A preocupação com a qualidade do ar urbano é crescente. Este trabalho estudou este problema de forma experimental e através de modelagem matemática. Determinou-se experimentalmente a concentração de CO e das variáveis que a afetam como o trânsito, clima e edificação, num total de quinze parâmetros, medidos em dez pontos da cidade. As medidas foram feitas alternando os locais e realizando em cada um deles quatro amostragens de uma hora por dia, em dias alternados durante um ano. Construiu-se desta maneira um extenso banco de dados sobre a poluição do ar na cidade de Ribeirão Preto. Para aprofundar a análise de resultados utilizou-se PCA como técnica para agrupar as variáveis. Um modelo matemático foi desenvolvido para fornecer a previsão de CO em função dos parâmetros estudados. O número de variáveis, sua natureza aleatória e a complexa interação existente entre elas, indicou a rede neural como base para o modelo. A rede treinada com um conjunto de 347 casos e testada com outros 117 fornecendo previsões com erro menores que 20% em 60% dos casos. Utilizou-se técnicas de Regressão Multivariada para melhor interpretação e seleção das variáveis mais significativas que influem na produção e dispersão do CO. / The quality of the urban air is a growing concern. This work approached this problem trough field measurements and mathematical modeling. Fifteen variables, including carbon monoxide (CO) concentration, local weather, traffic volume, and edification were measured the sites tree time a week along a year. They lasted one hour each, being done four times a day. This way, an extensive data bank about urban air pollution problem was built. To improve the analysis of the data, technics like PCA were used to cluster variables. The number of variables, its random nature and the complex relationship among them indicated neural network as a convenient choice for developing a model able to predict the CO concentration as a function of the parameters measured. The network was trained with 347 data sets and tested with another 117 cases delivering results with errors below 20% in 60% of the cases. Multivariable regression was used to a better interpretation and selection of the most important variables involved in the CO production and dispersion.

Nos primeiros anos de 2000, as áreas contaminadas emergiram como motivo de preocupação para a sociedade paulista, configurando-se como problema de ordem ambiental, sanitária e urbanística. Para além do factual, as áreas contaminadas se mostram fenômenos representativos e simbólicos de um modo histórico de produção e reprodução do capital de bases urbanas e fabris. Elas são expressão tardia de um modelo de desenvolvimento extremamente agressivo, cujas manifestações mais agudas se dão nas cidades. Nas tensões e contradições que marcam as paisagens urbanas contemporâneas, apresentam-se perturbadas as condições de se promover saúde. Uma das razões do negar saúde nas cidades é o modo como nelas se fez uso da química para produzir mercadorias de toda ordem, entendendo-se que, por muito tempo, a confiança na química foi extensão direta da confiança no progresso. A Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP), onde historicamente ocorreram processos acelerados de urbanização e concentração de população, é emblemática da distribuição desigual dos proveitos e dos rejeitos da grande maquinaria de produção que caracteriza a sociedade racional moderna. Nela se fomentam riscos e angústias derivadas da espoliação social e da exposição humana a toda sorte de rejeitos da civilização moderna. Na RMSP estão atualmente cadastradas 1254 áreas contaminadas, cuja distribuição obedece à lógica do modo como seu território foi estruturado. Os cenários de risco à saúde que se configuram pela contaminação do solo metropolitano podem ser analisados a partir da localização e das interações que se estabelecem entre as fontes potenciais de contaminação do solo e as populações que as acercam. O objetivo da pesquisa é interpretar as relações entre a produção de cenários de risco à saúde e a estrutura metropolitana, tendo por referência a contaminação do solo e das águas subterrâneas por substâncias químicas tóxicas. A hipótese central é que os cenários de risco à saúde se conformam e se distinguem na lógica da estruturação urbana, sendo elementos importantes para interpretar a qualidade de vida nas grandes cidades contemporâneas. A pesquisa se detem na abordagem histórica e conceitual do assunto para, em seguida, analisar espacialmente as relações entre os elementos estruturantes do espaço urbano e as áreas contaminadas. Para tal, faz uso de dados gerais de natureza demográfica, sócio-econômica e ambiental, bem como de dados espaciais das fontes potenciais de poluição e das áreas contaminadas. Com isto, observam-se na RMSP cenários distintos de riscos à saúde devido à contaminação