Com o objetivo de contribuir com o campo das artes do corpo no Brasil, esta dissertação de natureza prático-teórica apresenta uma reflexão acerca de \"trajetórias coreográficas\", a partir das situações espaciais atualmente vivenciadas em lugares de passagem da cidade de São Paulo. Reconhecemos que o conhecimento construído pela coimplicação entre corpo e cidade pode fomentar criações artísticas que pensam o movimento do corpo enquanto construção de espacialidades. Dentre a literatura pesquisada, ressaltamos o entendimento de corpo como um processo coevolutivo em relação ao ambiente de existência, abordado pela teoria do Corpomídia (KATZ; GREINER, 2005). Passamos também pela compreensão de espaço determinado por unidades de localizações precisas e ordenado por sistemas geométricos e matemáticos, conforme os estudos newtonianos, consultados em Nussensveig (2002) e Watari (2004). A observação de que as cidades contemporâneas nos apresentam diferentes configurações de espaço (SCHULZ, 2008), diferentes formas de produção e circulação no espaço urbano e novas formas de controle e tecnologias (DELEUZE, 1992), possibilitou à presente pesquisa a reflexão de que \"trajetórias\" na dança podem ir além de um corpo que traça um deslocamento de um ponto a outro no espaço. As \"trajetórias\" podem também delinear caminhos, atravessamentos e deslocamentos de informações que se aprontam no movimento do corpo a partir das relações com o ambiente urbano. Isso advém da compreensão de que o espaço percebido nos dias de hoje possibilita uma organização corporal em trajetórias dinâmicas (LOUPPE, 2012). As noções de espaço que possibilitam a construção de \"trajetórias coreográficas\" são realizadas por processos cognitivos, por meio da experiência sensório-motora do corpo nas relações com o meio em que vive, segundo Damásio (2000), Bastos (2003) e Berthoz (2005). Além desse aprendizado de espaço, exercitamos e incorporamos cotidianamente \"regras\" do ambiente que atingem diretamente o corpo, segundo Foucault (1987) e Hewitt (2005), visto que o espaço urbano está diretamente implicado em fatores sociais (SANTOS, 2008). Por meio dessas correlações, experimentamos caminhos de movimentos, nos quais desenvolvemos nosso entendimento acerca de \"trajetórias\". / Aiming to contribute to the field of physical arts in Brazil, this theoretical-practical research presents a reflection about \"choreographic trajectories\", from spatial situations currently experienced in passageways and thoroughfares in São Paulo. We recognize that knowledge constructed by the co-implication between body and city can promote artistic creations, considering the movement of the body as a feature of spatiality configuration. Among the specific literature, we emphasize the conception of the body as a coevolutionary process in relation to the environment, discussed by Corpomídia theory (KATZ; GREINER, 2005). We also go through a space conception determined by units of precise locations and ordered by geometric and mathematical systems, according to Newtonian studies, found on Nussensveig (2002) and Watari (2004). The observation that contemporary cities present, by their different configurations of space (SCHULZ, 2008), different forms of production and circulation in urban space, new technologies and forms of control (DELEUZE, 1992) enables us the reflection that \"trajectories\" in dance can go beyond a body tracing a displacement from one point in space to another. The \"trajectories\" may also delineate paths, crossings and displacements of information prepared in the body movement, as a result of its relationships with the urban environment. This arises from the understanding that the space experienced nowadays enables a body organization in dynamic trajectories (LOUPPE, 2012). The notions of space that allow the construction of \"choreographic trajectories\" are elaborated by cognitive processes, through sensorimotor body experience in relation to the environment this body lives in, according to Damásio (2000), Bastos (2003) and Berthoz (2005). In addition to this sort of spatial learning process, we daily exercise and incorporate \"rules\" that affect directly the body, according to Foucault (1987) and Hewitt (2005), since urban space implicates social factors (SANTOS, 2008). Through these correlations, we have experienced some paths of movement, in which we develop our understanding of \"trajectories\".

