configurando-se em uma escola inovadora, sem muros e sem paredes. Rompeu com um ensino tradicional, abriu espaço para que o currículo da educação básica fosse repensado, com vistas a formular metodologias que respeitassem a cultura, o tempo, o espaço e as características do ser criança e considerassem a ludicidade, a música, a brincadeira, entre outras linguagens. Pelas vozes das crianças, a cidadania desde a infância foi traduzida em exercício dos direitos, ações propositivas para a vida em sociedade e a aprendizagem da democracia por meio da participação delas em Assembleias de Estudantes, Rodas de Conversas, Comissões Mediadoras, Conselho de Escola e República de Estudantes. Em coerência com os princípios metodológicos, a pesquisa foi avaliada pelos participantes e os estudantes apresentaram importantes indicações para novos estudos sobre escolas públicas e privadas. Por fim, a pesquisa anunciou outro mundo possível na perspectiva das crianças, que apresentaram o princípio ético da vida como um bem precioso em comum. / The present research aimed to investigate under what conditions it is possible to promote the exercise of citizenship from childhood in the context of the public school. The assumption assumed in this study was the notion of children as a social group with specific interests, capable of expressing their vision about what it means to live citizenship and to participate in decisions on subjects that involve them, proposing creative solutions in dialogues with adults. We sought to study the experience of curricular transformation in a school of the municipal public network, in São Paulo, which presents itself with a proposal of citizen training from childhood. The qualitative approach was adopted as a methodological perspective, through a case study inspired by the ethnographic orientations. The course of the research and the construction of the methodology established coherence among foundations that allowed to emphasize the harmony between ethics and research. Data production involved reading institutional documents, field journaling, participant observations and interviews with thirtynine children, three adolescents, and nine adults. The literature regarding research with children subsidized the entire investigative process, emphasizing ethical aspects such as: voluntary participation, consent of parents and themselves and privacy. The fundamentals of Paulo Freire\'s pedagogy were the main basis for theoretical and practical support of the research. The results showed that it is fully feasible to make proposals in school education that allow children to participate actively in the construction of their citizenship. In order to do so, we conclude that the researched school created concrete conditions in partnership with the local community, to overcome \"limiting situations\", and to discover \"viable unpublished\", being configured in an innovative school, \"without walls\". It broke with a traditional teaching, opened space for the basic education curriculum to be rethought, with a view to formulating methodologies that respected the culture, time, space and characteristics of \"being a child\" and considered playfulness, music, games, among other languages. Through the voices of children, citizenship from childhood has been translated into the exercise of rights, propositional actions for life in society and the learning of democracy through their participation in Student Assemblies, Circle Conversation, Mediation Commissions, School Council and Republic of students. Consistent with the methodological principles, the research was evaluated by the participants and the students presented important indications for new studies on public and private schools. Finally, the research announced \"another possible world\" from the perspective of children, who presented the ethical principle of life as a precious commodity in common.

The thesis represents an attempt, within the broad field of religion and literature and of identity studies, to read the early unpublished fiction of Alan Paton, dating from approximately 1922 (the end of his student days) to 1935 (when he became Principal of Diepkloof Reformatory). It is pointed out that research into the interrelationship of literature and religion, while well-established in a number of countries, is lagging in South Africa, and it is believed that the present thesis is the first full-length work of its kind, at least as far as South African literature in English is concerned. The writer advances reasons for his explicitly religious and hermeneutic approach to questions of human identity, as found in Paton especially, and focuses these on two particular areas: narrative identity, as propounded in the later work of Paul Ricoeur, and relational identity (to the other human being and to the Other, God), as theorised by Emmanuel Levinas in his later writing. In order to contextualise the study in Africa and in South Africa, brief attention is accorded to writers such as Soyinka, Mbiti and Mbembe and to current debates regarding white identity in South Africa. To lend a sense of historical context, Paton's work is viewed against the backdrop of identity in colonial Natal. The overall approach adopted may be described as broadly, but critically, postmodernist. Paton's earliest, fragmentary