do solo, seguindo a lógica da estrutura metropolitana. O enfrentamento do problema demanda visão ampliada e políticas públicas integradas de saúde, de meio ambiente e de desenvolvimento urbano. / On the first years of 2000, contaminated areas arose as a motive of concern for São Paulo society, coming to configure as a problem of environmental, sanitary and urban order. Much beyond the factual, contaminated areas appear as representative and symbolic phenomena of an historical mode of capital production and reproduction in manufacturing urban bases. They are a late expression of an extremely aggressive development model, which most acute manifestations occur in the cities. On the tensions and contradictions that mark the contemporary urban landscape, the health promotion conditions present disturbed. One of the reasons for denying health in the cities is the manner in which, on them, it was made use of chemistry for producing all sorts of goods, taking into account that, for a long time, trusting on chemistry was a direct extension of trusting on progress. The Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (RMSP), where historically there were accelerated urbanization and concentration of population processes, it is emblematic the disproportionate distribution of benefits and wastes of the large production machinery that characterizes the rational modern society. On it are fomented risks and anguishes originated from social plundering and the human exposition to all kinds of the modern civilization rejects. Presently, at the RMSP cadastre, are registered 1254 contaminated areas, which distribution obeys the logic of the manner its territory was structured. The health risk scenarios that configure through the metropolitan soil contamination may be analyzed from the location and the interactions that are established among the potential sources of soil contamination and the populations who approach to them. The purpose of the research is interpreting the relations between the production of health risk scenarios and the metropolitan structure, having as reference the soil and water-bearing strata contamination through chemical toxic substances. A central hypothesis is that the health risk scenarios comply with and distinguish from the urban structuration logic, consisting of important elements for interpreting the life quality in great contemporary cities. The survey dwells on the historical and conceptual approach of the subject in order that, as it follows, analyzing spatially the relations among the structuring elements of urban space and the contaminated areas. For so, it makes use of general data from demographic, social-economical and environmental nature, as well as of spatial data from potential pollution sources and contaminated areas. With this, at the RMSP are observed distinct health risk scenarios due to the soil contamination that follows the metropolitan structure logic. Facing the problem demands both an amplified vision and integrated public policies of health, environment and urban development.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:54:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Cristina de Mello Avelar.pdf: 1992151 bytes, checksum: 24e2c5f5dea1625ed1c69f393aa2667b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-02 / This thesis explores the symbolic dimensions in the processes of respect, trust and recognition acquisition by the elderly communities. It contributes to the literature by developing a very particular case study: The senior people practicing the faith healing in the cities of Sao Paulo and Santo André. The work is based on a field research by which the possible ways of valuing the elderly in the studied reality are observed. The studied faith healers defend the traditions and defy the modernity, receiving wide recognition from their consultants and within their communities. Through a qualitative analysis (anchored in the field research s observations), it is possible to demonstrate that in this society s niche the advanced age accounts positively. In the faith healing the old age is presented as a positive differential valuing the elderly practitioners. From this experience, more general lessons are extracted and taken along to other populations, which have been failing to keep the adequate conditions for the elderly valuation in their communities. The conservation of those more favorable conditions proves to be crucial for the emergence of more positive perceptions of aging. The research is performed in a modern urban region of Brazil. Through an incipient look, additional thoughts exploit the specificities of a traditional cultural demonstration (which survive, develop and adapt to the urban environment). Despite the extensive use of official medicine in the large Brazilian cities, the faith healers adapt to this modern world