A sociedade vem questionando os conteúdos presentes no currículo de ciências, quanto ao \"por que\" e \"para que\" ensiná-los. Isso ocorre também dentro do ambiente escolar. Atualmente, o ensino de ciências tem acontecido de maneira bastante desconexa da realidade de nossos alunos, afinal, este ensino não tem apresentado inovações ou trazido temas atualizados para as discussões que ocorrem no ambiente da sala de aula. Apresentamos neste trabalho uma proposta de atualização curricular do ensino de ciências através da inserção de tópicos de Física Moderna e Contemporânea, com base na proposta curricular inserida nos PCNEM e PCNEM+ para a disciplina de Física. Nossa proposta consiste em uma seqüência didática de um curso de Física das Radiações voltado ao Ensino Médio, onde se utilizam as noções de \"marcadores\" e \"marcadores-estruturantes\", desenvolvidas no contexto da teoria da Transposição Didática, para delinear as atividades que acreditamos serem essenciais para que esta nova seqüência de ensino seja exeqüível. / The society has questioned what should be taught in science learning, including both \"why\" and \"what for\" some subjects should be taught. This kind of discussion occurs also inside the educational environment. Presently the science teaching is not connected to the reality of the student, because teaching has not related to scientific innovations, no updated themes are discussed in the classroom. In this work the curricular updating is inserted through the inclusion of Modern and Contemporary Physics topics, as suggested in the PCNEM and PCNEM+. This proposal consists of a didactic sequence of a course on Radiations Physics appropriated to the high school teaching. The concept of \"markers\" and \"structurating-markers\" is discussed within the Didactic Transposition Theory. \"Markers\" are established through the proposed activities, which are supposed to be the essential ones to the learning sequence.

Orientador: João Antônio Pereira / Banca: Amarildo Tabone Paschoalini / Banca: Heraldo Nélio Cambraia / Resumo: O presente trabalho propõe uma metodologia de ajuste de modelos de elementos finitos aplicado a problemas de contato. O ajuste do modelo é realizado através da atualização dos parâmetros físicos e/ou geométricos do modelo bem como dos parâmetros dos elementos de contato. O método utilizado é baseado nas FRF(s) e é formulado a partir de um resíduo de entrada, dado pelo balanço de força do sistema. Um software é implementado para fazer a comparação e correlação dos modelos analítico e experimental, e se necessário, ajustar os parâmetros do modelo analítico. O modelo analítico é gerado pelo software comercial ANSYSâ, e os dados experimentais são obtidos em testes experimentais de análise modal. A metodologia foi avaliada com exemplos numéricos e testes experimentais buscando identificar as potencialidades e limitações do método. Dois testes experimentais foram realizados. O primeiro teste consiste em obter os parâmetros modais de uma estrutura simples do tipo viga. No segundo teste, os parâmetros modais são obtidos de uma estrutura composta por duas peças em contato. O objetivo do primeiro teste é avaliar a potencialidade da metodologia proposta utilizando uma base de dados experimental confiável, já que a estrutura é simples e suas propriedades são bem conhecidas. O segundo teste tem por objetivo avaliar a metodologia para o problema de contato. Os resultados apresentados mostram a funcionalidade da metodologia. O ajuste foi realizado com êxito tanto para a estrutura simples como para a estrutura composta por duas peças em contato. / Abstract: The present work proposes a finite element model updating methodology applied to problems of contact. The updating of the models is accomplished through the updating of the physical and/or geometric parameters of the model as well as the parameters of the contact elements. The approach is a FRF-based method; it is formulated from input residue, given by the equilibrium force of the system. It is implemented a software to makes the comparison and correlation of the analytical and experimental models, and if necessary, to adjust the parameters of the analytic model based in the experimental data, in order to get a more reliable finite element model. The analytical model is created by the commercial software ANSYSâ, and the experimental data are obtained by experimental modal tests. The methodology was evaluated with