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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

The role of architecture in fostering healthy cities.

Duffield, Darryl. January 2010 (has links)
This research initiative explores the architectural response to the health implications of rapidly urbanising societies. The investigation looks at the concept of a healthy city as a facilitator for sustainable urban health by a holistic definition of the term. Here, health can be defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing (World Health Organisation, 1985) which argues that health problems are embedded in complex features of urban life that fall outside the province for medicine. The relationship between architecture and health is explored by a chronological investigation of the process of urbanisation which uncovers key issues such as the degradation of the urban environment through intensification and automobile reliance. Furthermore, the destruction of the natural environment and the ignorance of the socio-spatial dimensions of human habitats have led to a series of physical and social health issues. The research identifies urban design and housing examples which promote urban health through a variety of concepts such as mixed-use development, the creation of social spaces and the creation of a legible and coherent urban fabric and focuses on the needs of the community. Essentially, the research points towards a social architecture that provides a series of community services and amenities to promote health as a holistic idea. / Thesis (M.Arch.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2010.
12

Understanding the HIV risk behaviors in Haiti a rural-urban comparison /

Emilien, Régine Alexandra. January 2008 (has links)
Thesis (M.P.H.)--Georgia State University, 2008. / Title from file title page. Richard Rothenberg, committee chair; John Beltrami, Michael Eriksen, committee members. Electronic text (111 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Aug. 22, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-73).
13

Modelling the relationship between the built environment and psychosocial correlates of physical activity behaviour /

McCormack, Gavin Robert. January 2007 (has links)
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Western Australia, 2007.
14

Alcohol-attributable harm to health in urban Europe : disability-adjusted life years in a policy context

Higgerson, James January 2013 (has links)
Introduction: The majority of the European population live in urban areas (UAs). Policy making in urban areas is complex and the use of summary and aggregate measures for public health are important tools. Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) are important for national and international comparison. However, DALYs have not been calculated at urban level. Alcohol is an important European urban public health problem. Therefore the aim of this study was to calculate urban level DALYs attributable to alcohol consumption in Europe(AA-DALYs) and years of life lost (AA-YLL). This work was one of the deliverables of the European Urban Health Indicator System Part II (EURO-URHIS 2), a European Commission funded project. Methodology Design: This is a cross sectional study with four components to be able to calculate comparable DALYs. The boundary study determined the denominator to ensure comparability and facilitate identification of the UAs to be included in the study. The systematic review and national level DALY calculations were used to develop the methodology for calculating AA-DALYs, including AA-YLL. The main methodology was to calculate AA-DALYs and AA-YLL were calculated for comparison between UAs, but also to measure the relationship between alcohol policy strength (measured using the Alcohol Policy Index) and harms to health. Results: It was possible to calculate urban level AA-DALY and AA-YLL for males and females and for different age groups in 20 different UAs. There was no association at either national (p=0.15) or urban level with AA-DALYs and AA-YLL and API score. Clustering of the countries by European region may have influenced the lack of association as well as the need for further refinements of the API to include enforcement. Mean male (female) AA-YLL was 12.75 (3.23) per 1000 population (p<0.0001). Mean male (female) AA-DALYs was 18.85 (3.88) per 1000 population (p<0.0001). There were significant differences between mean male and female AA-DALYs and AA-YLL which were not present when the protective indicators were removed from the calculation. The mean effect size between all ages and the 15-79 year age groups were significant for AA-DALYs and AA-YLLs (p<0.0001).Conclusions: Comparable AA-DALYs and AA-YLL can be calculated at urban level. National level DALYs mask the intra-national differences observed within cities. AA-DALYs and AA-YLL can be used as a summary measure to help policy makers determine the outcomes of their alcohol policy strategies in cities of Europe. Morbidity data availability undermines AA-DALY estimates, but AA-YLL estimates were based on robust data on causes of death at the urban level. Future work will replicate this method for more risk factors for YLL.
15

Obesity and Health Status in Rural, Urban, and Suburban Southern Women

Ramsey, Priscilla W., Glenn, L. Lee 01 January 2002 (has links)
Background. Obesity has reached epidemic proportions over the past 20 years. Methods. This study investigated the differences in rates of obesity and perceptions of health status between rural, urban, and suburban Southern women based on selected socioeconomic factors. Using data from a national health survey, the reports from 4,391 women aged 40 to 64 years were included in the study. Results. Significantly more rural women lived in poverty, reported a poorer health status, and had a greater prevalence of obesity. Urban women had the next highest obesity rate and a moderate health status. The healthiest group with the lowest obesity and poverty rates were suburban women. Conclusion. Obesity and poor overall health are closely related in rural women. The greatest challenge to health care providers is to provide appropriate community-based weight-management programs.
16

