No description available.

<p> The profiles of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) were compared in three separate studies involving air samples collected in urban and rural locations across Canada. In the Freelton/Pier 25 study (conducted near Hamilton, Ontario) a total of 32 NPAH were analyzed for in 12 composite air particulate samples from Freelton (a rural site) and Pier 25 (an urban site) using negative ion chemical ionization gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.</p> <p> The NPAH levels at the two sites were found to be similar except for the two samples at Pier 25. These results were consistent with the PAH levels determined previously which showed significantly increased levels at Pier 25 under the same condition when the sampling site was downwind of the urban/industrial core. NPAH may be significant contributors to mutation induction due to exposures to ambient air since the offspring of male mice from the Pier 25 site exposed to ambient air showed inherited mutation rates about 2 times greater than offspring of mice exposed at the Freelton site. NPAH are highly mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds that act via reductive metabolism and can be readily metabolized to potent reactive intermediates within all cells.</p> <p> Concentration data for a set of polycyclic aromatic compounds were obtained for samples collected during the day and night during a study in Simcoe (rural) and Toronto (urban) as well as at three sites in British Columbia as part of the Pacific 2001 study (Slocan (urban), Langley (suburban/rural) and Sumas (rural)). The conversion of these concentration data into particulate loadings data (using elemental carbon data) enabled us to perform a number of unique interpretations and analyses of the data sets. Since particulate loadings values are not affected by air dispersion it was possible to compare samples and individual PAC across a range of samples.</p> <p> Principal components analysis of the loadings data showed dramatic differences between the urban and rural sites from each study. Day-night samples at the rural sites also showed dramatic profile differences. The urban sites showed significantly less differences in profiles, consistent with lesser degree of air transformation and closer proximities to sources.</p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has emerged as one of most significant health emergencies in recent history. SARS-CoV-2 has been characterized by the emergence of highly mutated variants that exhibit high transmissibility, virulence, and the capability of immune escape. The constantly evolving nature of the COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the necessity for a thorough comprehension of viral transmission dynamics, the effectiveness of novel monitoring techniques, and the determinants of health inequalities. This study explored several aspects of the pandemic, specifically emphasizing the emergence and dissemination of the Delta variant in Florida, the significance of environmental surveillance, and the factors associated with COVID-19 outcomes. Phylogenetic analysis using SARS-CoV-2 genome revealed that multiple independent introductions of the Delta variant fueled its spread within Florida. Further, we hypothesized that high-touch surface monitoring can be an alternative noninvasive approach to determine infection trend and detect variants. The study found high contamination rate on high-touch surfaces and the viral gene copy was positively correlated to the clinical cases in the university. Moreover, genome sequencing of environmental surface samples detected circulating and emerging variants. Additionally, spatial autocorrelation and regression analysis was conducted to investigate the relationship between county-level demographic, socioeconomic, and health-related factors and variation in COVID-19 cases, mortality, and case fatality rates. This study identified significant variations in COVID-19 outcomes across Florida counties, with factors such as age, obesity, rurality and importantly, vaccination rates playing key roles in explaining these disparities. Overall, this study emphasizes the importance of robust genomic surveillance for monitoring the emergence and spread of viral variants, the potential of environmental surface monitoring as a complementary public health tool, and the urgent need to address the underlying drivers of health disparities. These findings contribute to a more nuanced understanding of pandemic dynamics and inform data-driven strategies to mitigate the impact of future public health emergencies.

No description available.

