A infiltração das águas de chuva dentro dos lotes urbanos é uma possível forma de promover o controle descentralizado do escoamento superficial na origem, com vistas ao gerenciamento das águas pluviais urbanas e conseqüente atenuação das cheias. Neste trabalho, foram conduzidos ensaios de campo com trincheiras de infiltração, em dois solos distintos, um arenoso e outro argiloso, com o objetivo de avaliar quantitativamente o comportamento hidráulico das estruturas de infiltração em resposta a volumes de escoamento. As trincheiras foram alimentadas com volumes de água controlados, e o campo de umidade do experimento foi monitorado com sonda de nêutrons, durante o processo de redistribuição da água no solo. Foi realizada a modelagem matemática do fenômeno bidimensional de infiltração em torno de trincheiras de seção retangular, em resposta à entrada de águas pluviais provenientes de áreas impermeabilizadas contíguas. A comparação entre os resultados experimentais e simulados pela equação bidimensional de Richards indica uma pequena defasagem dos valores de volume infiltrado e umidade do solo nos processos de infiltração e drenagem interna simulados em relação aos observados. A capacidade de infiltração da trincheira mostrou-se maior nos dados observados, possivelmente devido à simplificação de distribuição unimodal dos diâmetros dos poros adotada na modelagem numérica, uma vez que, experimentalmente, observou-se multimodalidade nos dois solos estudados. A curva de van Genuchten é, juntamente com a equação de Richards, a base do modelo computacional, e divergências no seu ajuste em relação aos dados observados podem conduzir a pequenas divergências dos volumes infiltrados e perfis de umidade ao longo do processo de infiltração simulado, em relação ao observado. São apresentadas algumas considerações de dimensionamento sobre a implantação de trincheiras de infiltração em lotes residenciais, bem como discussões com respeito aos planos diretores urbanos. É apresentado um estudo simplificado, baseado no método racional, sobre a redução no hidrograma de cheia proporcionada pelo uso de trincheiras em uma micro bacia urbana, o qual revelou reduções da ordem de até 94% do deflúvio superficial direto gerado pelo lote. / Stormwater infiltration process at the scale of housing is a possible way to promote the decentralized runoff control in order to manage the urban water and to attenuate flood peaks. In this work, field essays with infiltration devices at two different soils, either sandy and clay-loam soils, are assessed in order to study the hydraulic behavior of infiltration trenches to attenuate incoming runoff volume inputs. The infiltration trench experiments set a controlled water supply for specific boundary conditions, and the experimental moisture field were monitored with neutron probe during the water redistribution process at soil core. Bi-dimensional (2D) mathematical modeling is depicted at specific boundary conditions with a rectangular-trench layout, thereby mimicking a potential situation of runoff incoming from adjacent impervious areas. The comparison between experimental and numerical results, simulated by two-dimensional Richards\' equation, shows a small lag-time difference of both infiltrated volumes and soil moisture contents during infiltration and drainage periods. The trench infiltration capacity of observed data appears to be greater than simulated results, possibly due to an overall simplification of a uni-modal, homogeneous pore diameter distribution adopted by the modeling scheme. Experimental retention curves outline indirect evidences of multi-modal, heterogeneous behavior of pore structure. Bon van Genutchen-type retention curve and Richards-momentum equations represent the baseline approach to the computational model of non-saturated soils. Some fitting discrepancies between observed and simulated results could lead to negligible different estimations of infiltrated volumes and moisture profiles. Finally, further discussions on project design and best management practices (BMPs) of infiltration trenches at housing scale as well discussions on urban master plan are outlined herewith. A simplified study, based on rational method, is presented on the reduction of incoming hydrograph with the use of infiltration trenches. Preliminary results perform volume reductions of approximately 94% from incoming runoff generated at housing lots.

