L'objectif de cette thèse est de mieux documenter les différentes manières d'habiter des adolescents de zones urbaines sensibles (ZUS) franciliennes en prenant appui sur l'analyse de leurs pratiques de mobilité quotidienne. Elle vise à répondre aux trois questions suivantes :-les adolescents de ZUS ont-ils une mobilité spécifique par rapport aux autres adolescents ? -la diversité géographique des ZUS et l'hétérogénéité sociale des adolescents de ces quartiers se traduisent-elles par des pratiques de mobilité différenciée et, au final, par différentes manières d'habiter un quartier ségrégué ? -selon la manière dont ils habitent leur quartier, certains adolescents de ZUS subissent-ils plus que les autres les externalités négatives de la ségrégation urbaine ? Les mobilités quotidiennes jouent ainsi un rôle fondamental à l'adolescence car elles sont le support du passage progressif du monde familier au domaine public urbain. Elles mettent notamment à l'épreuve les habitudes d'action que les adolescents ont acquises dans leur quartier de résidence ou dans leur famille. Elles donnent ainsi lieu à des interactions, qui si elles sont d'une autre nature que dans ces deux sphères, n'en sont pas moins socialisantes. Les pratiques de mobilité participent de ce fait aux différentes manières d'habiter des adolescents, tout autant que les interactions quotidiennes qu'ils ont dans leur famille ou dans leur quartier. Se focaliser sur les ZUS permet alors d'enrichir les approches traditionnelles de la ségrégation, qui insistent sur une influence néfaste du cadre urbain sur les adolescents et ne prennent pas en compte les effets socialisants de leurs pratiques de mobilité. Nous montrons que ces pratiques sont cependant déterminées par trois éléments principaux : l'environnement social, économique et géographique des adolescents ; les dispositions qu'ils ont acquises dans la sphère familiale ou leur quartier de résidence ; les épreuves de co-présence avec des citadins d'un autre milieu social et résidentiel dont ils ont déjà fait l'expérience. Pour répondre à nos questions de recherche, nous nous appuyons sur des matériaux statistiques (l'enquête global transports et des indicateurs d'accès en transports en commun aux principales aménités urbaines franciliennes), une ethnographie d'un an dans une maison de quartier d'une ZUS de grande couronne ainsi que des projets de recherche-action dans sept établissements scolaires. Ces projets articulent quatre-vingt douze entretiens semi-directifs d'une heure et des ateliers thématiques sur la mobilité (photographies et écriture de textes). Ces matériaux nous ont permis de mettre en évidence les contraintes spécifiques qui pèsent sur la mobilité des adolescents de ZUS, mais également d'élaborer sept manières typiques d'habiter un quartier ségrégué ou à proximité. L'objectif de la construction de cette typologie n'est alors pas de classer stricto sensu les adolescents, mais de comprendre et d'expliquer pourquoi, dans un contexte donné, ils habitent de telle ou telle manière leur quartier / This PHD aims at documenting the spatial mobility practices of the teenagers who live in segregated neighbourhoods, so as to promote an understanding of life in such places and to explore potential desegregation effects of increased mobility. This issue is addressed here through the case of the "Zones urbaines sensibles" (ZUS) in the Parisian region, mainly the “cités” as coined by the French. So as to understand what distinguishes the teenagers who live in ZUS from the others, so as to understand also what divides them, we have chosen to apprehend them under the double angle of their district and social background. That double angle allows to take into account the social socio-spatial distinctions within the ZUS but also to question the theory of a gradual replacement of the social issue by “a new urban issue” : social problems would no longer be apprehended as class conflicts centred on work but as segregation. The fact of taking into account the mobility capacities of the teenagers living in ZUS without disregarding the influence of their residential and social environment on these practices leads us then to wonder whether the working and lower middle-class teenagers of ZUS have a specific and homogeneous use of space inside and outside their district?In order to answer this question, we mainly focused on three materials : the Parisian metropolitan mobility survey, an ethnographic survey of about one year with young boys frequenting the local community centres of a municipality in the outer suburbs, seven in-school research projects consisting in about ninety-two one-hour interviews as well as thematic work on mobility in class (photos and writing mainly). These materials reveal seven predominant ways of using the space inside and outside the neighbourhood including public transportation. These seven predominant ways, influenced by social and territorial variables, depict the heterogeneity of the inhabitants of the ZUS