numeric and experimental data aiming at identifying of the potentialities and limitations of the method. Two experimental tests were developed, the first test consists of the analyses of a beam like structure and the second one, the analysis of a structure composed by two pieces in contact. The aim of the first test is to evaluate the potentiality of the methodology using a reliable experimental base of data, since the structure is simple and its properties are very wellknown. The second test has for objective to evaluate the methodology for problems of contact. The presented results have shown the functionality of the methodology. The adjustment was accomplished with relative success for the simple structure as well as for the structure composed by two pieces in contact. / Mestre

O roadmapping foi introduzido pela Motorola há mais de 26 anos como uma abordagem para apoiar o planejamento integrado de mercado, produtos e tecnologia. O principal objetivo do roadmapping é a criação de roadmaps, representações visuais em forma de diagramas e tabelas, que capturam e sintetizam informações de mercado, produtos, tecnologias e recursos em um plano com metas para novos desenvolvimentos. A introdução do processo de roadmapping compreende uma série de desafios. Um dos principais, segundo estudos recentes, é a dificuldade de sustentar o processo de roadmapping, ou seja, manter os roadmaps atualizados após a construção do primeiro mapa. Esta dificuldade pode ser atribuída ao fato de que a maioria das aplicações se baseia na utilização de especialistas externos à organização para coleta e análise de informações, o que é proibitivo para algumas organizações em função dos custos envolvidos e a uma lacuna na literatura, que não apresenta um modelo que oriente os praticantes em como manter os roadmaps atualizados. Este estudo apresenta um modelo de atualização de roadmaps que explora duas teorias conjuntamente: a utilização de conceitos do ciclo de inteligência competitiva e princípios de agilidade. Descreve-se o desenvolvimento de um modelo para atualização de roadmaps desenvolvido a partir de uma pesquisa-ação em uma organização do segmento de bens de consumo para a construção civil. Como resultados, apresentam-se o modelo desenvolvido e sua avaliação pelos profissionais da organização. Os dados coletados indicam que o modelo proposto contribuiu para esta organização em específico por meio de um impacto positivo no grau de monitoramento constante de informações, a credibilidade no roadmap e sua utilização durante a elaboração da estratégia de inovação da organização. Um dos diferenciais do modelo é a proposição de um arcabouço que pode ser realizado pela própria organização através da formação de times ágeis, sem a necessidade de criação de novas posições e áreas funcionais. / Roadmapping was introduced by Motorola more than 26 years ago as an approach to support market, product and technology integrated planning. The main objective of the roadmapping is to create roadmaps, visual models of diagrams and tables that capture and synthetize market, product, technology and resources information in a plan compounded by goals for new developments. The roadmapping implementation enhances several challenges. One of the main, according to recent studies, its the difficulty in sustain the roadmapping process, in other words, maintain the roadmaps updated. This difficult can be attributed to the fact that the most of the applications are based on the use of external experts to collect e analyze information, which is prohibitive to some organizations due to the costs involved and to a gap in the literature, that doesnt present a model for guiding the practitioners in how to maintain the roadmaps updated. This paper presents a model for updating roadmaps that combines competitive intelligence and agile management theories. The model was developed through an action research in a civil construction segment organization. The collect data shows that the developed model contributed to this specific organization, by means of a positive impact on the degree of continuous information monitoring, the credibility on the roadmap and its use during the organizations innovation strategy formulation. One of the differentials of the model is the proposition of a framework that can be managed by the organization itself through the use of agile teams, without the need of new holes or functional areas to accomplish it.