A infiltração das águas de chuva dentro dos lotes urbanos é uma possível forma de promover o controle descentralizado do escoamento superficial na origem, com vistas ao gerenciamento das águas pluviais urbanas e conseqüente atenuação das cheias. Neste trabalho, foram conduzidos ensaios de campo com trincheiras de infiltração, em dois solos distintos, um arenoso e outro argiloso, com o objetivo de avaliar quantitativamente o comportamento hidráulico das estruturas de infiltração em resposta a volumes de escoamento. As trincheiras foram alimentadas com volumes de água controlados, e o campo de umidade do experimento foi monitorado com sonda de nêutrons, durante o processo de redistribuição da água no solo. Foi realizada a modelagem matemática do fenômeno bidimensional de infiltração em torno de trincheiras de seção retangular, em resposta à entrada de águas pluviais provenientes de áreas impermeabilizadas contíguas. A comparação entre os resultados experimentais e simulados pela equação bidimensional de Richards indica uma pequena defasagem dos valores de volume infiltrado e umidade do solo nos processos de infiltração e drenagem interna simulados em relação aos observados. A capacidade de infiltração da trincheira mostrou-se maior nos dados observados, possivelmente devido à simplificação de distribuição unimodal dos diâmetros dos poros adotada na modelagem numérica, uma vez que, experimentalmente, observou-se multimodalidade nos dois solos estudados. A curva de van Genuchten é, juntamente com a equação de Richards, a base do modelo computacional, e divergências no seu ajuste em relação aos dados observados podem conduzir a pequenas divergências dos volumes infiltrados e perfis de umidade ao longo do processo de infiltração simulado, em relação ao observado. São apresentadas algumas considerações de dimensionamento sobre a implantação de trincheiras de infiltração em lotes residenciais, bem como discussões com respeito aos planos diretores urbanos. É apresentado um estudo simplificado, baseado no método racional, sobre a redução no hidrograma de cheia proporcionada pelo uso de trincheiras em uma micro bacia urbana, o qual revelou reduções da ordem de até 94% do deflúvio superficial direto gerado pelo lote. / Stormwater infiltration process at the scale of housing is a possible way to promote the decentralized runoff control in order to manage the urban water and to attenuate flood peaks. In this work, field essays with infiltration devices at two different soils, either sandy and clay-loam soils, are assessed in order to study the hydraulic behavior of infiltration trenches to attenuate incoming runoff volume inputs. The infiltration trench experiments set a controlled water supply for specific boundary conditions, and the experimental moisture field were monitored with neutron probe during the water redistribution process at soil core. Bi-dimensional (2D) mathematical modeling is depicted at specific boundary conditions with a rectangular-trench layout, thereby mimicking a potential situation of runoff incoming from adjacent impervious areas. The comparison between experimental and numerical results, simulated by two-dimensional Richards\' equation, shows a small lag-time difference of both infiltrated volumes and soil moisture contents during infiltration and drainage periods. The trench infiltration capacity of observed data appears to be greater than simulated results, possibly due to an overall simplification of a uni-modal, homogeneous pore diameter distribution adopted by the modeling scheme. Experimental retention curves outline indirect evidences of multi-modal, heterogeneous behavior of pore structure. Bon van Genutchen-type retention curve and Richards-momentum equations represent the baseline approach to the computational model of non-saturated soils. Some fitting discrepancies between observed and simulated results could lead to negligible different estimations of infiltrated volumes and moisture profiles. Finally, further discussions on project design and best management practices (BMPs) of infiltration trenches at housing scale as well discussions on urban master plan are outlined herewith. A simplified study, based on rational method, is presented on the reduction of incoming hydrograph with the use of infiltration trenches. Preliminary results perform volume reductions of approximately 94% from incoming runoff generated at housing lots.

