<p>The main objective of this study is to understand and asses flood risk perception among people living in Msimbazi Valley in Das es Salaam, Tanzania. Many of the people I have interviewed are experiencing flooding every year but it is rarely considered disastrous. Looked at individually they may not be disasters but cumulatively they may be. The rapid urbanisation, in this part of the world, forces people to live on hazardous but central land because of the livelihood opportunities available there. The government and the local communities are well aware of the risk of floods in the area and are considered as a serious threat to the families. People are still living in these areas because they find the benefits big enough to make up the risks.</p>

O crescimento desordenado das grandes cidades brasileiras, com a ocupação de várzeas, canalização de córregos e impermeabilização do solo, tem afetado o micro clima urbano, aumentando a incidência de fortes chuvas, que causam desastres, associados à chuvas extremas. Este trabalho apresenta um índice de vulnerabilidade urbana a alagamentos e deslizamentos de terra, em função de eventos extremos de precipitação, como instrumento de gestão urbana a estes desastres. / The unruly growth of large Brazilian cities resulting from the occupation of floodplains, channeling of rivers, and impermeabilization of the soil, has affected the urban microclimate, increasing heavy rains, which cause disasters associated to extreme weather events. This thesis presents a index of urban vulnerability to floods and landslides, according to extreme precipitation events, as an instrument of urban management to these disasters.

The main objective of this study is to understand and asses flood risk perception among people living in Msimbazi Valley in Das es Salaam, Tanzania. Many of the people I have interviewed are experiencing flooding every year but it is rarely considered disastrous. Looked at individually they may not be disasters but cumulatively they may be. The rapid urbanisation, in this part of the world, forces people to live on hazardous but central land because of the livelihood opportunities available there. The government and the local communities are well aware of the risk of floods in the area and are considered as a serious threat to the families. People are still living in these areas because they find the benefits big enough to make up the risks.

Lima, capital of Perú, together with El Callao configure a large urban agglomeration of near nine million people that makes one third of the total Peruvian population. It is characterized by huge social and spatial inequalities and serious governance and urban management problems; and it is the siege of the national public establishments, the administrations, banks and big enterprises, which results in the concentration of half of the Peruvian economy. From this perspective, any perturbation of Lima by a disaster might affect not only the city and her inhabitants but also the Peruvian territory as a whole. The purpose of this paper is to argument the need to develop a strictly geographic focus in the scientific research on the management of emergency situations. This demonstration is based on a study made by PACIVUR about the resources available to attend the disasters in Lima and El Callao, under the hypothesis of the occurrence of a great earthquake followed by a tsunami. / Lima, capital del Perú, conforma con el Callao una extensa aglomeración urbana que registra cerca de nueve millones de habitantes o sea un tercio de la población peruana. Caracterizada por grandes desigualdades sociales y espaciales y agudos problemas de gobernabilidad y gestión urbana, la urbe centraliza los poderes públicos nacionales, las administraciones, los bancos y sedesde grandes empresas lo que resulta en la concentración de la mitad de la economía peruana en la aglomeración capital. Desde esta perspectiva, la perturbación de Lima por un desastre afectaríano solamente la ciudad y sus habitantes sino también el territorio peruano en su conjunto. El propósito de este texto es argumentar la necesidad de desarrollar un enfoque específicamente geográfico en las investigaciones científicas sobre el manejo de las situaciones de emergencia. Esta demostración se apoya en un estudio que se hizo sobre los recursos para la atención de desastre en Lima y Callao, en la hipótesis de ocurrencia de un sismo de gran magnitud acompañado de un tsunami.