O roadmapping foi introduzido pela Motorola há mais de 26 anos como uma abordagem para apoiar o planejamento integrado de mercado, produtos e tecnologia. O principal objetivo do roadmapping é a criação de roadmaps, representações visuais em forma de diagramas e tabelas, que capturam e sintetizam informações de mercado, produtos, tecnologias e recursos em um plano com metas para novos desenvolvimentos. A introdução do processo de roadmapping compreende uma série de desafios. Um dos principais, segundo estudos recentes, é a dificuldade de sustentar o processo de roadmapping, ou seja, manter os roadmaps atualizados após a construção do primeiro mapa. Esta dificuldade pode ser atribuída ao fato de que a maioria das aplicações se baseia na utilização de especialistas externos à organização para coleta e análise de informações, o que é proibitivo para algumas organizações em função dos custos envolvidos e a uma lacuna na literatura, que não apresenta um modelo que oriente os praticantes em como manter os roadmaps atualizados. Este estudo apresenta um modelo de atualização de roadmaps que explora duas teorias conjuntamente: a utilização de conceitos do ciclo de inteligência competitiva e princípios de agilidade. Descreve-se o desenvolvimento de um modelo para atualização de roadmaps desenvolvido a partir de uma pesquisa-ação em uma organização do segmento de bens de consumo para a construção civil. Como resultados, apresentam-se o modelo desenvolvido e sua avaliação pelos profissionais da organização. Os dados coletados indicam que o modelo proposto contribuiu para esta organização em específico por meio de um impacto positivo no grau de monitoramento constante de informações, a credibilidade no roadmap e sua utilização durante a elaboração da estratégia de inovação da organização. Um dos diferenciais do modelo é a proposição de um arcabouço que pode ser realizado pela própria organização através da formação de times ágeis, sem a necessidade de criação de novas posições e áreas funcionais. / Roadmapping was introduced by Motorola more than 26 years ago as an approach to support market, product and technology integrated planning. The main objective of the roadmapping is to create roadmaps, visual models of diagrams and tables that capture and synthetize market, product, technology and resources information in a plan compounded by goals for new developments. The roadmapping implementation enhances several challenges. One of the main, according to recent studies, its the difficulty in sustain the roadmapping process, in other words, maintain the roadmaps updated. This difficult can be attributed to the fact that the most of the applications are based on the use of external experts to collect e analyze information, which is prohibitive to some organizations due to the costs involved and to a gap in the literature, that doesnt present a model for guiding the practitioners in how to maintain the roadmaps updated. This paper presents a model for updating roadmaps that combines competitive intelligence and agile management theories. The model was developed through an action research in a civil construction segment organization. The collect data shows that the developed model contributed to this specific organization, by means of a positive impact on the degree of continuous information monitoring, the credibility on the roadmap and its use during the organizations innovation strategy formulation. One of the differentials of the model is the proposition of a framework that can be managed by the organization itself through the use of agile teams, without the need of new holes or functional areas to accomplish it.

<p>An embedded system is an application-specific system that is typically dedicated to performing a particular task. Majority of embedded systems are also real-time, implying that timeliness in the system need to be enforced. An embedded system needs to be enforced efficient management of a large amount of data, including maintenance of data freshness in an environment with limited CPU and memory resources. Uniform and efficient data maintenance can be ensured by integrating database management functionality with the system. Furthermore, the resources can be utilized more efficiently if the redundant calculations can be avoided. On-demand updating and active behavior are two solutions that aim at decreasing the number of calculations on data items in embedded systems.