Stormwater Management (SWM) or Best management practices (BMPs) treat the stormwater runoff that carries pollutants. Pollutants in the waters and in the stormwater, negatively impact the environment, the ecology, and natural resources. Stormwater Control Measures (SCM) are used in different projects to improve water quality and quantity. This thesis aims to understand the connection between SWMs, the economy, and environmental sustainability. This thesis evaluates the cost-effectiveness of SWMs in Mediterranean climates. The research aims to guide the next project managers to choose better SWMs based on cost-effectiveness, socio-economic, and environmental implications. Various studies suggest that the terms SWM, SWM, and SCM are used interchangeably. The research methodology uses a mix of qualitative and quantitative data analysis The research was conducted in Los Angeles at the request of UCLA. Therefore, it focused on water quality improvement projects in Los Angeles. The costs for the projects, areas, and whatSWMs are used will be acquired through data gathering and personal communication with experts. This thesis compares several projects which include different SWMs. It calculates the cost-effectiveness with two different methods, firstly, the cost per drainage area, and secondly, the cost per pollutant removed. Data is gathered from the city of LA and other secondary data sources to calculate the cost-effectiveness. The calculation results showed that the Glenoaksproject and the Machado lake project were the most cost-effective. Glenoaks utilizes infiltration wells and grass swales, and the Machado lake is a large wetland. Based upon these facts, generally, wetlands and grass swales can be recommended for Mediterranean climates. The expensive total costs of SWMs or their inability to remove pollutants can strongly affect the cost-effectiveness of some projects, and produce a negative impact on the economy. Quantitative assessment of study investigates cost-effectiveness of SWMs and for highlighting its economic impact. For qualitative assessment thematic analysis of 14 sample studies related to stormwater management (SWM) was carried out. Findings reveal that 78% of sample studies reflect the themes associated with the positive economic impact of SWMs. Additionally, the sample studies confirm a 76% positive impact of SWMs on the environment and ecology of the region. Further research with better data and more accurate calculations are needed. It would be beneficial if other factors such as recreation and unquantifiable factors such as the aesthetic improvements and community benefits were incorporated into or considered together with the cost-effectiveness for future projects.

This diploma thesis presents the topic of urban drainage systems. The first theoretical part contains methods and options for urban drainage systems, stormwater management, blue-green infrastructure (BGI) in urban areas and introduction of numerical modelling of sewerage systems. The application of modelling platforms is further described in the feasibility study in the practical part of this thesis. By using the simulation model, the study assesses the hydraulic reliability of the drainage system in the city of Jedovnice in the Czech Republic, identifies hydraulic issues and their causes on the urban drainage system. The second part of the study assesses extra-urban stormwater inflow from fields around the city caused by heavy rainfalls, which causes local flooding in the urban area. The identification as well as proposed solutions and capital expenditures, their comparison and recommendation of the optimal solution are included in the study.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] Los sistemas de drenaje urbano, también conocidos como sistemas de alcantarillado, tienen el propósito de drenar tanto las aguas lluvias como las aguas residuales de nuestras ciudades. Estos sistemas son una de las diferentes infraestructuras civiles que permiten el correcto funcionamiento de las ciudades actuales. Los sistemas de alcantarillados pluviales se encargan de mover las aguas lluvias que caen en la ciudad en forma segura y en un tiempo razonable, sin permitir inundaciones, hacia los cuerpos receptores naturales localizados aguas abajo. Los sistemas de alcantarillado sanitario, por otra parte, tienen el objetivo de recolectar las aguas servidas, de origen domiciliario, industrial y comercial, y trasportarlas en forma segura hacia una planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales antes de enviarlas en forma definitiva hacia un cuerpo receptor o hacia un sistema de reuso, en caso de que este exista. Ambos tipos de alcantarillado, pero particularmente los sanitarios, tienen un profundo impacto sobre la salud pública con implicaciones sobre la viabilidad de una ciudad. La infraestructura de drenaje urbano existente plantea nuevos retos a la ingeniería hidráulica urbana. Por un lado, los sistemas de drenaje de aguas lluvias, además de verse sometidos a problemas de envejecimiento con deterioros de materiales y asentamientos de suelos, se están enfrentando a serios problemas causados por el Cambio Climático. En muchas ciudades este fenómeno está implicando cambios radicales en la hidrología urbana; en muchas ciudades las intensidades