BACKGROUND: An important characteristic of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is the formation of tumors in multiple sites throughout the whole urinary tracts. Two theories explain the pathophysiologic mechanisms of multifocal tumors: (1) intraluminal seeding, it indicates the multiple tumors come from a single transformed malignant cell with secondary seeding or migration at different sites, and (2) the field cancerization, carcinogens affect the urothelium at multiple sites, leading to numerous mutation and independent growth of multifocal polyclonal tumors. Multifocal urothelial carcinomas could come from intraluminal seeding or from field cancerization. However, the data of clinical behaviors between the two different tumor types are lacking. METHODS: Bilateral synchronous and metachronous primary TCC of the upper urinary tracts were derived from field cancerization. Recurrent bladder cancers following upper-tract tumors mostly come from intraluminal seeding. The recurrence, progression, and prognosis of the two different tumors were analyzed. RESULTS: Bilateral upper-tract urothelial carcinomas derived from field cancerization were frequently associated with renal insufficiency, which were more invasive and had poor prognosis than bladder tumors derived from intraluminal seeding. CONCLUSION: The clinical behaviors of the multiple urothelial tumors derived from field cancerization and from intraluminal seeding should be different.

Objective: Primary transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the upper urinary tract represents 6–8% of all TCC cases. Nephroureterectomy with removal of a bladder cuff is the treatment of choice. The rates of TCC recurrence in the bladder after primary upper urinary tract surgery described in the literature range between 12.5 and 37.5%. In a retrospective analysis we examined the occurrence of TCC after nephroureterectomy for upper tract TCC in patients without a previous history of bladder TCC at the time of surgery. Methods: Between 1990 and 2002, 29 patients underwent primary nephroureterectomy for upper tract TCC. The mean age of the patients was 69.5 years. In 5 cases upper urinary tract tumors were multilocular, in the remaining cases unilocular in the renal pelvis (n = 12) or the ureter (n = 12). The follow-up was available for 29 patients with a mean follow-up of 3.37 (0.1–11.2) years. Results: 11/29 (37.9%) patients had TCC recurrence with 9/11 patients having bladder TCC diagnosed within 2.5 years (0.9–6.0) after nephroureterectomy. 13/29 patients are alive without TCC recurrence, 3/29 patients died due to systemic TCC progression and 5/29 died of unrelated causes without evidence of TCC recurrence. Conclusion: Our data indicate a high incidence of bladder TCC after nephroureterectomy for primary upper tract TCC of up to 6 years after primary surgery. Because of the high incidence of bladder TCC within the first 3 years of surgery, careful follow-up is needed over at least this period. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Introduction : La néphro-urétérectomie radicale (NUR) représente le traitement primaire pour les patients atteints d’une tumeur des voies excrétrices supérieures (TVES) non métastatique. Une approche ouverte ou laparoscopique peut être considérée. Malgré la présence de plusieurs études comparant les résultats périopératoires et oncologiques entre ces deux approches, aucunes études se basent sur une cohorte populationnelle. Objectif : Notre but est d’évaluer la morbidité péri-opératoire entre la NUR ouverte et laparoscopique en utilisant une cohorte populationnelle. Méthode : Nous avons utilisé la base de donnée Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) pour identifier tous les patients atteints d’une TVES non métastatique, traités par NUR ouverte ou laparoscopique, entre 1998 et 2009. Au total, 7401 (90,8%) et 754 (9,2%) patients ont subi une NUR ouverte et laparoscopique, respectivement. Dans le but de contrôler les différences inhérentes entre les deux groupes, nous avons utilisé une analyse par appariement sur les scores de propension. Ainsi, 3016 (80%) patients avec NUR ouverte étaient appariés à 754 (20%) patients avec NUR laparoscopique. Intervention : Tous les patients ont subi une NUR. Mesures : Les taux de complications intra-opératoires et post-opératoires, de transfusions sanguines, d’hospitalisation prolongée et de mortalité intrahospitalière ont été mesurés. Des analyses de régression logistique on été utilisées pour notre cohorte, après appariement sur les scores de propension. Résultats et Limitations : Pour les patients traités par approche ouverte vs. laparoscopique, les taux suivants furent calculés : transfusions sanguines : 15 vs. 10% (p<0,001); complications intra-opératoires : 4,7 vs. 2,1% (p=0,002); complications post-opératoires : 17 vs. 15% (p=0,24); durée d’hospitalisation prolongée (≥ 5 jours) : 47 vs. 28% (p<0,001); mortalité intra-hospitalière 1,3 vs. 0,7% (p=0,12). Sur les analyses par régression logistique, les patients ayant été traités par NUR laparoscopique avaient moins de chance de recevoir une transfusion sanguine (odds ratio [OR]: 0,6, p<0,001), de subir une complication intra-opératoire (OR: 0,4, p=0,002), et d’avoir une durée prolongée d’hospitalisation (OR: 0,4, p<0,001). Globalement les taux de complications postopératoires étaient équivalents. Toutefois, l’approche