and keep their social role, permeated by elements of magic and mystery. The ethnography of this research is fascinating because it reveals a curious world, so close to the people living in the big cities and, at the same time, so scarcely studied. The work highlights the secrets that keep the faithful relations between the faith healers and their audience alive, even in the large cities / Neste trabalho, exploram-se as dimensões simbólicas do processo de aquisição de respeito, de confiança e de reconhecimento dos idosos pelas comunidades. Contribui-se com a literatura desenvolvendo um estudo de caso bastante particular: As pessoas idosas que atuam como benzedeiros nas Cidades de São Paulo e Santo André. O trabalho fundamenta-se em uma pesquisa de campo, que permite observar os caminhos possíveis da valorização dos idosos dentro da realidade estudada. Os benzedeiros estudados defendem as tradições e desafiam a modernidade, recebendo amplo reconhecimento de seus consulentes e nas suas comunidades. Por meio de análise qualitativa (ancorada nas observações da pesquisa de campo), demonstra-se que, nesse nicho da sociedade, a velhice conta a favor. No ofício de benzedeiro, a velhice apresenta-se como um diferencial positivo de valorização dos idosos praticantes. Mediante essa experiência, extraem-se lições mais gerais e que podem ser adotadas junto a outras populações, que não têm conseguido manter as adequadas condições de valorização dos idosos junto a suas comunidades. A conservação dessas condições mais favoráveis revela-se fundamental para o surgimento de percepções mais positivas em relação ao envelhecimento. A pesquisa é realizada em uma região urbana e moderna do Brasil. Através de um olhar incipiente, encontram-se elementos adicionais de reflexão, que exploram as especificidades de uma manifestação da cultura tradicional (sobrevivendo, desenvolvendo-se e se adaptando ao meio urbano). Apesar do uso extensivo da medicina oficial nas grandes cidades brasileiras, os benzedeiros adaptam-se a este mundo moderno e garantem um lugar social permeado por elementos de magia e de mistério. A etnografia desta pesquisa é fascinante, pois revela um mundo curioso, tão perto das pessoas que vivem nas grandes cidades e, ao mesmo tempo, tão pouco estudado. As luzes acesas por este trabalho iluminam os segredos que mantêm as relações de fidelidade entre benzedeiros e seu público, mesmo nas grandes cidades

<p>Strid i urban miljö är mycket komplex och utmärks av en föränderlig miljö och med en motståndare som kan uppträda i alla dimensioner. Antalet operationer i denna miljö bedöms öka i framtiden. Motståndaren har utvecklat sin taktik som ett svar på den teknik och stridsteknik som vi använder. För att utbilda och öva används reglementen som beskriver en fiktiv motståndare och det förutsätts att denne är relevant och uppför sig på ett adekvat sätt. Uppsatsens syfte är att pröva om den beskrivning av motståndarens taktiska uppträdande i urban miljö som finns i våra reglementen och anvisningar är rimlig. Inledningsvis operationaliseras begreppen eld, rörelse och skydd i syfte att skapa ett analysinstrument. Därefter studeras och analyseras den motståndare som beskrivs i våra reglementen och handböcker samt en motståndare vars beskrivning hämtas från ett selektivt urval av litteratur. Slutligen genomförs en jämförande analys av båda motståndarna som beskriver avgörande likheter och skillnader mellan dem. Uppsatsen avslutas med en diskussion kring resultat och andra faktorer som inverkar på det taktiska uppträdandet.</p><p>Resultatet visar att motståndaren använder en rörlig försvarstaktik med små och lätta förband som nyttjar överraskande överfall, dold förflyttning och befästa positioner. Gruppering sker ofta intill eller inne i civila objekt. Undersökningen visar att de svenska reglementenas beskrivning av motståndaren är rimlig, dock saknas en del djupare taktiska beskrivningar. Stridens grundelement, eld, rörelse och skydd, kan användas för att göra generella taktiska jämförelser men måste också kompletteras med främst moraliska faktorer för att skapa en förståelse för varför viss taktik används och hur denna skall kunna bemötas.</p> / <p>Fighting in an urban environment is very complex and is characterized by a changing environment and an opponent that can appear in all dimensions. The number of operations in this environment is assessed to increase in the future. The opponent has developed his tactics as an answer to the technology and the combat techniques that we are using. To train and educate our units, we use field manuals that describe a fictive opponent. It is presumed that this opponent is relevant and is behaving in an adequate manor. The purpose of this paper is to try out if the description of the opponent’s tactical behaviour in an urban environment that exists in our field manuals is reasonable. At first, definitions of the actions strike, move and protect are made with the purpose to create an analysis instrument. Thereafter, the opponent described in our field manuals and an opponent described in a selected assortment of literature, are studied and analysed. Finally, a comparative analysis is made between the two opponents with the purpose to identify the decisive differences and similarities between the two. The paper ends with a discussion about results and other factors that have an impact on the tactical behaviour of the opponent.