O crescimento desordenado das grandes cidades brasileiras, com a ocupação de várzeas, canalização de córregos e impermeabilização do solo, tem afetado o micro clima urbano, aumentando a incidência de fortes chuvas, que causam desastres, associados à chuvas extremas. Este trabalho apresenta um índice de vulnerabilidade urbana a alagamentos e deslizamentos de terra, em função de eventos extremos de precipitação, como instrumento de gestão urbana a estes desastres. / The unruly growth of large Brazilian cities resulting from the occupation of floodplains, channeling of rivers, and impermeabilization of the soil, has affected the urban microclimate, increasing heavy rains, which cause disasters associated to extreme weather events. This thesis presents a index of urban vulnerability to floods and landslides, according to extreme precipitation events, as an instrument of urban management to these disasters.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:55:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JulianaSIC_DISSERT.pdf: 2249135 bytes, checksum: a9591093b8b4e5ed285c2bd277efa2fe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-27 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / In urban, flooding and landslides are among the troubles that most bring human and material loss. Therefore, this study objected to perform an analysis on the risk perception on the population living in social environmental vulnerable places in order to understand what is the way this population realize the risks they are exposed to and what are the outbrave strategies the develop. The first analyzed area was Complexo Passo da P?tria for the flooding risk problematic and then the Cidade Nova neighborhood threatened by the dunes slides. The areas locate, respectively, in the West and East zones of Natal-RN. Using an interview screenplay adapted from risk perception researches from different brazilian cities, it was collected primarily data on the variables: perception, evaluation and choice, safety threshold, adjustment, decision and participation. Due to the studied areas characteristics the qualitative approach adjusted itself to the difficulties for accessing the areas. The studied places characterize for its insecure situation like selling/using drugs, robbery and murder among others. Due to this situation the interviewed individuals were the ones that could be found more accessibly and available in the moment and the interviews were made in the community leader presence of each area. Through the discourse of the respondents analysis it was able to conclude that the interviewed population is exposed to a high vulnerability grade and risks. However it was identified substantial differences between the perception and risks of Complexo Passo da P?tria and bairro Cidade Nova, because in the first area the intervied ones can recognize the high risk they are exposed to in a more emphatic way to the interviewed ones for the Cidade Nova neighborhood. Furthermore, there is a heavy dissatisfaction for the population of the two places about the city hall positions relating to the present problems in the studied areas. It was also identified the strategy development of acquaintanceship with the risk in the research places beyond a feeling of belonging and affection between the dwellers and the places, yet it was more evident for Complexo Passo da P?tria. Though this analysis it was possible to understand and perceptions and the behavior of the individuals or social groups facing the risks as acceptance and rejection of determined risks beyond adaptation measures of living together with the persistence presence of risks. Therefore, qualitative nature researches emphasizing the perception approach are in the fundamental importance in the studies about risks making it possible to offer aids to the urban planning and management in the implement of effective preventive measures and compatible with the population aims / No espa?o urbano, as inunda??es e deslizamentos de terra est?o entre os problemas que mais trazem preju?zos humanos e materiais. Este estudo objetivou, portanto, realizar uma an?lise da percep??o de riscos de popula??es residentes em ?reas de vulnerabilidade socioambiental a fim de compreender de que forma essas popula??es percebem os riscos a que est?o expostas e quais as estrat?gias de enfrentamento desenvolvidas por elas. A primeira ?rea analisada foi o Complexo Passo da P?tria com a problem?tica dos riscos de inunda??es e em seguida o bairro Cidade Nova, sujeito a riscos de deslizamentos de dunas. As ?reas localizam-se, respectivamente, nas zonas oeste e leste de Natal-RN. Com um roteiro de entrevistas adaptado de pesquisas sobre percep??o de riscos em diferentes cidades brasileiras, foram coletados dados prim?rios referentes ?s vari?veis: percep??o, avalia??o e escolha, limiar de seguran?a, ajustamento, decis?o e participa??o. Devido ?s caracter?sticas das ?reas de estudo, a abordagem qualitativa adequou-se ?s dificuldades de acessibilidade nas ?reas. Os locais estudados se caracterizam por situa??es de inseguran?a como venda/uso de drogas, assaltos, homic?dios, entre outros. Devido a isso, os indiv?duos abordados foram os que se encontravam mais acess?veis e dispon?veis no momento e as entrevistas foram realizadas na presen?a dos l?deres comunit?rios de ambas as ?reas. Atrav?s da an?lise do discurso dos entrevistados p?de-se concluir que a popula??o entrevistada est? exposta a um alto grau de vulnerabilidade e riscos. Por?m, identificaram-se diferen?as significativas entre a percep??o de riscos no Complexo Passo da P?tria e no bairro Cidade Nova, haja visto que na primeira ?rea os entrevistados reconhecerem o alto risco ? que est?o expostos de maneira mais enf?tica em compara??o aos entrevistados do bairro Cidade Nova. Al?m disso, h? uma grande insatisfa??o da popula??o das duas localidades quanto ao posicionamento da prefeitura em rela??o aos problemas presentes nas ?reas de estudo. Identificou-se, tamb?m o desenvolvimento de estrat?gias de conviv?ncia com o risco nos locais de pesquisa, al?m de um sentimento de pertencimento e afei??o entre os moradores e seu espa?o; por?m com maior evid?ncia no Complexo Passo da P?tria. Atrav?s dessa an?lise foi poss?vel compreender a percep??o e o comportamento de indiv?duos ou grupos sociais diante dos riscos, como aceita??o e rejei??o de determinados riscos, al?m de medidas de adapta??o e conviv?ncia com a presen?a constante de riscos. Portanto, pesquisas de natureza qualitativa com ?nfase na abordagem perceptiva s?o de fundamental import?ncia nos estudos sobre riscos, sendo poss?vel oferecer subs?dios ao planejamento e gest?o urbana na implanta??o de medidas preventivas eficazes e compat?veis com os anseios da popula??o

