This study examines the reasons behind the decline in public transport patronage in Melbourne between 1950 and 1990, through a comparison with Toronto. The share of urban travel undertaken by public transport has declined since the Second World War in all developed countries, but public transport patronage in Melbourne appears to have declined more rapidly than in most other industrialised cities. Public transport has, however, gained or held ground in Toronto, where the form of development is similar in many ways to Melbourne. Most accounts of Toronto’s success (particularly in Australia) regard transport/land-use integration as the critical factor. The contrasting analysis maintains that Melbourne’s urban form has changed over this period to a dispersed, car-oriented pattern. This study evaluates a different interpretation of the ‘Toronto model’. This is that Toronto has undergone similar urban changes to Melbourne since the war, but has found a way of operating public transport successfully in a relatively dispersed environment. The contrast with Melbourne, then, is not primarily in land-use patterns, but in policies towards the operation of public transport.

Master of Landscape Architecture / Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning / Jason Brody / Within the past decade, waste landscapes of decaying regional shopping centers and malls have been transformed into new buildings, streets, and towns— otherwise known as greyfield redevelopments. The most successful of these greyfield redevelopment projects are designed as vibrant town centers that exhibit traits of larger 24-hour cities. Unfortunately, landscape has been less relevant within these projects than they have in historical town center precedents. Landscape architecture originated from societal, cultural, and environmental needs and emerged as a profession to meet those needs. Theory, research, and design principles have emerged as well from studying the importance of landscape within the urban realm. Based upon the theory of Landscape Urbanism, landscape should be the primary element of urban order and that landscape architects possess the ability to enhance these multi-disciplinary projects. In CenterScapes, explorative design projects act as experimental subjects for a landscape architecture approach to current successful greyfield-redevelopment-into-town-center design. This masters project illustrates design research in theory, precedent, design principle, analysis, and explorative design through two applications. While both applications exhibit traits of a greyfield-redevelopment-into-town-center typology, one is designed solely by landscape architects and the other is designed by an interdisciplinary team represented by architectural, landscape architectural, and real estate development disciplines. This report functions to reveal the importance of strategically allocated and designed open space to act as catalysts for new town center developments.

Master of Landscape Architecture / Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning / Jason Brody / Effective open space is critical to the urban quality of life because it fosters environmental, social, and economic vitality. However, some designers, planners, and developers have a tendency to focus on only one of these aspects and, thus, create spaces that are monofunctional and inefficient over time. To ensure effective open spaces in cities, landscape architects must think strategically and employ design tactics that are multifunctional and perform environmentally, socially, and economically. My objective was to provide landscape architects with a framework that ensured effective open spaces through the manipulation of the urban surface. In this report, I explored how the urban surface could be used to create multifunctional, flexible, and adaptive solutions that informed and directed (re)development so that urban spaces had lasting value. A thorough literature review that explored concepts from Jane Jacobs, Alex Wall, and Ying-Yu Hung was used to create a theoretical framework that consisted of various tactics. The tactics were aesthetic, programmatic, contextual, and/or performative in nature, and the aggregation of these tactics in the urban surface catalyzed environmental, social, and economic vitality in urban open spaces. My methodology was iterative, cycling periods of research, design, and analysis in both group and individual settings. The theoretical framework was used to evaluate and inform design decisions, and the design decisions refined and validated the theoretical framework itself. The theoretical framework was first applied to two precedent studies through a series of diagrammatic mapping exercises. Then, the theoretical framework was applied to two collaborative, multidisciplinary redevelopment projects. The first project was the redevelopment of the Village Plaza shopping center in Manhattan, Kansas (MHK Project), and the second project was the revitalization of Downtown East in Minneapolis, Minnesota for the annual Gerald D. Hines Student Urban Design Competition, sponsored by the Urban Land Institute (ULI Competition). Both of these projects were evaluated and refined using the same diagrammatic mapping exercises. The effectiveness of using the theoretical framework as a guide for designing successful open spaces was validated with my team’s victory in the finalist round of the ULI Competition. The tactics in the theoretical framework offered pragmatic and multiscalar strategies that I incorporated into the open spaces that my team and I designed. Ultimately, I discovered that the role of surface was to accommodate, organize, structure, and facilitate the dynamic processes necessary for environmental, social, and economic vitality, which enhanced the urban quality of life and created an indisputable sense of place.

O trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar técnicas de disciplinamento do uso do solo urbano visando a preservação do meio ambiente. Inicialmente, é discutido o interrelacionamento entre a urbanização e o meio ambiente, mostrando como as características ambientais influem no processo de urbanização ou são alteradas pelo mesmo. Entre as alterações resultantes do desenvolvimento urbano é ressaltada a poluição ambiental em suas diversas modalidades: do solo, da água, do ar, acústica e visual. A seguir, são propostas técnicas de disciplinamento do uso e ocupação do solo urbano a serem aplicadas como medidas de controle preventivo destas modalidades de poluição. São recomenadadas medidas de preservação do meio ambiente na disposição de resíduos sólidos e líquidos, para controle da erosão, como proteção da qualidade de águas superficiais e subterrâneas, como controle da poluição do ar e acústica, ou como proteção dos recursos de valor paisagístico, ambiental e cultural. Finalmente, é apresentada uma metodologia de planejamento urbano visando a preservaçao do meio ambiente onde são discutidos os aspectos técnicos, legais, institucionais, econômicos e sociais do processo. O trabalho baseia-se em pesquisa bibliográfica e na observação de programas de disciplinamento do uso do solo de cidades brasileiras e americanas. / This work discusses land use control techniques for urban environment preservation. First, the relatiohship between urbanization and environment is discussed. It is showed how environmental characteristics affect urbanizatioh and how urbanization affects environment. Some kinds of environmental pollution, are discussed: solid wastes disposal problems, water pollution, air pollution, noise, and visual quality impacts. After, some land use control techniques are proposed for the preventive control of these kinds of pollution, related solid and liquid wastes disposal, erosion control , groundwater and surface water protection, air pollution and noise control, landscape, environmental and historic resources preservation. Finaly, it is proposed an urban planning model for environmental protection. Technical, legal, economic and social aspects of planning are discussed. This work is based on bibliographic research and observatlon of land use control programs of brazilian and american cities.

A mobilidade e a acessibilidade estão entre as questões urbanas que mais afetam a qualidade de vida da população. A complexidade desses problemas exige o desenvolvimento de ferramentas que possibilitem ampliar a compreensão desses fenômenos, bem como suas inter-relações. Nesse sentido, índices e indicadores apresentam-se como importantes ferramentas para a análise das condições atuais de mobilidade e acessibilidade, bem como permitem monitorar o impacto de políticas públicas e a evolução de determinados fenômenos e ações. Neste contexto, objetiva-se analisar a mobilidade e a acessibilidade urbana nos municípios da Grande Vitória (ES), por meio da aplicação de indicadores e cálculo de índice de mobilidade e acessibilidade urbana. Assume-se como hipótese que a região central da Grande Vitória apresenta melhores condições de acessibilidade urbana quando comparada com as áreas periféricas e, em contrapartida, a população da região central apresenta os piores índices de mobilidade urbana. A metodologia adotada inclui revisão bibliográfica acerca da temática em estudo; identificação dos indicadores de mobilidade e acessibilidade urbana; coleta de dados juntos aos órgãos públicos; definição dos indicadores a serem adotados na pesquisa; definição dos pesos dos indicadores; cálculo e espacialização do Índice de Mobilidade e Acessibilidade Urbana (IMAU) nos municípios da Grande Vitória; e análise dos resultados obtidos. Como resultado foi obtido um IMAU para a Grande Vitória, bem como foram criados mapas georreferenciados que identificam na região as áreas com os melhores e piores índices de mobilidade e acessibilidade urbana. Esse índice, em conjunto com os indicadores, apresenta-se como uma ferramenta de suporte à proposição de políticas públicas, para o direcionamento de ações e, principalmente, na identificação das áreas carentes de investimentos. / The mobility and accessibility are among the urban issues that most affect the quality of life of the population. The complexity of these issues require the development of tools that make it possible to expand the understanding of these phenomena, as well as their interrelationships. In this sense, indexes and indicators are important tools for the analysis of current conditions for mobility and accessibility, as well as allow you to monitor the impact of public policies and the evolution of certain phenomena and actions. In this context, the goal is to analyze mobility and accessibility in urban municipalities of Grande Vitória (ES), through the application of indicators and calculation of index of urban mobility and accessibility. It is assumed as a hypothesis that the central Great Victoria presents the best conditions of urban accessibility when compared with the peripheral areas and, on the other hand, the population of the central region has the worst indices of urban mobility. The adopted methodology includes bibliographical review about the subject; identification of indicators of urban mobility and accessibility; data collection with the public agencies; definition of indicators to be used in the research; definition of indicator weights; calculation and spatialization of the Urban Mobility and Accessibility Index (UMAI) in the municipalities of Grande Vitória; and analysis of the results obtained. As a result an UMAI was obtained for the Grande Vitória, as well as georeferenced maps were created that identify in the region the areas with the best and worst rates of mobility and urban accessibility. This index, together with the indicators, is presented as a tool to support the proposal of public policies, to guide actions and, mainly, to identify areas lacking investments.