Middle school teachers' attitudes and perceptions regrading health education in an urban school district a project report submitted in partial fulfillment ... for the degree of Master of Science, Parent-Child Nursing ... /

George, Kristen A. January 1995 (has links)
Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1995.
17

Variabilidade climática, qualidade da água para abastecimento público e impactos à saúde / Climate variability, water quality for drinking water supply and its health impacts

Oliver, Sofia Lizarralde 04 May 2018 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: A urbanização em bacias hidrográficas contribui para a eutrofização antrópica dos seus corpos d´água, propiciando proliferações de algas tóxicas como as cianobactérias. Existe um padrão característico de sazonalidade nas florações de algas e comunidades de cianobactérias, embora estas algas possam estar presentes ou mesmo dominantes, na maior parte do ano, trazendo problemas práticos associados à elevada biomassa de cianobactérias e potenciais ameaças à saúde pelo aumento de toxinas. A hipótese desta tese é de que as variações do tempo e do clima podem influenciar a qualidade da água de abastecimento ao propiciar florações das algas tóxicas, cianobactérias, que geram toxinas dificilmente filtradas pelos mecanismos comuns, gerando um problema de saúde pública que pode ser agravado com as mudanças climáticas conjuntamente o fenômeno de urbanização crescente nos países de economia emergente. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar qual a influência do tempo e do clima na qualidade da água de abastecimento público de bacias urbanizadas através do indicador de algas tóxicas chamadas cianobactérias. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Para tanto investigou-se em primeiro lugar qual o contexto das proliferações de cianobactérias em reservatório de abastecimento público e suas consequências bem como qual o estado da arte sobre a qualidade da água de reservatórios eutrofizados em bacias urbanizadas, foi elaborado um mapeamento bibliográfico para saber qual a extensão do problema e do que se sabe a respeito. E, por fim, correlacionou-se a influência do tempo e do clima na qualidade da água para abastecimento no caso da bacia urbanizada da Represa Guarapiranga, localizada ao sul da Cidade de São Paulo, com vistas à previsibilidade e prevenção do fenômeno das florações das cianobactérias. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO: Chegando-se a conclusão de que a pressão antrópica e o uso do solo são um fator determinante para a eutrofização de reservatórios de abastecimento e que, por tanto, bacias hidrológicas ocupadas pelo espraiamento urbano são particularmente propensas a apresentar reservatórios de água contaminados com algas toxicas, ao mesmo tempo que são as mais visadas para abastecer a população em seu entorno. O mapeamento bibliográfico mostrou que a proliferação de cianotoxinas em reservatórios eutrofizados é prevalente em diferentes latitudes e climas. A modelagem de correlação teve sucesso em explicar de 16% à 30% das florações na Guarapiranga de acordo com episódios de Irradiação e de precipitação pluviométrica, sendo resultados coerentes com a literatura, embora sejam baixo para gerar um modelo preditivo. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: A pressão antrópica da urbanização de bacias hidrográficas sem planejamento ou infra-estrura sanitária se mostrou uma questão de Saúde Pública e Saúde Urbana. As florações de cianobactérias se apresentaram como fenômenos presentes em diferentes latitudes, climas e graus de organização do espaço, mostrando assim serem uma questão global de saúde pública. A modelagem para o caso de São Paulo resultou em valores de explicação insuficientes para gerar um modelo preditivo do fenômeno das florações, evidenciando o sistema complexo de interação ambiente-ocupação humana-uso do solo- clima, exigindo assim que sejam acrescentadas demais variáveis ao modelo. / INTRODUCTION: Urbanization in hydrographic basins contributes to the anthropic eutrophication of their water bodies, propitiating toxic algae proliferation such as cyanobacterias. There is a characteristic pattern of seasonality in algae blooms and cyanobacteria communities, although theses algae may be present or even dominant during most part of the year. They cause practical problems associated with high biomass volumes, and potential health threats by the rise of toxins. This thesis\' hypothesis is that weather and climate variations can influence the quality of drinking water supply, because toxins are hardly filtered by ordinary mechanisms. The problem can be aggravated by climate change conjointly with the rapid widespread of urbanization in low and middle income countries. OBJECTIVE: This study\'s aim was to investigate the influence of weather and climate variables on the quality of water from the public drinking water supply system of an urbanized watershed through the indicator of toxic algae - denominated cyanobacterias. MATERIALS AND METHODS: First, the cyanobacterias\' blooms in eutrophic reservoir and its\' consequences, was studied by literature review and by an exploratory analysis of monthy weather varables and cyanobacterias data. Secondly, a bibliographical mapping review was drafted in order to know the extension of the problem and what is known regarding it. Finally, data of weather and climate were correlated with the quality of supple water of the, Guarapiranga reservoir, located on the south of São Paulo metropolitan area, acknowledging predictability and prevention of the phenomenon of cyanobacteria bloom. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION: The conclusion was that the anthropic pressure and land use are determinant factors to the eutrophication of supply reservoir and, therefore, hydrological basins occupied by urban sprawling are particularly at risk of presenting water reservoirs contaminated with toxic algae. They are the most targeted to supply water to their neighbor population. The bibliographic mapping showed that the proliferation of cyanotoxins in eutrophized reservoirs is prevalent in different latitudes and climates. The correlation modeling was successful in explaining 16% to 30% of blooms in Guarapiranga according to episodes of irradiation and low precipitation, matching results found in literature, although they are low for the creation of a predicative model. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: The anthropic pressure of urbanization on hydrographic basins without planning or sanitary infrastructure guidelines was shown to be a matter of public and urban health. Cyanobacterias\' blooms was shown to be a phenomena present in different latitudes, climates and degrees of space organization, proving to be a matter of global public health. The modeling for the case of São Paulo has resulted in insufficient explanation values to generate a predictive model of the phenomena of flowering, indicating the complex interaction system involving environment, human occupation, land use and climate, and demanding that more variables be acknowledged in the model.
18