</p><p>COMET is a COMponent-based Embedded real-Time database, developed to meet the increasing requirements for efficient data management in embedded real-time systems. The COMET platform has been developed using a novel software engineering technique, AspeCtual COmponent-based Real-time software Development (ACCORD), which enables creating database configurations, using software components and aspects from the library, based on the requirements of an application. Although COMET provides uniform and efficient data management for real-time and embedded systems, it does not provide support for on-demand and active behavior.</p><p>This thesis is focusing on design, implementation, and evaluation of two new COMET configurations, on-demand updating of data and active behavior. The configurations are created by extending the COMET component and aspect library with a set of aspects that implement on-demand and active behavior. The on-demand updating aspect implements the ODDFT algorithm, which traverses the data dependency graph in the depth-first manner, and triggers and schedules on-demand updates based on data freshness in the value domain. The active behavior aspect enables the database to take actions when an event occurs and a condition coupled with that event and action is fulfilled.</p><p>As we show in the performance evaluation, integrating on-demand and active behavior in COMET improves the performance of the database system, gives a better utilization of the CPU, and makes the management of data more efficient.</p>

Aerospace design requirements mandate acceptable levels of structural failure risk. Probabilistic fatigue models enable estimation of the likelihood of fatigue failure. A key step in the development of these models is the accurate inference of the probability distributions for dominant parameters. Since data sets for these inferences are of limited size, the fatigue model parameter distributions are themselves uncertain. A hierarchical Bayesian approach is adopted to account for the uncertainties in both the parameters and their distribution. Variables specifying the distribution of the fatigue model parameters are cast as hyperparameters whose uncertainty is modeled with a hyperprior distribution. Bayes' rule is used to determine the posterior hyperparameter distribution, given available data, thus specifying the probabilistic model. The Bayesian formulation provides an additional advantage by allowing the posterior distribution to be updated as new data becomes available through inspections. By updating the probabilistic model, uncertainty in the hyperparameters can be reduced, and the appropriate level of conservatism can be achieved. In this work, techniques for Bayesian inference and updating of probabilistic fatigue models for metallic components are developed. Both safe-life and damage-tolerant methods are considered. Uncertainty in damage rates, crack growth behavior, damage, and initial flaws are quantified. Efficient computational techniques are developed to perform the inference and updating analyses. The developed capabilities are demonstrated through a series of case studies.

Mathematical models that are built in order to simulate the behavior of structures, most often, tend to respond differently than the actual structures in their initial state. In order to use the mathematical models and their computational outputs instead of testing the real structure under every possible case, it is mandatory to have a mathematical model that reflects the characteristics of the actual structure in the best possible way. In this thesis, the so called model updating techniques used for updating the mathematical models in order to make them respond in the way the actual structures do are investigated. Case studies using computationally generated test data are performed using the direct and indirect modal updating techniques with the software developed for each method investigated. After investigating the direct and indirect modal updating techniques, two of them, one using frequency response functions and the other using modal sensitivities, are determined to be the most suitable ones for aircraft structures. A generic software is developed for the technique using modal sensitivities. A modal test is carried out on a scaled aircraft model. The test data is used for updating of the finite element model of the scaled aircraft using the modal sensitivities and the usability of the method is thus evaluated. The finite element model of a real aircraft using the modal test data is also updated using the modal sensitivities. A new error localization technique and a model updating routine are also proposed in this thesis. This modal updating routine is used with several case studies using computationally generated test data and it is concluded that it is capable of updating the mathematical models even with incomplete measured data.