Os movimentos populares de luta por moradia, que defendem a proposta autogestionária, atuam no Brasil desde a década de 80, e são protagonistas da recente construção legal e institucional da política urbana e habitacional brasileira. Os programas Crédito Solidário e Minha Casa Minha Vida Entidades, frutos de uma trajetória de mobilização e pressão desses movimentos, reconhecem a atuação de entidades sociais, cooperativas e movimentos populares como agentes promotores de empreendimentos habitacionais, com recursos públicos federais. O acesso à terra urbanizada e bem localizada para a habitação popular tem estado na pauta dos movimentos de reforma urbana que para isso têm desenvolvido ações diretas, como ocupações e mobilizações públicas, iniciativas legislativas e ações institucionais, como a participação em conselhos de políticas públicas. Entretanto o conjunto de instrumentos colocados à disposição da sociedade para regular o uso do território ainda não foram efetivamente implantados. Assim, a ausência de política fundiária, em nível local e nacional aliada à abundância de recursos públicos e privados disponíveis para o setor da construção civil e a financeirização da produção da moradia e da cidade fazem com que a busca por áreas disponíveis para a produção habitacional de interesse social seja cada vez mais difícil. Tal tarefa se torna ainda mais árdua para os movimentos sociais. O Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida consagra um modelo de produção habitacional calcada em um modelo único de acesso, através da aquisição, ainda que com subsídios expressivos, da propriedade individual da casa, que se torna, imediatamente, produto de mercado, com um aparato normativo adequado a esse objetivo. Configura-se assim um conflito entre a proposta de política habitacional autogestionária formulada no âmbito dos movimentos e as condições estabelecidas pelas políticas de habitação e solo urbano. O enfrentamento deste conflito se constitui hoje em campo fundamental de atuação dos movimentos. / The housing social movements, that defend the collective self-managed agenda, act in Brazil since the 80´s and are protagonists of the recent legal and institutional construction of the urban and housing policies in Brazil. The public housing programs Crédito Solidário (Solidary Credit) and Minha Casa Minha Vida Entidades (My House My Life Entities), outcomes of a trajectory of mobilization and pressure of these movements recognize the performance of cooperatives, social organizations and popular movements as promotional agents of housing enterprises with federal resources. The access to the well located urban land for the popular housing has been in the agenda of movements for urban reform that have developed direct actions, as public occupations and mobilizations, legislative initiatives and institutional actions, as the participation in public policies councils. However, the set of instruments available to the society to regulate the use of the territory had been not effectively implanted yet. Thus, the search for available areas for houses of social interest is even more difficult in the absence of land policies, in a local and national level, added to the abundance of available public and private resources for the civil construction sector as well as the financialization of the housing and city production. Such a task becomes even more arduous for social movements. Minha Casa Minha Vida enshrines a model of housing production based on a single model of access to the individual property of the house by acquisition, although with considerable subsidies, which becomes immediately a commodity and to this end entails an adjusted normative apparatus. A conflict is configured between the proposal of collective self-managed housing policies as formulated by the movements and the conditions established for the urban housing and land policies. Facing this conflict constitutes today the main field of action for the movements.

O objetivo da pesquisa presente é analisar o modelo de gestão e o padrão espacial da \"Riviera de São Lourenço\" e comparar estes aspectos com outro loteamento do mesmo tipo: \"Loteamento Morada da Praia\". Ambos fazem parte do contexto urbano do município de Bertioga. Enfocando este objetivo, estes empreendimentos foram escolhidos porque eles são os dois maiores loteamentos dirigidos para residências secundárias na orla do estado de São Paulo e que se propõem a uma ocupação dita \"sustentável\". Comparar loteamentos para residências secundárias capazes de elaborar modelos de gestão ambiental na região litorânea, poderá estabelecer parâmetros, necessidades e alternativas para outros empreendimentos do tipo, uma vez que a ocupação territorial promovida por loteamentos de residências secundárias aparece como processo inevitável. / The purpose of this research is to analyze the management model and the space pattern of the \"Riviera de São Lourenço\" and to compare these aspects with another land division of the same sort: \"Loteamento Morada da Praia\". Both are part of the urban context of the city of Bertioga. Focusing this purpose, these real estate enterprises have been chosen because they are the biggest two land divisions directed towards secondary residences at São Paulo state shore and considered as \"sustainable\" occupation. Comparing land divisions for secondary residences which are capable of elaborating models of environment management along the shore region could establish parameters, as well as necessities and alternatives to other similar enterprises, since the territorial occupation promoted by land divisions for secondary residences constructions appears as an inevitable process.