Condicionantes socioambientais urbanos associados à ocorrência de dengue no município de Araraquara / Urban socio-environmental factors associated with the incidence of dengue fever in Araraquara city.

Oliveira, Maria Aparecida de 12 March 2012 (has links)
Introdução: Estima-se que 2,5 bilhões de pessoas vivam em áreas de risco de dengue, em mais de 100 países endêmicos. Mais de 50 milhões de infecções ocorrem anualmente com 500.000 casos de dengue hemorrágica e 22.000 mortes, principalmente entre crianças. A cidade de Araraquara apesar de apresentar boas condições sociais e econômicas, tem apresentado graves epidemias de dengue na última década. Objetivo: Este estudo examinou os fatores socioambientais urbanos associados à incidência de dengue em Araraquara, que é uma cidade de médio porte localizada no interior do estado de São Paulo, na região sudeste do Brasil nos anos de 1998 a 2008. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo ecológico longitudinal, no qual foram avaliados dados de incidência de Dengue notificados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) em todas as semanas epidemiológicas dos anos de 1998 a 2008, no município de Araraquara. As variáveis socioambientais urbanas investigadas foram extraídas do censo demográfico, de imagens de satélite e de planos de informações georreferenciados do ambiente construído. As variáveis meteorológicas investigadas foram obtidas a partir de uma estação automática com mediçoes diárias para todo o período analisado. Para investigar o padrão espaço temporal da distribuição da incidência de dengue no município, foram utilizadas as técnicas de análise exploratória de dados espaciais. Para investigar o efeito independente de variáveis socioambientais urbanas sobre a ocorrência de casos de dengue nos setores censitários de Araraquara, ao longo do período de 1998 a 2008, foram utilizados modelos de análise multivariada para dados longitudinais, por meio de equações de estimação generalizadas (GEE, Generalized Estimating Equations). Resultados: foram identificados padrões sazonais da incidência de dengue. Foram observados efeitos significativos de variáveis sociombientais urbanas, incluindo as variáveis meteorológicas, epidemiológicas e do ambiente construído, como fatores de risco à ocorrência de dengue e estes fatores variam no tempo e no espaço. Conclusão: os resultados mostraram a complexidade dos fatores associados à incidência de dengue no município de Araraquara, que envolve fatores socioambientais urbanos, em diferentes escalas espaciais e temporais. A consideração dos fatores no planejamento de políticas públicas pode ser importante para o enfrentamento desse grave problema de saúde urbana. / Introduction: It is estimated that 2.5 billion people live in areas at risk of dengue fever in more than 100 endemic countries. Over 50 million infections occur annually with 500,000 cases of DHF and 22,000 deaths, mostly among children. The city of Araraquara, despite having good social and economic conditions, had severe dengue epidemics in the last decade. Objective: This study examined the urban socio-environmental factors associated with the incidence of dengue in Araraquara, which is a medium-sized city located in the state of São Paulo, in southeastern Brazil in the years 1998 to 2008. Methods: We conducted a longitudinal ecological study, which evaluated data on the incidence of dengue reported in the Information System for Notifiable Diseases (SINAN) in all epidemiological weeks of the years 1998 to 2008, for the city of Araraquara. The urban social and environmental variables investigated were taken from the census, satellite images and geo-referenced data layers of the built environment. The meteorological variables investigated were obtained from an automatic station with daily measurements for the whole period. To investigate the pattern of spatial and temporal distribution of the incidence of dengue in the city, we used the techniques of exploratory spatial data analysis. To investigate the independent effect of urban social and environmental variables on the occurrence of dengue cases in the census tracts of Araraquara, over the period 1998 to 2008, we used multivariate analysis models for longitudinal data, and generalized estimating equations (GEE). Results: We identified seasonal patterns of dengue incidence. Significant effects were observed for urban social and environmental variables, including meteorological variables, epidemiological and built environment as risk factors to the occurrence of dengue and these factors vary in time and space. Conclusion: The results showed the complexity of factors associated with the incidence of dengue in the city of Araraquara, which involves urban socio-environmental factors at different spatial and temporal scales. The consideration of these factors in the planning of public policies can be important to deal with this serious problem of urban health.
19