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T18:55:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao-GabrielaMeloSilva.pdf: 29423829 bytes, checksum: 9259511b1dee29832d6ff4a6d677a198 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This essay has got the goal to study the modernization of the urban environment from the interventions done by public power. This kind of interventions are the changes made on architecture and infrastructure -water channeling, sewer systems, electric power, streets and avenues (construction)-. The chosen place for this research is Sao Luís Northeastern Brazil, Maranhão State capital city- from 1889 to 1970. Sao Luis had a late insertion in the capitals market. It was when Brazil was still a Portuguese cologne, not so modern like another countries. It was necessary to exert despotism in Lusitanian lands for an economic structuring finally to appear and the city s scenery could be changed. This growth led to the first modernization of the urban environmental movement. The building of some sobrados two-floor houses- and sidewalks was given then. In the second half of XIX century the economic prosperity led to decadence and a pessimist feeling. At the same time the republican regime is established in the country. This situation provoked the need to forget all those issues related to monarchy. In this way and following the positivist patrons, modernization appeared as a way of transformation. Not only Republic caused this feeling. Changes were given fast in the West. New habitus sprang up and spread quickly. In opposition to some theoreticians thought, modernization did not die out through the years. It was gaining new shapes and necessities. As a matter of fact, modernization appears nowadays in political speeches and practices as the most important way to development. In a first moment, we divided the modernization process of Maranhão capital in three stages but then, having carried our survey out we realized that this did not longer was didactic. Nevertheless, it became more real and necessary. Sao Luís modernization process has got three stages of transformation. The first stage starts in 1889 when laws begin to be more focused in urban environment, organization and beauty and finishes in the late 20 s. The second stage starts in the 30 s and finishes in the late 40 s, when the state begins to interfere with the whole nation. The state then, starts a urban-industrial project. Finally, in the 60 s and 70 s great infrastructure construction works are done in Maranhão capital city, i.e. the bridge on the Anil River, the dam on the Bacanga River and Itaqui Port. These construction works define a style. To conclude, this modernization is established as a public policy or a group of public policies. It is necessary interventions to carry out these policies, which may be structural and / or related to social control. / O presente trabalho tem como objeto de estudo a modernização do espaço urbano, a partir das intervenções realizadas pelo poder público. Compreende-se por intervenções as mudanças na arquitetura e na infraestrutura (canalização de água, sistemas de esgoto, energia elétrica, construção de ruas e avenidas). O espaço pleiteado para realização da investigação é São Luís cidade do Nordeste brasileiro, capital do estado do Maranhão , no tempo transcorrido de 1889 a 1970. São Luís teve uma inserção tardia no mercado de capitais quando o Brasil ainda era colônia de Portugal, comparada com outras localidades do extenso território. Foi preciso o estabelecimento do despotismo em terras lusas para que aqui houvesse uma estruturação econômica, capaz de transformar a cenografia da cidade. O crescimento viabilizou o primeiro movimento de modernização do espaço citadino, com a construção de grandes sobrados, calçamento de ruas etc. Na segunda metade do século XIX, a prosperidade econômica deu lugar à decadência e a um pessimismo que se apoderou do imaginário coletivo. Concomitante a essas mudanças aconteceu à instalação do regime republicano no país e com ele a necessidade de enterrar tudo que lembrasse a monarquia. Dessa maneira, a modernização, nos moldes positivistas, aparece como caminho de mudança. Não só a República trouxe tal sentimento. No Ocidente as transformações aconteciam em velocidades completamente diferentes das habituais, novos habitus foram emergindo e se espalhando rapidamente. Ao contrário, do que foi pensado por alguns teóricos, a modernização não se exauriu com o tempo, apenas foi ganhando novas formas, novas necessidades, significando que discursos políticos e práticas continuam a ter nela o caminho pleno para o desenvolvimento. Dividimos o processo de modernização da capital maranhense em três momentos. O primeiro período inicia-se em 1889 (quando a legislação passa a problematizar enfaticamente o espaço urbano no sentido de dotá-lo de beleza e organização) e encerra no final dos anos 20. O segundo momento inicia-se na década de 30 e vai até o final dos anos 40, quando o Estado passa a interferir mais decisivamente na totalidade da nação, adotando um projeto urbano-industrial. E por último, focamos nossa investigação na década de 60 e 70, momento em que a capital maranhense recebe obras de grande infraestrutura que redefinem sobremaneira o seu espaço, a citar a construção da ponte sobre o Rio Anil, a barragem do Bacanga e o porto do Itaqui.