Smart growth policies have often emphasized the importance of land use mix as an intervention beholding of lasting urban planning and public health benefits. Past transportation-land use research has identified potential efficiency gains achieved by mixed-use neighborhoods and the subsequent shortening of trip lengths; whereas, public health research has accredited increased land use mixing as an effective policy for facilitating greater physical activity. However, despite the celebrated transportation, land use, and health benefits of improved land use mixing and the extent of topical attention, no consensus has been reached regarding the conceptualization and measurement of this key smart growth principle or the magnitude of its link to walking. This dissertation, comprised of three empirical studies, explores this topic in detail. In the first study, activity-based transportation and landscape ecology theory contributed to the introduction of a multifaceted land use mix construct reflected by a set of composition and configuration indicators. This activity-related land use mix construct, and not the commonly used entropy index, was a significant built environmental determinant of walk mode choice and home-based walk trip frequency. In the second study, structural equation modeling was used to establish a connection between residing in a smart growth neighborhood and home-based pedestrian travel. This study discovered a multidimensional depiction of the traveler's residential environment that was reflective of local land use mix, employment concentration, and pedestrian-oriented design. The second-order factor, which described a smart growth neighborhood, had a strong and positive effect on the household-level decision to walk for transportation-related and discretionary travel when assessed in a multidirectional conceptual framework. In the final study, the influence of geographic scale selection on the connection between the built environment and active and auto-related travel was explored. Informed by this sensitivity analysis, which underlined the existence of scaling and zoning effects, mode choice for both work and nonwork travel as a function of individual, household, transportation, and built environment features at the home location and destination was modeled. These discrete choice analysis results found that measures of land use mix and density at each trip end had the strongest effect on the decision to walk rather drive or ride in a vehicle for nonwork trips. In all, the findings from this dissertation provide policymakers and practitioners greater specificity in the measurement of land use mix and its connection to pedestrian travel behavior.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Maryland, College Park, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 179-186). Also available online via the Digital Repository at the University of Maryland website (https://drum.umd.edu/).

ABSTRACT Land resources are the foundation of national development. The land resources in Taiwan in limited, and with the population growing as well as rapid economic development, the demand for land increases, resulting in overload of land uses. In addition, due to lack of appropriate allocation of land resources to development and of comprehensive planning, the current uses of land resources do not appear reasonable. In order to put national policy into practice, enhance efficient use of land resources, and complement national socioeconomic development, under the guideline of equity distribution of land rights (efficient use of land and equity distribution of land benefits, the government crafts land comprehensive plans and encourages private sectors to provide land and capital, to collaboratively participate in public investments to achieve the goals of national policy. In view of the current institution of land use development, development overrides planning in land use systems, focusing on pursuing of efficiency. In the long run, this practice is confined by inflexibility of zoning, failing to fit the need of socioeconomic development. There is a need for a policy of planning leading development to solve various land use problems. In many land use development cases, the government should make choices, i. e., in developing land, alternatives must be considered. The research explores the meaning and use of multi-attribute decision making techniques and decision analysis, explains through several development measures the basic theories and characteristics for comparisons, and establishes development orientations and policies issues for cross-national examinations of land development experiences and practices. Based on the analytic hierarchy process, the research conducts a questionnaire survey of experts and scholars to evaluate land comprehensive development measures. The findings from the research are as follows: 1.National land development should balance among ecology, living, and production. 2.Planning leading development should be the land use policy to achieve the goals of urban planning. 3.The goals of land comprehensive development should be grounded on urban comprehensive development. 4.Factors that affect land development include citizens¡¦ rights, construction effects, financial burden, and market demand, which in turn have significant influence on solving urban and regional development. 5.According to the survey, with respect to achieving the goal of urban comprehensive development, the ranking of the weights of the factors in Item 4 is construction effects, citizens¡¦ rights, market demand, and financial burden. 6.The result of the evaluation suggests that to achieve urban comprehensive development, the ranking is zone expropriation, development permit, urban renewal, and urban land consolidation.