"Água para consumo humano e condições de saúde: ainda uma iniqüidade em área periférica do município de Ribeirão Preto / SP" / Water for human consumption and health: continuing iniquity in the periphery of Ribeirão Preto – SP

Julião, Fabiana Cristina 10 October 2003 (has links)
O saneamento ambiental é um dos mais importantes meios de prevenção de doenças, mas infelizmente não é uma realidade em todos os setores da população, gerando uma situação preocupante para os profissionais de Saúde Pública.A problemática relativa à saúde e meio ambiente revela-se particularmente importante para as pessoas que vivem em favelas, ficando expostas a possíveis riscos de contaminação, devido à carência de infra- estrutura de saneamento. Neste estudo, de caráter descritivo-exploratório, utilizou-se métodos quali-quantitativos de investigação, visando o diagnóstico das condições da água para consumo humano em uma favela do município de Ribeirão Preto-SP, considerando-se a forma para obtenção e armazenamento da água, bem como a percepção dos moradores sobre a relação água e saúde. Foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com 14 sujeitos, em seus domicílios, representando 24,5% das 57 moradias existentes, tendo sido ordenadas utilizando-se o Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. Também foi realizada análise bacteriológica de 20 amostras de água provenientes do local de estudo. Paralelamente foi feito um levantamento dos prontuários médicos dos moradores dos 14 domicílios incluídos na investigação. Os discursos, montados a partir das falas das entrevistadas, revelaram que, apesar de parte dos moradores ter consciência sobre a importância da qualidade da água para a saúde humana, ainda utilizam a captação clandestina e o armazenamento inadequado, do ponto de vista sanitário, o que, provavelmente pode ser o fator impactante que interfere na qualidade da água disponível na área do estudo. O resultado da análise bacteriológica indicou a contaminação por coliformes em 25% das amostras analisadas e dentre os parasitas detectados nos exames parasitológicos de fezes, destacam-se Enterobius vermicularis e Ascaris lumbricoides, presentes em 54,5% dos 11 exames realizados. Consideramos importante o planejamento de ações, em conjunto com os profissionais de saúde e a população, que favoreçam a conscientização dos moradores em relação à melhoria das condições de saúde a partir de medidas simples para o manuseio e armazenamento da água, visando não só a prevenção de doenças infecto-parasitárias, mas também melhores condições de higiene e bem estar, mesmo que essas ações sejam limitadas pela precariedade da situação que enfrentam em seu cotidiano. / Environmental sanitation is one of the most important means of illness prevention but, unfortunately, it is not a reality in all sectors of the population, which creates a preoccupying situation for Public Health professionals. The health and environmental problem reveals to be particularly important for those people living in slums, who are exposed to possible contamination risks due to the lack of environmental sanitation infrastructure. In this descriptive and exploratory study, qualitative and quantitative research methods were used with a view to diagnosing the conditions of water for human consumption in a slum of Ribeirão Preto-SP, considering the form of obtaining and conserving water, as well as the inhabitants perception about the relation between water and health. Semi-structured interviews were made with 14 subjects, at their homes, representing 24.5% of the 57 existing residences; interviews were organized by means of the Collective Subject Discourse. Also a bacteriological analysis was realized in 20 samples of local water. In parallel, a surveyed the medical files of the inhabitants of the 14 residences included in the research. The interviewees’ discourse revealed that, although part of the inhabitants is aware of the importance of water quality for human health, they still use illegal captation and inadequate storage from the sanitary viewpoint, which may probably be the factor of impact that interferes in the quality of available water in the studied area. The result of a bacteriological analysis indicated the contaminacion by total coliforms in 25% of the analyzed samples and among the parasites detected in the parasitological faeces tests, Enterobius vermicularis and Ascaris lumbricoides stand out, which were present in 54.5% of the 11 tests that were realized. We consider it important to plan actions, together with the health professionals and the population, which favor the inhabitants’ becoming aware of the improvement in health conditions on the basis of simple measures for treating and storing water, not only with a view to the prevention of infectious-parasital diseases, but also to better hygiene conditions and well-being, even if these actions are limited due to the precarious situations they face in their daily life.
20

Condicionantes socioambientais urbanos associados à ocorrência de dengue no município de Araraquara / Urban socio-environmental factors associated with the incidence of dengue fever in Araraquara city.