novel, 'Ship of Truth' (1922-1923) is read in some detail; his second, and only complete early novel, 'Brother Death' (1930), is commented on in as much detail as its frequently rambling nature warrants. A chapter on shorter fiction discusses his short story 'Little Barbee' (1928?), his short story 'Calvin Doone' (1930), his third novel, 'John Henry Dane' (1934), and a novel or novella, 'Secret for Seven' (1934). From all these readings it emerges that the Paton of his early fiction is markedly different from the Paton generally known: his concepts of human identity, of God and of religion, though earnest, are unformed and frequently ambivalent; his characterisation often stereotyped and wooden; his political views usually prejudiced and his stylistic and other techniques, though adequate in a young writer, highly repetitive. Various suggestions are made for future research: into South African literature from a religious perspective, into other aspects of Paton's works, and so forth. / Thesis (Ph.D. (English))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

Thesis (Ph.D. (English))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

The thesis represents an attempt, within the broad field of religion and literature and of identity studies, to read the early unpublished fiction of Alan Paton, dating from approximately 1922 (the end of his student days) to 1935 (when he became Principal of Diepkloof Reformatory). It is pointed out that research into the interrelationship of literature and religion, while well-established in a number of countries, is lagging in South Africa, and it is believed that the present thesis is the first full-length work of its kind, at least as far as South African literature in English is concerned. The writer advances reasons for his explicitly religious and hermeneutic approach to questions of human identity, as found in Paton especially, and focuses these on two particular areas: narrative identity, as propounded in the later work of Paul Ricoeur, and relational identity (to the other human being and to the Other, God), as theorised by Emmanuel Levinas in his later writing. In order to contextualise the study in Africa and in South Africa, brief attention is accorded to writers such as Soyinka, Mbiti and Mbembe and to current debates regarding white identity in South Africa. To lend a sense of historical context, Paton's work is viewed against the backdrop of identity in colonial Natal. The overall approach adopted may be described as broadly, but critically, postmodernist. Paton's earliest, fragmentary novel, 'Ship of Truth' (1922-1923) is read in some detail; his second, and only complete early novel, 'Brother Death' (1930), is commented on in as much detail as its frequently rambling nature warrants. A chapter on shorter fiction discusses his short story 'Little Barbee' (1928?), his short story 'Calvin Doone' (1930), his third novel, 'John Henry Dane' (1934), and a novel or novella, 'Secret for Seven' (1934). From all these readings it emerges that the Paton of his early fiction is markedly different from the Paton generally known: his concepts of human identity, of God and of religion, though earnest, are unformed and frequently ambivalent; his characterisation often stereotyped and wooden; his political views usually prejudiced and his stylistic and other techniques, though adequate in a young writer, highly repetitive. Various suggestions are made for future research: into South African literature from a religious perspective, into other aspects of Paton's works, and so forth. / Thesis (Ph.D. (English))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta dissertação propõe-se a analisar e discutir o acervo inédito de fotografias sobre Brasília - concebido em sete expedições pelo fotógrafo mineiro Geraldo Vieira - desde a primeira missa até a inauguração da então nova capital do Brasil. Ainda, avaliar a importância de Geraldo Vieira por meio de sua trajetória fotográfica, principalmente no que tange à sua permanência na cidade de Araguari-MG, no Triângulo Mineiro, e a sua contribuição para a historiografia da mesma. Não obstante, apontar ainda a relevância de um acervo inédito de fotografias da capital Brasília - que é sinônimo máximo da aplicação dos princípios da Carta de Atenas em todo o mundo, a qual teve como contribuidor e redator final o arquiteto Le Corbusier - para a historiografia e documentação da Arquitetura Moderna Brasileira. Geraldo Vieira foi além de fotógrafo, um artista multifacetado, cujas habilidades se revelam tanto na área da fotografia quanto em outros aspectos de vida. Dessa maneira, seu legado foi capaz de influenciar não só nos modos de recepção de uma arquitetura moderna nascente, como também entusiasmar a maneira na qual as pessoas gostariam de ser vistas nas vitrines de seu estúdio, além da promoção de questões políticas debatidas em grupos sociais através da contribuição em publicações jornalísticas e exposições fotográficas. O resultado da pesquisa depreende a explanação da trajetória do artista para uma compreensão do seu envolvimento com o fotojornalismo, bem como a averiguação das suas peculiaridades enquanto um profissional fotográfico, para que se possa chegar de fato a uma investigação das composições fotográficas de Brasília, integrantes de seu acervo