</p><p>The result shows that the opponent uses a mobile defence with small and light forces that uses hit and run tactics, concealed movement and fortified positions. Positioning is often done inside or in the vicinity of civilian objects. The investigation shows that the Swedish field manuals are describing the opponent in a sufficient way. However, some deeper tactical descriptions are missing. The basic actions of combat; strike, move and protect, can be used to make general tactical comparisons, but have to be complemented by most of all moral factors to create an understanding on why a particular tactics is used and how this tactics shall be answered.</p>

Strid i urban miljö är mycket komplex och utmärks av en föränderlig miljö och med en motståndare som kan uppträda i alla dimensioner. Antalet operationer i denna miljö bedöms öka i framtiden. Motståndaren har utvecklat sin taktik som ett svar på den teknik och stridsteknik som vi använder. För att utbilda och öva används reglementen som beskriver en fiktiv motståndare och det förutsätts att denne är relevant och uppför sig på ett adekvat sätt. Uppsatsens syfte är att pröva om den beskrivning av motståndarens taktiska uppträdande i urban miljö som finns i våra reglementen och anvisningar är rimlig. Inledningsvis operationaliseras begreppen eld, rörelse och skydd i syfte att skapa ett analysinstrument. Därefter studeras och analyseras den motståndare som beskrivs i våra reglementen och handböcker samt en motståndare vars beskrivning hämtas från ett selektivt urval av litteratur. Slutligen genomförs en jämförande analys av båda motståndarna som beskriver avgörande likheter och skillnader mellan dem. Uppsatsen avslutas med en diskussion kring resultat och andra faktorer som inverkar på det taktiska uppträdandet. Resultatet visar att motståndaren använder en rörlig försvarstaktik med små och lätta förband som nyttjar överraskande överfall, dold förflyttning och befästa positioner. Gruppering sker ofta intill eller inne i civila objekt. Undersökningen visar att de svenska reglementenas beskrivning av motståndaren är rimlig, dock saknas en del djupare taktiska beskrivningar. Stridens grundelement, eld, rörelse och skydd, kan användas för att göra generella taktiska jämförelser men måste också kompletteras med främst moraliska faktorer för att skapa en förståelse för varför viss taktik används och hur denna skall kunna bemötas. / Fighting in an urban environment is very complex and is characterized by a changing environment and an opponent that can appear in all dimensions. The number of operations in this environment is assessed to increase in the future. The opponent has developed his tactics as an answer to the technology and the combat techniques that we are using. To train and educate our units, we use field manuals that describe a fictive opponent. It is presumed that this opponent is relevant and is behaving in an adequate manor. The purpose of this paper is to try out if the description of the opponent’s tactical behaviour in an urban environment that exists in our field manuals is reasonable. At first, definitions of the actions strike, move and protect are made with the purpose to create an analysis instrument. Thereafter, the opponent described in our field manuals and an opponent described in a selected assortment of literature, are studied and analysed. Finally, a comparative analysis is made between the two opponents with the purpose to identify the decisive differences and similarities between the two. The paper ends with a discussion about results and other factors that have an impact on the tactical behaviour of the opponent. The result shows that the opponent uses a mobile defence with small and light forces that uses hit and run tactics, concealed movement and fortified positions. Positioning is often done inside or in the vicinity of civilian objects. The investigation shows that the Swedish field manuals are describing the opponent in a sufficient way. However, some deeper tactical descriptions are missing. The basic actions of combat; strike, move and protect, can be used to make general tactical comparisons, but have to be complemented by most of all moral factors to create an understanding on why a particular tactics is used and how this tactics shall be answered.