L'agglomération urbaine de Lima et Callao (9 millions d'habitants) se prépare à un séisme de grande magnitude susceptible de provoquer une crise majeure. Face à cette crise à venir, quelles connaissances peut-on produire sur la vulnérabilité du territoire urbain ? Cette recherche propose de poser les jalons d'une géographie de la gestion de crise à partir de la question de l'accessibilité aux soins à Lima et Callao. C'est une géographie urbaine à la croisée des problématiques du risque, de la crise et de la santé d'urgence, qui aborde frontalement les dimensions spatiales et territoriales de la gestion des situations de crise. La problématique de recherche s'appuie sur un panorama de grandes crises urbaines et propose une analyse critique des paradigmes de gestion des risques et des crises. Innovante, cette approche géographique impose de saisir conjointement la complexité des situations de crises et la vulnérabilité des grandes agglomérations urbaines. Partant de l'idée que la gestion de crise consiste à mettre en relation des ressources utiles au moment de l'évènement et des espaces vulnérables à secourir en priorité, une base de données géoréférencées des ressources de santé d'urgence à Lima a été construite et utilisée pour analyser les dimensions spatiales et territoriales de la gestion de crise. Différentes vulnérabilités sont mises en évidence : celles des hôpitaux majeurs, celles du dispositif de soins, et celles de la population à travers l'accessibilité aux soins en situation de crise. Elles contribuent toutes à la compréhension de la vulnérabilité du territoire. Ainsi, cette recherche propose de faire de la gestion de crise un véritable objet de recherche de la géographie, capable d'éclairer les questions urbaines au-delà de la problématique des risques et des crises. Elle propose de décrypter la vulnérabilité à partir d'une lecture conjointe des dimensions spatiales et territoriales de la gestion de crise au moment de l'événement et des processus de construction de la ville sur le temps long. Cette géographie de la crise dépasse le clivage entre prévention des risques et préparation à la gestion de crise en s'inscrivant dans un continuum risque / crise, et réintroduit le territoire et le politique au cœur de la problématique des risques et des crises en milieu urbain. / The urban area of Lima and Callao (9 million inhabitants) is preparing for an earthquake of great magnitude that could entail a major crisis. In front of this coming crisis, what do we know about the vulnerability of this urban territory? This research study suggests putting the milestones of a geography of crisis management based on the accessibility to emergency healthcare in Lima and Callao. It is an urban geography located at the crossroads of risk, crisis and emergency health issues, which directly tackles the spatial and territorial dimensions of crisis management. This research study is based on a panorama of big urban crises and presents a critical analysis of the paradigms of risk and crises. This innovative geographical approach aims at seizing both the complexity of crisis situations and the vulnerability of big urban areas. Since crisis management aims at putting in relation the resources that are useful at the moment of the event with the vulnerable spaces that need to be helped first, a georeferenced database of emergency health resources in Lima enables the analysis of the spatial and territorial dimensions of crisis management. Different vulnerabilities are evidenced, such as those of the major hospitals, of the healthcare system and of the population through the accessibility to health facilities in a crisis situation. Each and all of them contributes to understand the vulnerability of the territory. Thus, this research study considers crisis management as an object of research inside geography, since it helps answering urban problems beyond the concerns of risks and crises. It also suggests working out the issue of vulnerability thanks to a joint understanding of the spatial and territorial dimensions of crisis management at the time of the event and during the building process of the city on the long term. This geography of crisis overtakes the cleavage between risk prevention and preparation for crisis management by being part of a risk / crisis continuum, and reintroduces territory and politics at the heart of risks and crises issues in urban areas. / La aglomeración urbana de Lima y Callao (9 millones de habitantes) se prepara a un sismo de gran magnitud susceptible de provocar una crisis mayor. Frente a esta crisis por venir, ¿qué conocimientos se pueden producir sobre la vulnerabilidad del territorio urbano? Esta investigación propone iniciar una geografía de la gestión de crisis a partir de la cuestión de la atención médica en Lima y Callao. Es una geografía urbana situada entre las problemáticas del riesgo, de la crisis y de la salud de emergencia, que abarca frontalmente las dimensiones espaciales y territoriales de la gestión de crisis.La problemática de investigación se apoya en un panorama de grandes crisis urbanas y promueve un análisis crítico de los paradigmas de gestión de los riesgos y de las crisis. De forma innovadora, este enfoque geográfico considera conjuntamente la complejidad de las situaciones de crisis y la vulnerabilidad de las grandes aglomeraciones urbanas. Con la idea de que la gestión de crisis consiste en relacionar los recursos útiles al momento del evento y los espacios vulnerables a socorrer prioritariamente, se recurre a una base de datos georeferenciada de los recursos de atención médica de emergencia en Lima para analizar las dimensiones espaciales y territoriales de la gestión de crisis. Diferentes vulnerabilidades son puestas en evidencia: la de los hospitales esenciales, la del sistema de salud y la de la población, a través de la accesibilidad a la atención de salud en situación de crisis.Así, esta investigación propone la gestión de crisis como un verdadero objeto de investigación de la geografía, capaz de vislumbrar las cuestiones urbanas más allá de la problemática del riesgo y la crisis. Plantea una comprensión de la vulnerabilidad a partir de una lectura conjunta de las dimensiones espaciales y territoriales de la gestión de crisis al momento del evento y de los procesos de construcción de la ciudad a largo tiempo. Esta geografía de la crisis va más allá de la segmentación entre la prevención de los riesgos y la preparación para el manejo de emergencia, inscribiéndose en un continuum riesgo / crisis, y reintroduce el territorio y el político como elementos claves de la problemática de los riesgos y de las crisis en medio urbano.