laparoscopique était associée à moins de complications pulmonaires (OR: 0,4, p=0,007). Cette étude est limitée par sa nature rétrospective. Conclusion: Après ajustement de potentiels biais de sélection, la NUR par approche laparoscopique est associée à moins de complications intraopératoires et péri-opératoires comparée à la NUR par approche ouverte. / Background: Nephroureterectomy represents the primary management for patients with non-metastatic upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). Either an open (ONU) or laparoscopic (LNU) nephroureterectomy may be considered. Despite the presence of several reports comparing perioperative and cancer control outcomes between the two approaches, no reports relied on a population-based cohort. Objectives: To examine intraoperative and postoperative morbidity of ONU and LNU in a population-based cohort. Design, setting, and participants: We relied on the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) to identify patients with non-metastatic UTUC treated with ONU or LNU between years 1998 and 2009. Overall, 7401 (90.8%) and 754 (9.2%) patients underwent ONU and LNU, respectively. To adjust for potential baseline differences between the two groups, propensity-based matching was performed. This resulted in 3016 (80%) ONU patients matched to 754 (20%) LNU patients. Intervention: All patients underwent NU. Measurements: The rates of intraoperative and postoperative complications, blood transfusions, prolonged length of stay (pLOS), and in-hospital mortality were assessed for both procedures. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed within the post propensity-matched cohort. Results and limitations: For ONU vs. LNU respectively, the following rates were recorded: blood transfusions: 15 vs. 10% (P<0.001); intraoperative complications: 4.7 vs. 2.1% (P=0.002); postoperative complications: 17 vs. 15% (P=0.24); pLOS (≥5 days): 47 vs. 28% (P<0.001); in-hospital mortality: 1.3 vs. 0.7% (P=0.12). In multivariable logistic regression analyses, LNU patients were less likely to receive a blood transfusion (odds ratio [OR]: 0.6, P<0.001), to experience any intraoperative complications (OR: 0.4, P=0.002), and to have a pLOS (OR: 0.4, P<0.001). Overall postoperative complications were equivalent. However, LNU patients had fewer respiratory complications (OR: 0.4, P=0.007). This study is limited by its retrospective nature. Conclusions: After adjustment for potential selection biases, LNU is associated with fewer adverse intraoperative and perioperative outcomes than ONU.

Introdução: As moléculas de adesão celular (MAC) participam da interação entre o epitélio e a matriz extracelular (MEC) que são importantes para o desenvolvimento normal da célula. Alguns estudos têm revelado que alterações na expressão das MAC têm implicações no processo de carcinogênese. Nosso objetivo foi estudar a influencia da expressão da E-caderina e cateninas por imuno-histoquímica (IH) na previsão prognóstica de pacientes com carcinoma urotelial do trato urinário superior submetidos à cirurgia. Material e métodos: Avaliamos os espécimes de 20 pacientes com carcinoma urotelial da pelve renal e ureter tratados com nefroureterectomia ou ureterectomia com intenção curativa entre junho de 1997 e janeiro de 2007, todas realizadas pelo mesmo cirurgião (MS). A expressão das MAC foi avaliada através de IH pela técnica de microarranjo tecidual ou tissue microarray (TMA), e correlacionada com as características anatomopatológicas do tumor e sobrevida dos pacientes Resultados: Observamos uma relação entre a expressão de E-caderina com a recidiva da doença. Dos tumores com expressão forte de E-caderina, 85,7% sofreram recidiva contra 50,0% daqueles com moderada expressão (p=0,014). Também houve diferença na sobrevida livre de doença, sendo que aqueles com expressão forte evidenciaram media de sobrevida livre de doença de 49,1 meses, enquanto aqueles com expressão moderada ou ausente sofreram média de 83,9 meses (p=0,011). A ausência de expressão de -catenina se relacionou com maior frequência de tumores com mais de 3cm (p=0,003). Conclusões: Demonstramos que a imuno-expressão da E-caderina e - catenina estão relacionadas com recidiva e tamanho tumoral no carcinoma urotelial do trato urinário alto, podendo constituir novos marcadores prognósticos nessa neoplasia / Introduction: The cell adhesion molecules (CAM) participating in the interaction between epithelium and extracellular matrix (ECM) that are important for normal development of the cell. Some studies have shown that changes in the expression of CAM have implications in the process of carcinogenesis. We studied the E-cadherin and catenins expression profile by immunohistochemistry in patients with urothelial carcinoma of upper urinary tract underwent surgery. Materials and Methods: We evaluated specimens from 20 patients with urothelial carcinoma of renal pelvis and ureter treated with nephroureterectomy or ureterectomy between June 1997 and January 2007, all performed by one surgeon (MS). The expression of CAM was evaluated by tissue microarray technique (TMA). Results: We observed a relation between E-cadherin expression with disease recurrence. Tumors with strong expression of E-cadherin, 85.7% recurrence compared to 50.0% of those with moderate expression and 0.0% with weak expression (p = 0.014). There was also a difference in disease-free survival, and those with strong expression recurrence a median time of 49.1 months while those with moderate expression recurrence a median time of 83.9 months (p = 0.011). The absence of -catenin expression was associated with tumors larger than 3 cm (p = 0.003). Conclusions: We demonstrate that the immuno-expression of E-cadherin and -catenin are related to recurrence and tumor size in urothelial carcinoma of upper urinary tract, may be new prognostic markers in these disease