Approaches were developed for building extraction and updating from high resolution satellite imagery. The developed approaches include two main stages: (i) detecting the building patches and (ii) delineating the building boundaries. The building patches are detected from high resolution satellite imagery using the Support Vector Machines (SVM) classification, which is performed for both the building extraction and updating approaches. In the building extraction part of the study, the previously detected building patches are delineated using the Hough transform and boundary tracing based techniques. In the Hough transform based technique, the boundary delineation is carried out using the processing operations of edge detection, Hough transformation, and perceptual grouping. In the boundary tracing based technique, the detected edges are vectorized using the boundary tracing algorithm. The results are then refined through line simplification and vector filters. In the building updating part of the study, the destroyed buildings are determined through analyzing the existing building boundaries and the previously detected building patches. The new buildings are delineated using the developed model based approach, in which the building models are selected from an existing building database by utilizing the shape parameters. The developed approaches were tested in the Batikent district of Ankara, Turkey, using the IKONOS panchromatic and pan-sharpened stereo images (2002) and existing vector database (1999). The results indicate that the proposed approaches are quite satisfactory with the accuracies computed in the range from 68.60% to 98.26% for building extraction, and from 82.44% to 88.95% for building updating.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:02:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5186.pdf: 2599348 bytes, checksum: 26d9e80466a7d2fc73ebc77310c28500 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-18 / Updating the physics curriculum for high school has been a challenge to all researchers and teachers in the area for at least two decades and has appeared in many academic studies that account for the needs justifying this update. However, we still haven´t achieved this update in the classrooms. But there is already some research focused on structure and activities for teaching and learning sequences that have emerged in the field of physics education research in order to fill this gap in the curriculum of physics for high school. From this research we reflected on the possibilities of carrying out a process of transformation in regards to the theme of cosmic rays in learning how to teach, based on the rules and features of the Theory of Didactic Transposition, proposed by Ives Chevallard (1991). Thus, we implemented a sequence of teaching and learning about cosmic rays in order to determine the point of impact and reconstruct the direction of arrival of a primary cosmic ray from data recorded by the Pierre Auger Observatory. We applied this activity in the form of a mini course in a public school in the city of Sertãozinho/SP. This activity addressed fundamental concepts such as energy conservation, center of mass, velocity, coordinate systems, time references and observation of the sky. / Atualizar o currículo de Física para o Ensino Médio é um desafio a todos os pesquisadores e professores da área, e há pelo menos duas décadas figuram no meio acadêmico muitas pesquisas que dão conta de justificar as necessidades desta atualização. No entanto, ainda não percebemos nas salas um reflexo desta atualização. Mas já existem algumas pesquisas focadas em estruturar atividades e sequências de ensino e aprendizagem, e que têm surgido com força no campo de pesquisa em ensino de Física, visando a suprir essa carência no currículo de Física do Ensino Médio. Foi neste sentido que refletimos sobre as possibilidades de se realizar um processo de transformação do tema Raios Cósmicos em saber a ensinar, com base nas regras e características da Teoria da Transposição Didática, proposta por Ives Chevallard (1991). Assim, implementamos uma sequência de ensinoaprendizagem sobre Raios Cósmicos com o objetivo de determinar o ponto de impacto e reconstrução da direção de chegada de um Raio Cósmico primário a partir de dados registrados pelo Observatório Pierre Auger e aplicamos tal atividade na forma de um minicurso em uma Escola Pública, na cidade de Sertãozinho SP. Esta atividade aborda conceitos fundamentais, como conservação de energia, centro de massa, velocidade, sistemas de coordenadas, referências de tempo e observação do céu.

abstract: This dissertation investigates the dynamics of evolutionary games based on the framework of interacting particle systems in which individuals are discrete, space is explicit, and dynamics are stochastic. Its focus is on 2-strategy games played on a d-dimensional integer lattice with a range of interaction M. An overview of related past work is given along with a summary of the dynamics in the mean-field model, which is described by the replicator equation. Then the dynamics of the interacting particle system is considered, first when individuals are updated according to the best-response update process and then the death-birth update process. Several interesting results are derived, and the differences between the interacting particle system model and the replicator dynamics are emphasized. The terms selfish and altruistic are defined according to a certain ordering of payoff parameters. In these terms, the replicator dynamics are simple: coexistence occurs if both strategies are altruistic; the selfish strategy wins if one strategy is selfish and the other is altruistic; and there is bistability if both strategies are selfish. Under the best-response update process, it is shown that there is no bistability region. Instead, in the presence of at least one selfish strategy, the most selfish strategy wins, while there is still coexistence if both strategies are altruistic. Under the death-birth update process, it is shown that regardless of the range of interactions and the dimension, regions of coexistence and bistability are both reduced. Additionally, coexistence occurs in some parameter region for large enough interaction ranges. Finally, in contrast with the replicator equation and the best-response update process, cooperators can win in the prisoner's dilemma for the death-birth process in one-dimensional nearest-neighbor interactions. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Applied Mathematics 2016