Le domaine principal de cette thèse s’intéresse aux conséquences du changement climatique et des actions de rénovation dans le bâtiment sur les réseaux urbains de chaleur, ainsi qu’aux performances environnementales de ces derniers afin d’évaluer leur potentiel dans le futur. Dans ce but, deux modèles complémentaires ont été développés :•Un modèle dynamique de prévision de la demande de chaleur d’un bâtiment. Ce modèle repose sur une analogie thermoélectrique et a comme entrées, non exclusivement, des données climatiques et des scénarii de rénovation. Les résultats de ce modèle ont été comparés avec ceux d’un logiciel de référence (Energie Plus) : les erreurs sont acceptables. Ce modèle est générique et peut être utilisé dans différentes zones géographiques à l’échelle du quartier. Il a été appliqué sur des quartiers à Nantes et Lisbonne;•Un modèle d’évaluation environnementale (reposant sur le concept d’empreinte énergétique, éMergie) de réseau urbain de chauffage a été conçu. Ce modèle est générique et permet de tester différentes technologies de production et de distribution de chaleur. Il a été appliqué sur des applications en Suède et en Serbie;Les résultats des différentes applications indiquent que la nouvelle génération des réseaux urbains de chaleur ayant une infrastructure compacte (utilisant des matériaux à faible impact environnemental) et une production de chaleur à base de ressources renouvelables ou assimilées pourraient être une solution porteuse d’avenir. Cependant, pour maintenir la rentabilité de tels projets, la réduction de la consommation de chaleur des clients, conséquence en direct du changement climatique et en indirect des incitations aux rénovations du bâti, devrait être considérée dès la phase de conception, et intégrée dans de nouveaux business-plan afin de maintenir des prix de vente de la chaleur attractifs. / The main scope of this thesis is to assess the impacts of changed weather conditions and building renovation on district heating systems in the future, as well as the environmental performance of such systems within the urban environment, in order to evaluate the potential of district heating in the future. In order to do so, two models were developed:•A dynamic model for heat demand forecast, based on the thermo-electrical analogy, that takes into account weather and building renovation scenarios. The model had a satisfactory precision, and it can be applied on any location for a given number of buildings, which was proved on the example of multiple case studies;•An environmental assessment model (based onemergy theory) for the assessment of district heating systems environmental performance within the urban environment. The approach can be applied on any type of district heating systems, as well as on competitive urban heating technologies, which was proved by the application on multiple systems within the case studies considered;The results from case studies indicate that the new generation of district heating systems with compact infrastructure (made of non-environmentally intensive materials) and renewable heat production could be a solution for providing sustainable heating services to urban environments. However, in order to maintain the feasibility of these projects, potential heat demand reductions caused by the direct and indirect impacts of climate change should be considered during the design phase, along with the development of new business plans in order to maintain relatively low prices of district heating services. Moreover, the difference between these impacts in different climate types should be considered.

This dissertation investigates the significant problem of abandoned buildings in the Pretoria Central Business District and, to a lesser extent, the lack of public exposure to art, architecture and design. For the purpose of this study, empty spaces in the City Centre and Die Meent buildings are examined. A new system for their reuse is developed and a gallery for the exhibition of multiple art forms is incorporated therein, as an example of how the aforementioned system can be appropriated. These problems, especially the first, is not restricted to the local urban context. The investigation is thus divided into two phases: the first provides a solution to the challenge of reusing abandoned spaces in buildings; the second phase, as a proposed future exploration of this system, provides a solution to the need for a multi-purpose exhibition area. City Property is the proposed client for the first phase, while MINI Space is the proposed client for the second phase. Empty buildings are a growing concern worldwide, due to concerns for sustainable development and decreasing greenfield sites. This dissertation proposes that the term ‘site’ should be redefined, using the x-y-z axes as a base. By applying the theory of Deconstruction, it is argued that ‘ground zero’ be shifted to a higher level, to include not only the x- and y-axis, but also the z-axis, leading to the creation of truly three-dimensional cities. This project aims to advance a new way of looking at the city and promoting different forms of art. Culturally rich spaces within vibrant cities with multiple levels of living, working and playing, aid the creation of new communities and unique spaces for each individual. Copyright / Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Architecture / unrestricted