inédito. Uma importante diretriz a que este trabalho também se apoia - além do ineditismo da documentação fotográfica de Brasília - é na abordagem de um estudo que poderá contribuir e somar esforços e reflexões acerca da representação de Brasília, ao estabelecer o contraponto da análise de fotografias captadas por um fotógrafo afastado do eixo Rio de Janeiro - São Paulo, que foi atuante no interior do Estado de Minas Gerais. / This thesis proposes to analyze and discuss the unpublished collection of photographs of Brasilia - designed in seven mining expeditions by photographer Geraldo Vieira - from the first mass to the opening of the then new capital of Brazil. Also assess the importance of Geraldo Vieira through his photographic career, especially with regard to their stay in the city of Araguari-MG, in the Triângulo Mineiro, and its contribution to the historiography of it. Nevertheless, still point out the relevance of a unique collection of capital photographs Brasilia - that is most synonymous with the application of the principles of the Athens Charter in the world, which had the contributor and final editor architect Le Corbusier - to historiography and documentation of the Brazilian Modern Architecture. Geraldo Vieira was well as a photographer, a multifaceted artist whose skills are revealed both in photography and in other aspects of life. In this way, his legacy was able to influence not only in reception modes of modern source architecture, but also excited about the way in which people would like to be seen in his studio windows, in addition to promoting political issues discussed in social groups by contributing in journalistic photography and exhibitions publications. The search result appears from the explanation of the artist's path to an understanding of their involvement in photojournalism and to investigate its peculiarities as a photographic professional, so that you can reach in fact an investigation of photographic compositions of Brasilia, members his unpublished collection. An important guideline to this work also supports - in addition to the unprecedented nature of photographic documentation of Brasilia - is the approach of a study that could help and join efforts and reflections on the representation of Brasilia, to set the contrast of the photo analysis captured by a retired photographer axis Rio de Janeiro - São Paulo, which was active in the state of Minas Gerais. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

Despite being an equal in the most significant partnership in British cinema, Emeric Pressburger has largely been overshadowed by his long term collaborator Michael Powell in both critical and academic studies. While there have been countless books on Powell and Pressburger as a team, those who have sought to separate the partnership have, until now, focussed almost exclusively on Powell. This thesis will attempt to redress the balance within Powell and Pressburger scholarship and attempt to break away from director-centric film studies. It will aim to examine Pressburger’s morally ambiguous characters, such as the recurring “good German” and his propensity to humanise characters who would normally be termed evil or corrupt, in conjunction with the central themes of displacement and exile within Pressburger’s screenplays and novels. The thesis will also utilise both unpublished and unfilmed material and demonstrate that the study of these works that exist only in archives provide a greater insight into the working practises of authors and filmmakers, while providing a valuable point of comparison to their more widely known works. Specifically, this thesis will address four separate aspects of Pressburger’s canon. First, it will discuss Pressburger’s war films which he made with Powell, which have suffered to an extent from neglect by many Archers’ scholars. It is clear that Pressburger’s key hallmarks and mirroring of his own experiences during the war can be seen to develop within these works and provide an ideal point of comparison with that of his later projects such as his novels. Chapter two will then examine the often overlooked filmed operetta, <i>Oh ... Rosalinda!! </i>(1955) along with Pressburger’s unfilmed screenplay <i>The Golden Years</i> (1951) a biopic of Richard Strauss, and provide a comparison to demonstrate the manner in which Pressburger’s love of opera overlapped with his development of complex characters and response to the war. Chapter three will analyse Pressburger two published novels, both of which have been largely ignored by both cinema and literary critics. Through the study of these novels, the difference in approach after the transition from screenwriter to novelist will be examined, along with the further development of his seeming neutrality in the portrayal of morally unsound characters. Chapter four will then focus on Pressburger’s two unpublished novels, <i>The Unholy Passion</i> and <i>A Face like England</i>, with consideration of Pressburger’s developing ideas of morality and forgiveness in his later years. In conclusion, by closely examining works that have been overlooked by Powell and Pressburger scholars, the thesis will shed new light on Pressburger, both as a filmmaker and an author and demonstrate the complexities of both his characters and his writing.