Introdução: As moléculas de adesão celular (MAC) participam da interação entre o epitélio e a matriz extracelular (MEC) que são importantes para o desenvolvimento normal da célula. Alguns estudos têm revelado que alterações na expressão das MAC têm implicações no processo de carcinogênese. Nosso objetivo foi estudar a influencia da expressão da E-caderina e cateninas por imuno-histoquímica (IH) na previsão prognóstica de pacientes com carcinoma urotelial do trato urinário superior submetidos à cirurgia. Material e métodos: Avaliamos os espécimes de 20 pacientes com carcinoma urotelial da pelve renal e ureter tratados com nefroureterectomia ou ureterectomia com intenção curativa entre junho de 1997 e janeiro de 2007, todas realizadas pelo mesmo cirurgião (MS). A expressão das MAC foi avaliada através de IH pela técnica de microarranjo tecidual ou tissue microarray (TMA), e correlacionada com as características anatomopatológicas do tumor e sobrevida dos pacientes Resultados: Observamos uma relação entre a expressão de E-caderina com a recidiva da doença. Dos tumores com expressão forte de E-caderina, 85,7% sofreram recidiva contra 50,0% daqueles com moderada expressão (p=0,014). Também houve diferença na sobrevida livre de doença, sendo que aqueles com expressão forte evidenciaram media de sobrevida livre de doença de 49,1 meses, enquanto aqueles com expressão moderada ou ausente sofreram média de 83,9 meses (p=0,011). A ausência de expressão de -catenina se relacionou com maior frequência de tumores com mais de 3cm (p=0,003). Conclusões: Demonstramos que a imuno-expressão da E-caderina e - catenina estão relacionadas com recidiva e tamanho tumoral no carcinoma urotelial do trato urinário alto, podendo constituir novos marcadores prognósticos nessa neoplasia / Introduction: The cell adhesion molecules (CAM) participating in the interaction between epithelium and extracellular matrix (ECM) that are important for normal development of the cell. Some studies have shown that changes in the expression of CAM have implications in the process of carcinogenesis. We studied the E-cadherin and catenins expression profile by immunohistochemistry in patients with urothelial carcinoma of upper urinary tract underwent surgery. Materials and Methods: We evaluated specimens from 20 patients with urothelial carcinoma of renal pelvis and ureter treated with nephroureterectomy or ureterectomy between June 1997 and January 2007, all performed by one surgeon (MS). The expression of CAM was evaluated by tissue microarray technique (TMA). Results: We observed a relation between E-cadherin expression with disease recurrence. Tumors with strong expression of E-cadherin, 85.7% recurrence compared to 50.0% of those with moderate expression and 0.0% with weak expression (p = 0.014). There was also a difference in disease-free survival, and those with strong expression recurrence a median time of 49.1 months while those with moderate expression recurrence a median time of 83.9 months (p = 0.011). The absence of -catenin expression was associated with tumors larger than 3 cm (p = 0.003). Conclusions: We demonstrate that the immuno-expression of E-cadherin and -catenin are related to recurrence and tumor size in urothelial carcinoma of upper urinary tract, may be new prognostic markers in these disease

Objective: Primary transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the upper urinary tract represents 6–8% of all TCC cases. Nephroureterectomy with removal of a bladder cuff is the treatment of choice. The rates of TCC recurrence in the bladder after primary upper urinary tract surgery described in the literature range between 12.5 and 37.5%. In a retrospective analysis we examined the occurrence of TCC after nephroureterectomy for upper tract TCC in patients without a previous history of bladder TCC at the time of surgery. Methods: Between 1990 and 2002, 29 patients underwent primary nephroureterectomy for upper tract TCC. The mean age of the patients was 69.5 years. In 5 cases upper urinary tract tumors were multilocular, in the remaining cases unilocular in the renal pelvis (n = 12) or the ureter (n = 12). The follow-up was available for 29 patients with a mean follow-up of 3.37 (0.1–11.2) years. Results: 11/29 (37.9%) patients had TCC recurrence with 9/11 patients having bladder TCC diagnosed within 2.5 years (0.9–6.0) after nephroureterectomy. 13/29 patients are alive without TCC recurrence, 3/29 patients died due to systemic TCC progression and 5/29 died of unrelated causes without evidence of TCC recurrence. Conclusion: Our data indicate a high incidence of bladder TCC after nephroureterectomy for primary upper tract TCC of up to 6 years after primary surgery. Because of the high incidence of bladder TCC within the first 3 years of surgery, careful follow-up is needed over at least this period. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.