Este trabalho propõe um estudo sobre o processo histórico de uso e ocupação do solo na Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), em Belém, estado do Pará, no Brasil, desde sua construção, em 1957, até os dias atuais. Trata-se da análise das áreas verdes presente no Campus do Guamá a fim de identificá-las e caracterizá-las a partir dos preceitos da biologia em consonância com outras áreas de conhecimento. Servindo, entre outros, como um instrumento informativo para a mobilização social ou para fomentar ações por parte dos gestores responsáveis, pois o estudo desenvolve o conhecimento acerca do planejamento e da gestão territorial, em especial da escala local de uma área notoriamente importante, na Amazônia. Para isso foi realizado a pesquisa bibliográfica, a coleta de documentos e de material iconográfico, além da comunicação pessoal, durante o trabalho de campo. Foi identificado que as principais áreas verdes concentram-se nos bosques denominados: Paul Ledoux, Adolph Duck, Benito Calzavara e Camillo Vianna, nas margens dos igarapés Tucunduba e Sapucajuba, que atravessam a UFPA, onde foram encontradas espécies vegetais de reconhecido valor econômico como: o mogno (Swietenia macrophylla) e a castanheira-do-pará (Bertholletia excelsa). O estudo indica que o estado de conservação do Campus do Guamá encontra-se vulnerável, apesar da legislação vigente, do conhecimento e tecnologia gerados pela própria Universidade e do interesse global sobre a região amazônica, requerendo plano de gestão patrimonial comprometida com o paradigma da sustentabilidade. / This paper proposes a study on the historical process of land use and occupation of the Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, state of Pará, Brazil, since its construction in 1957 until the present day. This is the analysis of existing green areas in Guamá Campus in order to identify them and characterize them from the precepts of biology in line with other areas of knowledge. Serving, among other purposes, as an informative tool for social mobilization or to promote actions by the responsible managers, for the study develops the knowledge of planning and land management, particularly the local scale of a notoriously important area in Amazon. For this, literature review was conducted, documents and iconography materials were collected, and also there was personal communication, during the fieldwork. It was identified that the main green areas are concentrated in the woods named: Paul Ledoux, Adolph Duck, Benito Calzavara and Camilo Vianna, on the banks of the creeks Tucunduba and Sapucajuba, that crosses the UFPA, where species of recognized economic value as mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) and Pará chestnut (Bertholletia excelsa) were discovered. The study indicates that the conservation status of the Guamá Campus is found to be vulnerable, despite the existing legislation, knowledge and technology generated by the University itself and the global concern about the Amazon region, requiring assets management plans committed to the sustainability paradigm.

Kyjov is causing me to have four passwords – it's a small town, tradition, affection and understanding. Small town as in salvation in the modesty, the picturesqueness of knowledge. The tradition, which are for city important and based on them. They are, for example, folk songs, costume, feast, dialects and all that yet remained of the past. Affection is the quality of the architecture, which, although already expired, but still her remains remain. And the last password understanding, and especially in chanting traditions, the preservation of its values, grasping and grappling or finding your uniqueness. At work I dedicate spaces around Kyjovka from Boršov the south end of the city. I try to just flow so neprotékal, but to engage in the urban environment of Kyjov. I have several places that I've re-energise, give them value and use the reserves for the thickening building. These spaces have a new application and are a place to stop, lift up the city and open to visitors and current residents. Kyjovka communicates not only with parks, but even with the new buildings and its features, you will be able to get closer to the stream and found in it a place to rest, but also to entertain or to walk.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第22766号 / 工博第4765号 / 新制||工||1745(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 / (主査)教授 米田 稔, 教授 高野 裕久, 准教授 藤森 真一郎 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