y frecuencias de los eventos de lluvia están aumentando con lo cual los sistemas existentes, que fueron diseñados para hidrologías diferentes, se quedan sin capacidad aumentando la frecuencia de las inundaciones urbanas con sus consecuencias sobre la seguridad y salud humana. Por otro lado, los sistemas sanitarios también presentan retos a la ingeniería por problemas de aumento de la densidad poblacional de las ciudades, la falta de resiliencia ante eventos externos como sismos, y a problemas de calidad de agua en los cuerpos receptores al interior de las zonas urbanas, en las aguas freáticas y las corrientes naturales de agua. Estos sistemas también se ven afectados por el deterioro de los materiales y los problemas de asentamiento de los suelos. Ahora, un problema diferente es la no existencia de sistemas de drenaje urbano en muchas ciudades de nuestro mundo, particularmente en aquellas localizadas en países en vías de desarrollo. En la gran mayoría de esos casos, esa falta de alcantarillados es causada por el alto costo de esa infraestructura cuya construcción hace inviable para los gobiernos locales. Además, el crecimiento de las zonas urbanas en esos países agrava el problema. No solamente la infraestructura necesaria se hace más grande y compleja, sino que aumentan los problemas de salud pública asociados con la falta de sanidad ambiental. Por consiguiente, el reto para la ingeniería hidráulica urbana moderna es lograr un mayor acceso a ese servicio esencial. Una de las formas de resolverlo es bajando los costos de construcción y operación de los sistemas de drenaje, haciéndolos financieramente viables a la vez que se mantienen su resiliencia y seguridad. De esta manera se ayudará a cumplir con el Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible No. 6 Agua Limpia y Saneamiento. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, el objetivo de esta tesis fue proponer una metodología que llevara al diseño de mínimo costo de redes de alcantarillado convencionales, manteniendo su resiliencia y facilidad de operación, a la vez que se cumplieran todas las restricciones hidráulicas, constructivas y de operación que, de acuerdo con la experiencia empírica internacional, son las apropiadas para garantizar un correcto comportamiento del sistema de drenaje. El diseño optimizado de una red de alcantarillado está compuesto por dos partes mutuamente dependientes: la selección del árbol y el diseño hidráulico. En esta tesis se resolvieron / [CA] Els sistemes de drenatge urbà, també coneguts com a sistemes de clavegueram, tenen el propòsit de drenar tant les aigües pluges com les aigües residuals de les nostres ciutats. Aquests sistemes són una de les diferents infraestructures civils que permeten el correcte funcionament de les ciutats actuals. Els sistemes de claveguerams pluvials s'encarreguen de moure les aigües pluges que cauen a la ciutat en forma segura i en un temps raonable, sense permetre inundacions, cap als cossos receptors naturals localitzats aigües avall. Els sistemes de clavegueram sanitari, d'altra banda, tenen l'objectiu de recol·lectar les aigües servides, d'origen domiciliari, industrial i comercial, i transportar-les en forma segura cap a una planta de tractament d'aigües residuals abans d'enviar-les en forma definitiva cap a un cos receptor o cap a un sistema de reuse, en cas que aquest existisca. Tots dos tipus de clavegueram, però particularment els sanitaris, tenen un profund impacte sobre la salut pública amb implicacions sobre la viabilitat d'una ciutat. La infraestructura de drenatge urbà existent planteja nous reptes a l'enginyeria hidràulica urbana. D'una banda, els sistemes de drenatge d'aigües pluges, a més de veure's sotmesos a problemes d'envelliment amb deterioracions de materials i assentaments de sòls, s'estan enfrontant a seriosos problemes causats pel Canvi Climàtic. En moltes ciutats aquest fenomen està implicant canvis radicals en la hidrologia urbana; en moltes ciutats les intensitats i freqüències dels esdeveniments de pluja estan augmentant amb la qual cosa els sistemes existents, que van ser dissenyats per a hidrologies diferents, es queden sense capacitat augmentant la freqüència de les inundacions urbanes amb les seues conseqüències sobre la seguretat i salut humana. D'altra banda, els sistemes sanitaris també presenten reptes a l'enginyeria per problemes d'augment de la densitat poblacional de les ciutats, la falta de resiliència davant esdeveniments externs com a sismes, i a problemes de qualitat d'aigua en els cossos receptors a l'interior de les zones urbanes, en les aigües freàtiques i els corrents naturals d'aigua. Aquests sistemes també es veuen afectats per la deterioració dels materials i els problemes d'assentament dels sòls. Ara, un problema diferent és la no existència de sistemes de drenatge urbà en moltes ciutats del nostre món, particularment en aquelles localitzades en països en vies de desenvolupament. En la gran majoria d'aqueixos casos, aqueixa falta de claveguerams és causada per l'alt cost d'aqueixa infraestructura la construcció de la qual fa inviable per als governs locals. A més, el creixement de les zones urbanes en aqueixos països agreuja el problema. No solament la infraestructura necessària es fa més gran i complexa, sinó que augmenten els