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T13:46:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiola Naomi Eto.pdf: 3022969 bytes, checksum: 3c89965b7f1246f8ebdd6463dec9dd50 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O excesso de peso em crianças é um agravo verificado mundialmente e constitui um importante desafio para a Saúde Pública devido a sua magnitude e comorbidades associadas, além do risco do desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares e obesidade na vida adulta. Estudos mostram que diferentes situações familiares, sociais e ambientais influenciam o estado nutricional das crianças, além disso, o contexto da sociedade moderna tem contribuído para o desenvolvimento de um ambiente cada vez mais obesogênico, favorecendo o aumento continuado do excesso peso. O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar os fatores individuais, familiares e contextuais associados ao excesso de peso em crianças de 7 a 10 anos residentes em municípios urbano e rural do Estado do Espírito Santo. Os dados analisados foram provenientes do banco de dados do Estudo SAÚDES, realizado no município de Vitória e Santa Maria de Jetibá. Foi realizada análise de regressão logística multinível, sendo estabelecidos três níveis de análise: o primeiro nível referente à criança, o segundo ao domicílio/família e o terceiro ao município. A amostra foi constituída de 1748 crianças, sendo 1236 oriundas do município urbano e 512 do rural. A prevalência do excesso de peso (sobrepeso e obesidade) foi mais elevada em crianças do município urbano (23,7%) em relação às do rural (12,7%). No município urbano, estiveram diretamente associados ao excesso de peso em crianças o nível médio de escolaridade da mãe (entre 9 e 12 anos de estudo; OR=1,83, p=0,006) e ser filho único (OR=1,39, p=0,038). No município rural foram diretamente associados ao excesso de peso nas crianças o hábito de não realizar desjejum (OR=2,30, p=0,046) e a escolaridade da mãe (de 9 a 12 anos de estudo; OR=2,40, p=0,032 e acima de 12 anos de estudo; OR=2,74, p=0,049). A prevalência de excesso de peso na amostra foi elevada e acompanha tendência observada mundialmente. O excesso de peso se mostrou associado a fatores individuais e familiares, entretanto, em relação à atribuição de cada nível para a predição do excesso de peso, foi constatado que o modelo multinível proposto não evidenciou diferenças significativas na probabilidade de crianças com características semelhantes (em nível de domicílio/família), mas residentes em regiões distintas, terem ou não excesso de peso / The childhood overweight is a worldwide health problem and is a major challenge for Public Health because of its magnitude and comorbidities, besides of the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and obesity in adulthood. Researches shows that different familiar, social and environmental situations influence children nutritional status, besides, the modern society context contribute to obesogenic environmental developing and to the continued increase of overweight. The aim of the current study was to analyze the individual, familiar and contextual factors associated with overweight in seven to ten-year-old children from urban and rural municipalities of the State of Espírito Santo. The data was from the SAÚDES Study data base, conducted in two municipalities, Vitória and Santa Maria de Jetibá. Multilevel analysis was performed, adopting three levels of analysis: the first one was referred to the children, the second one to the residence/family and the third to the municipality. The sample consisted of 1748 children, 1236 from urban municipality and 512 from rural. The overweight prevalence (overweight and obesity) was higher in urban children (23.7%) than rural (12.7%). In urban children were found to be directly associated with overweight the maternal educational level (between nine and twelve years of schooling; OR=1.83, p=0.006) and be single child (OR=1.39, p=0.038). In rural children were directly associated with overweight the breakfast skipping (OR=2.30, p=0.046) and maternal educational level (between nine and twelve years of schooling; OR=2.40, p=0.032 and up to twelve years of schooling; OR=2.74, p=0.049). The overweight prevalence in this sample was high and follows the worldwide trend. Overweight was associated with individual and familiar factors, however, regarding the assignment of each level for the overweight prediction, was found that the multilevel model proposed showed no significant differences in the likelihood of children with similar characteristics (in level of residence/family), but residents in different regions, have or have not overweight