<p>Urban meteorology has developed in parallel to other sub-fields in the science, but in many ways remains poorly described. In particular, the study of urban rainfall modification remains behind compared to other comparable features. Urban rainfall modification refers to the change of a precipitation feature as it crosses an urban area. Typically, this manifests as rainfall initiation, local suppression, local invigoration, and/or storm morphology changes. Research in the prior decades have shown urban rainfall modification to arise from a combination of land-atmosphere and aerosol-cloud interaction. Urban areas create a greater surface roughness, which produces local convergence and divergence, modifying local thunderstorm inflow and morphology. The land surface also generates vertical velocity perturbations which can act to initiate or modify existing convection. Urban aerosols act as CCN to perturb existing cloud and precipitation characteristics. Higher CCN narrows the cloud droplet distribution, creating more smaller cloud droplets, and initially reducing precipitation efficiency by keeping more liquid water in the cloud than what would form into rain. The CCN-cloud interaction eventually increasing heavy rainfall production as graupel riming is enhanced by the narrower cloud droplet distribution, leading to more larger raindrops and higher rain in areas.</p><p>This dissertation addresses the observation and modeling of urban thunderstorm interaction from both the land surface and aerosol perspective. It reassesses the original urban rainfall anomaly: The La Porte Anomaly. First analyzed in the late 1960s, the La Porte Anomaly was ultimately dismissed by 1980 as either a temporary, biased, or otherwise unexplainable observation, as the process level understanding had yet to be explained. The contemporary analysis utilizes all existing data and objective optimal interpolation to show that a rainfall anomaly downwind of Chicago has indeed existed at least since the 1930s. The current rainfall anomaly exists as a broad region of warm season rainfall downwind of Chicago that is 20-30% greater than the regional average. Using synoptic parameters, the rainfall anomaly is shown to be independent of wind direction and most closely associated with local land surface forcing. Weekdays, where local aerosol loading has been measured at 40% or more greater than weekends, have up to 50% more warm season rainfall than weekends. The analysis is able to show that there is a land surface and aerosol contribution to the rainfall anomaly, but cannot unambiguously separate them.</p><p>In order to separate the land surface and aerosol effects on urban rainfall distribution, a numerical model was improved to better handle urban weather interaction. The Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS 6.0) was chosen for its base land surface and cloud physics parameterization. The Town Energy Budget (TEB) urban canopy model was coupled to RAMS to handle the urban land surface. The Simple Photochemical Module (SPM) was coupled with the cloud physics to handle conversion of surface emissions to CCN. The model utilized an external traffic simulation to create a realistic diurnal and weekly cycle of surface emissions, based on human behavior. The new Urban RAMS was used to study the land surface sensitivity of city size and of aerosol loading in two studies using the Real Atmosphere Idealized Land surface (RAIL) method, by which all non-urban features of the land surface are removed to isolate the urban effects. The city size study determined that the land surface of a given city eventually has a maximum effect on thunderstorm modifying potential, and that rainfall does not continue to increase or decrease locally for cities larger than a certain size based on that storm’s own motion. The aerosol-cloud analysis corroborated previous observations on the non-linear effects of aerosol loading on clouds. It also demonstrated that understanding the aerosol effect in an urban environment requires high resolution observations of precipitation change. In a single thunderstorm, regions can be both impacted by local rainfall rate increases and decreases from urban aerosols, leading to little total change in precipitation. But the rainfall rate changes can significantly affect soil moisture and drought potential in and around urban areas.Following the idealized studies, the historical and current La Porte Anomaly was simulated to separate the land surface from the aerosol factors near the Chicago area. The Urban RAMS model was deployed on a real land surface with full model physics. Simulations with 1932, 1962, 1992, and 2012 land covers were run over an exceptionally wet Aug. 2007 to approximate the rain variability for an entire summer season. Surface emissions were also varied in the 2012 land cover for variable aerosol loading. The simulations successfully reproduced the location of the downwind rainfall anomaly in each land cover scenario: farther east toward La Porte in 1932, moving southwestward to its current location by 2012. Doubling surface emissions eliminated the downwind anomaly, as was observed during the highest pollution decade of the 1970s. Eliminating surface emissions also decreased the downwind anomaly. As the land cover at the upwind edge of Chicago became more connected from the 1932 to 2012 land cover scenarios, a local upwind rainfall anomaly developed, moving westward with urban expansion. The results of these simulations enabled the conclusions that a) at the upwind edge, the land surface dominates urban rainfall modification, b) the aerosol loading sustains and increases the locally downwind rainfall increase, and c) that the total modification distance is static on given day and given urban footprint. A more expansive city does not produce a rainfall anomaly more distantly downwind, but rather the distance of rainfall modification moves to where the upwind edge of the city begins.