problemes de salut pública associats amb la falta de sanitat ambiental. Per consegüent, el repte per a l'enginyeria hidràulica urbana moderna és aconseguir un major accés a aqueix servei essencial. Una de les maneres de resoldre-ho és baixant els costos de construcció i operació dels sistemes de drenatge, fent-los financerament viables alhora que es mantenen la seua resiliència i seguretat. D'aquesta manera s'ajudarà a complir amb l'Objectiu de Desenvolupament Sostenible No. 6 Aigua Neta i Sanejament. Tenint en compte l'anterior, l'objectiu d'aquesta tesi va ser proposar una metodologia que portara al disseny de mínim cost de xarxes de clavegueram convencionals, mantenint la seua resiliència i facilitat d'operació, alhora que es compliren totes les restriccions hidràuliques, constructives i d'operació que, d'acord amb l'experiència empírica internacional, són les apropiades per a garantir un correcte comportament del sistema de drenatge. El disseny optimitzat d'una xarxa de clavegueram està compost per dues parts mútuament dependents: la selecció de l'arbre i el disseny hidràulic. En aquesta tesi es van resoldre els dos problemes en forma separada des del punt / [EN] Urban drainage systems, also known as sewer systems, have the purpose of draining both rainwater and wastewater from our cities. These systems are one of the different civil infrastructures that allow the proper functioning of modern cities. Stormwater systems are responsible for moving the rainwater that falls in the city safely and in a reasonable time, without allowing flooding, to the natural receiving bodies located downstream. On the other hand, wastewater systems are designed to collect sewage from domestic, industrial, and commercial sources and transport it safely to a wastewater treatment plant before sending it definitively to a receiving body or to a reuse system, if available. Both types of sewer systems, but particularly wastewater systems, have an extensive impact on public health with implications for the viability of a city. The existing urban drainage infrastructure presents new challenges to urban hydraulic engineering. On the one hand, stormwater systems, in addition to being subjected to aging problems with deterioration of materials and soil settlement, are facing serious problems caused by climate change. In many cities this phenomenon is implying radical changes in urban hydrology; intensities and frequencies of rainfall events are increasing so that the existing systems, which were designed for different hydrological conditions, are running out of capacity, increasing the frequency of urban flooding with its consequences on safety and human health. On the other hand, wastewater systems also present engineering challenges due to problems of increasing population density in cities, lack of resilience to external events such as earthquakes, and water quality problems in receiving waters within urban areas, in groundwater, and natural water currents. These systems are also affected by the deterioration of materials and soil settlement problems. Now, a different problem is the non-existence of urban drainage systems in many cities of the world, particularly in those located in developing countries. In the vast majority of these cases, the lack of sewers is caused by the high cost of this infrastructure, making its construction unfeasible for local governments. In addition, the growth of urban areas in these countries exacerbates the problem. Not only does the necessary infrastructure become larger and more complex, but the public health problems associated with the lack of environmental sanitation increase. Therefore, the challenge for modern urban water engineering is to achieve greater access to this essential service. One way to solve this is by lowering the construction and operating costs of drainage systems, making them financially viable while maintaining their resilience and safety. This will help meet Sustainable Development Goal No. 6 Clean Water and Sanitation. Considering the above, the aim of this thesis was to propose a methodology that would lead to the minimum cost design of conventional sewer networks, maintaining their resilience and ease of operation, while complying with all the hydraulic, constructive, and operational restrictions that, according to international empirical experience, are appropriate to guarantee a correct behavior of the drainage system. The optimized design of a sewer network is composed of two mutually dependent parts: the layout selection and the hydraulic design. In this thesis, the two problems were solved separately from a mathematical point of view, maintaining their interdependence through an iterative process. For a given layout, which could be random for a first iteration, the hydraulic design problem was solved as a shortest path problem using the Bellman-Ford algorithm that guarantees the global minimum cost for that layout. The problem is model as a directed graph in which the nodes represent the combination of diameters and invert elevations at every manhole, and the arcs represent the diameter and upstream and downstream invert elevation of a specific pi / Saldarriaga, J. (2024). OPTIMAL DESIGN OF URBAN SEWER SYSTEMS [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/202962 / Compendio