Background: Cannabis use is considered a component cause of psychotic illness, interacting with genetic and other environmental risk factors. Little is known, however, about these putative interactions. The present study investigated whether an urban environment plays a role in moderating the effects of adolescent cannabis use on psychosis risk. Method: Prospective data (n=1923, aged 14–24 years at baseline) from the longitudinal population-based German Early Developmental Stages of Psychopathology cohort study were analysed. Urbanicity was assessed at baseline and defined as living in the city of Munich (1562 persons per km2; 4061 individuals per square mile) or in the rural surroundings (213 persons per km2; 553 individuals per square mile). Cannabis use and psychotic symptoms were assessed three times over a 10-year follow-up period using the Munich version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Results: Analyses revealed a significant interaction between cannabis and urbanicity [10.9% adjusted difference in risk, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.2–18.6, p=0.005]. The effect of cannabis use on follow-up incident psychotic symptoms was much stronger in individuals who grew up in an urban environment (adjusted risk difference 6.8%, 95% CI 1.0–12.5, p=0.021) compared with individuals from rural surroundings (adjusted risk difference −4.1%, 95% CI −9.8 to 1.6, p=0.159). The statistical interaction was compatible with substantial underlying biological synergism. Conclusions: Exposure to environmental influences associated with urban upbringing may increase vulnerability to the psychotomimetic effects of cannabis use later in life.

Analyses of traffic accidents are often focused on the characteristics of the accident event and hence do not take into account the broader neighborhood contexts in which accidents are located. This thesis seeks to extend empirical analyses of accidents by understanding the link between accidents and their surroundings. The case study for this thesis is Hillsborough County, Florida, within which the city of Tampa is located. The Tampa Bay region ranks very high in terms of accident rates within U.S. metropolitan areas and is also characterized by transport policies which favor private automobiles over mass transit options, making it an especially valuable case study. This thesis seeks explanations for accidents through regression models which relate accident occurrence and accident rates to traffic, roadway and socioeconomic characteristics of census tracts. The overall findings are that socioeconomic variables, especially poverty rates and percent non-white, and transport characteristics, such as density of bus stops, show a significant relationship with both dependent variables. This research provides support for considering the wider urban context of social inequalities in order to understand the complex geographic distribution of accidents.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Wie wird sich der öffentliche Raum unserer Städte verändern, wenn die Bevölkerung altert? Das interaktive Architekturmodell „Eine Stadt für jedes Alter“ geht dieser Frage nach. Entstanden ist es für die Ausstellung „Alle Generationen in einem Boot“ auf der MS Wissenschaft. Das Ausstellungsschiff des Bundesministeriums für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) war aus Anlass des Wissenschaftsjahres 2013, welches unter dem Titel „Die demografische Chance“ stand, auf einer Tour durch Deutschland und Österreich unterwegs. Die Betrachter des Exponats werden zunächst durch Szenarien in die Zukunft versetzt. Gezeigt wird ein Ausschnitt aus dem Alltag von drei Senioren und einem Kind im Jahr 2045. Diese vier Personen können dann als Figuren im Modell gesucht und wiedergefunden werden. Die wesentlichen Aspekte einer altersgerechten und barrierefreien Anpassung des städtischen Raums sind in ihrer Umgebung dargestellt und werden mit Texten erläutert. Die vorliegende Broschüre zeigt Eindrücke des Architekturmodells und liefert Informationen zu den zukünftig zu erwartenden Entwicklungen in den Bereichen Mobilität, Wohnen und Versorgung sowie Pflege und Betreuung.

This thesis aims to study the effects of the infrastructure project Västlänken in Gothenburg, a rail tunnel to be built through the city center. The study focuses on the community of Haga where one of the three exits will be constructed and also the surrounding urban environment, to see if the project can be sustainable.   Sustainable urban development was selected as the theory, and the term "sustainable" is defined in this study using a number of criteria that two scientists developed. The criteria include economic, ecological and social perspectives on how a place or a geographical area can meet today's needs as well as possible needs in the future. The methods used were semi-structured interviews and content analysis of government documents. Interviews were conducted with various institutions in the city, and companies involved in the planning of the project in Gothenburg. Content Analyses were similarly analyzed with a focus on sustainability and development, to give an overview of the urban environment and planning area surveyed. The result lists the current urban environment and the economic, ecological and social interests in the planning area. The visions and goals of Västlänken, views of sustainability, and long-term development. Not only in Haga, but throughout the city and region.   The analysis then compared the material with the criteria for sustainability and sustainable development. It also gave an overview of the city's priorities of the various sustainability interests. The conclusion shows that the urban environment in Haga is sustainable today against the criteria of sustainability, and will most likely change the urban environment despite the city's visions of very small changes. The changes can affect the economic, ecological and social urban environment of the area with different impacts on the sustainability.