</p><p></p><p>The modeling work ends with a two-city simulation in the southeast United States, of a bow-echo forming near Memphis, TN and crossing Birmingham, AL before splitting. Simulations were performed on different surface emissions rates, land covers where Birmingham did not exist, and a novel approach with two inner emitting grids over both Birmingham and Memphis. A storm tracking algorithm enabled one-to-one comparisons of point simulated storm characteristics between scenarios. The results of most scenarios only corroborated previous research, showing how increased aerosol loading changes cloud and rainfall characteristics until the highest aerosol loading shuts down riming and rainfall enhancement. However, the two most accurate simulations, where the storm forms and splits over Birmingham, were a non-urban higher rural aerosol scenario and the scenario with Memphis also emitting pollution. In order to split the storm over Birmingham, the upwind cloud characteristics were primed by higher upwind aerosols, either from a realistic city upwind or unrealistically high rural aerosols. The conclusions produced by this study demonstrated the importance of aerosol cloud interaction, perhaps equal with land surface, but also the need for far upwind information for a storm in a given city. Memphis and Birmingham are separated by over 300km, far exceeding the threshold thought to connect two cities by mutual rainfall modification.</p><p>The overall conclusions of the research presented in this dissertation shows a more unified approach to the effects of urban rainfall modification. The upwind edge of a city is a fixed location, and a thunderstorm begins modifying at that point. The thunderstorm usually produces a local rainfall maximum at the upwind edge, due to the vertical velocity of the urban land surface. The urban aerosols proceed to narrow the cloud droplet distribution, locally reducing rainfall as the storm passes over the urban area. Eventually the enhanced rainfall from enhanced riming produces a maximum somewhere downwind. However, “downwind” is a location relative to the storm’s motion and could exist anywhere over the urban footprint or downwind in a rural region. The climatological location of increased rainfall is an average of every storm in a season and beyond. The results of each part of the study provide a way to continue the research presented here.</p><br>

The dissertation investigates the formative influence of hydrology in shaping the spatiality and socio-economic production processes of the urban environment. It acknowledges the surging pattern of human development, the unprecedented growth of cities and the reality of climate change to propose an intervention which aims to introduce the concept of Regenerative Architecture to a South African context. The intervention manifests as an Integrated Biotectural System for the Production and Reclamation of Water, a new architectural typology which is adapted to suit local conditions and to provide innovative possibilities for socio-economic production. The site of the intervention is located behind the G Berth in the Duncan Dock of the Port of Cape Town, extending up the Heerengracht Axis, the most prominent remnant of the formative influence of hydrology on the City of Cape Town. The intervention proposes to form part of a larger Continuous Productive Urban Landscape defined by water, which connects Robben Island – a UNESCO World Heritage Site – from Duncan Dock, through the Heerengracht, Adderley Street, the Company’s Gardens, Orange Street and De Waal Park through to Table Mountain. The intervention acts as a productive landscape that regenerates the connection between the city, the hidden and inaccessible shorelines and the socio-economic production processes those shorelines inherently represent. It harvests the heritage and cultural resources of a historically productive City of Cape Town to present the socio-economic production possibilities of the future: the generation of water and food and the regeneration of land within the urban environment. Copyright / Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Architecture / Unrestricted

This dissertation includes two main research projects: 1) the investigation of the intermodal fraction and 2) the influence of regional air pollution transport on Ostrava. Introduction and aim of the first project. Fine and coarse particulate matter (PM) of atmospheric aerosol are considered as separate pollutants and overlap in the particle size range of about 1 - 2.5 μm (aerodynamic diameter dae; PM1-2.5) which represents the intermodal fraction. Sources of both fine and coarse fractions contribute to PM1-2.5 to different extents due to changing meteorological and spatial conditions. Therefore, there is an ongoing discussion as to whether PM1 should be included for monitoring as an additional fine particulate pollutant by the ambient air quality standard. The intrusion of the one fraction to the other one can lead to some inaccuracies in the source apportionment, epidemiological and exposure studies. The aim of the first project was to examine the associations between PM1-2.5 and the coarse (PM2.5-10 or PM>2.5)/fine (PM1) fraction under different meteorological conditions at various sites in the Czech Republic during winter and summer seasons. Introduction and aim of the second project. The EU air quality standards have been frequently exceeded in one of the European air pollution hot spots:...