Maria Aparecida de Oliveira 12 March 2012 (has links)
Introdução: Estima-se que 2,5 bilhões de pessoas vivam em áreas de risco de dengue, em mais de 100 países endêmicos. Mais de 50 milhões de infecções ocorrem anualmente com 500.000 casos de dengue hemorrágica e 22.000 mortes, principalmente entre crianças. A cidade de Araraquara apesar de apresentar boas condições sociais e econômicas, tem apresentado graves epidemias de dengue na última década. Objetivo: Este estudo examinou os fatores socioambientais urbanos associados à incidência de dengue em Araraquara, que é uma cidade de médio porte localizada no interior do estado de São Paulo, na região sudeste do Brasil nos anos de 1998 a 2008. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo ecológico longitudinal, no qual foram avaliados dados de incidência de Dengue notificados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) em todas as semanas epidemiológicas dos anos de 1998 a 2008, no município de Araraquara. As variáveis socioambientais urbanas investigadas foram extraídas do censo demográfico, de imagens de satélite e de planos de informações georreferenciados do ambiente construído. As variáveis meteorológicas investigadas foram obtidas a partir de uma estação automática com mediçoes diárias para todo o período analisado. Para investigar o padrão espaço temporal da distribuição da incidência de dengue no município, foram utilizadas as técnicas de análise exploratória de dados espaciais. Para investigar o efeito independente de variáveis socioambientais urbanas sobre a ocorrência de casos de dengue nos setores censitários de Araraquara, ao longo do período de 1998 a 2008, foram utilizados modelos de análise multivariada para dados longitudinais, por meio de equações de estimação generalizadas (GEE, Generalized Estimating Equations). Resultados: foram identificados padrões sazonais da incidência de dengue. Foram observados efeitos significativos de variáveis sociombientais urbanas, incluindo as variáveis meteorológicas, epidemiológicas e do ambiente construído, como fatores de risco à ocorrência de dengue e estes fatores variam no tempo e no espaço. Conclusão: os resultados mostraram a complexidade dos fatores associados à incidência de dengue no município de Araraquara, que envolve fatores socioambientais urbanos, em diferentes escalas espaciais e temporais. A consideração dos fatores no planejamento de políticas públicas pode ser importante para o enfrentamento desse grave problema de saúde urbana. / Introduction: It is estimated that 2.5 billion people live in areas at risk of dengue fever in more than 100 endemic countries. Over 50 million infections occur annually with 500,000 cases of DHF and 22,000 deaths, mostly among children. The city of Araraquara, despite having good social and economic conditions, had severe dengue epidemics in the last decade. Objective: This study examined the urban socio-environmental factors associated with the incidence of dengue in Araraquara, which is a medium-sized city located in the state of São Paulo, in southeastern Brazil in the years 1998 to 2008. Methods: We conducted a longitudinal ecological study, which evaluated data on the incidence of dengue reported in the Information System for Notifiable Diseases (SINAN) in all epidemiological weeks of the years 1998 to 2008, for the city of Araraquara. The urban social and environmental variables investigated were taken from the census, satellite images and geo-referenced data layers of the built environment. The meteorological variables investigated were obtained from an automatic station with daily measurements for the whole period. To investigate the pattern of spatial and temporal distribution of the incidence of dengue in the city, we used the techniques of exploratory spatial data analysis. To investigate the independent effect of urban social and environmental variables on the occurrence of dengue cases in the census tracts of Araraquara, over the period 1998 to 2008, we used multivariate analysis models for longitudinal data, and generalized estimating equations (GEE). Results: We identified seasonal patterns of dengue incidence. Significant effects were observed for urban social and environmental variables, including meteorological variables, epidemiological and built environment as risk factors to the occurrence of dengue and these factors vary in time and space. Conclusion: The results showed the complexity of factors associated with the incidence of dengue in the city of Araraquara, which involves urban socio-environmental factors at different spatial and temporal scales. The consideration of these factors in the planning of public policies can be important to deal with this serious problem of urban health.

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