Globally urbanisation impacts on 88% of amphibian species and is recognised as a major cause for the observed amphibian declines. This is as result of habitat fragmentation, alteration in habitat morphology and degradation of habitat quality. The interference of anthropogenic noise on anuran communication and the impacts thereof on their breeding success has become a major research focus in recent conservation studies. . However, within the African continent very little research has been conducted on the effects of urbanisation on anuran habitat and the acoustic environment, which is the main focus of this study. The thesis is structured as follows: CHAPTER ONE provides an introduction to the field of urban ecology and relates it to amphibian conservation. The chapter reviews the far reaching and diverse effects of urbanisation on frog populations reported in literature across the world and also supply a broad introduction to the succeeding chapters. It also briefly summarises evidence from literature on the positive contributions brought about by the developed world. Following the vast negative impacts of urbanisation, the importance of amphibians is briefly discussed to motivate their conservation in urban environments, before concluding with a motivation for the need for urban ecological research on amphibians in South Africa. CHAPTER TWO addresses the distribution of amphibian communities across an urban-rural gradient in the city of Potchefstroom and assesses the habitat determinants explaining distribution at both local (pond) and landscape scales. Four surveys conducted spanned the breeding seasons of all species occurring in this region and included three different sampling techniques to detect fish and anuran larvae species. Seven micro-habitat and seven landscape variables were included to evaluate determinants of habitat use among local species and species richness. Using Bayesian modelling, aquatic vegetation, predatory fish and pond size was found to be major determinants shaping species richness on a local scale, whereas surface area of urban central business district had only a slightly negative correlation with species richness on a landscape scale. This is a pioneer study for documenting effects of urbanisation on amphibian communities along an urban-rural gradient in Africa. CHAPTER THREE evaluates the extent of the influence of aircraft acoustic noise on the calling behaviour of the critically endangered Pickersgill’s Reed Frog, Hyperolius pickersgilli. Literature documenting the effects of airplane noise on anuran calling activity is very limited and this study aimed not only to contribute to existing knowledge, but also to provide the first study of its kind within South Africa. Effects on five call properties of H. pickersgilli were determined using passive and directional recording equipment at two sites, reflecting presence and absence of aircraft flybys. Results showed an increase in calling rate of H. pickersgilli during aircraft flybys. Hyperolius pickersgilli was found to call throughout the night until just before sunrise. The calling behaviour, frequency structure and call sound pressure level of H. pickersgilli suggest that this species is prone to be effected by continuous anthropogenic noise. However, the lack of flights between midnight and sunrise provides a period of no disturbance for the frogs. Future studies on the effects of change in calling behaviour should be supported by playback studies at quiet sites and connected to breeding success to determine if these effects are detrimental to the survival of this critically endangered species. CHAPTER FOUR focussed on the Western Leopard Toad, Amietophrynus pantherinus and was divided into two major parts. One component focussed on the migration of this species across roads and aimed to firstly quantify the number of individuals migrating over a 500 m stretch of road using a drift fence system operated by public volunteers. The drift fence proved very successful, with no roadkill observed during the time it was in place. This study also stressed that large numbers of toads (average of 20.47% of 2 384 toads over six breeding seasons) are still being killed on the urban and suburban roads. Road patrol statistics collected by volunteers are biased in the sense that it is prone to human error, but when a drift fence is constructed, bias is excluded and space for human error limited. The study also provided road sensitivity areas analysed using geographic information systems to create digital buffer zones of 250 m, 500 m and 1 000 m around selected breeding sites. Secondly the study aimed to evaluate the use of data collected by these citizens occupying a volunteering role in the toad’s conservation. The second part of this study was directed towards the acoustic analysis of the call of A. pantherinus. The two main objectives of this component were to 1) evaluate the extent of variation of the call properties in order to 2) assess whether the ambient anthropogenic noise have an effect on these properties. Seven call properties for advertisement calls and four for release calls were analysed. Call properties were found to vary significantly between populations (P<0.05). Although sound pressure level was found to have an effect on variation by using canonical redundancy analysis, variation can also be explained by the geographical isolation of the populations. CHAPTER FIVE provided novel data on the extensive repertoire of Amietia quecketti in terms of its unique calling behaviour. Directional recordings were used to examine the extent of the variation in the two-part call (click-note followed by a whine-note). The whine-note was re-described and four different notes were designated, including the tonal-note, creak-note, pulsatile- / rip-note, and whine-note. Furthermore, the newly assigned whine-note was divided into nine phases that differed in frequency structure. Also, evidence is provided that A. quecketti males call at high frequencies. The success of A. quecketti in urban environments as observed in Chapter 2 is described in terms of this species’ extensive repertoire and unusual frequency structure. CHAPTER SIX provides insight into the effects of atmospheric conditions on the calling behaviour of Amietia quecketti, giving the proximate impact urbanisation has on weather conditions as well as the potential impact human activities can have on climate change on the long term. Calling activity was monitored over a nine-week period together with data from a mobile weather station which logged atmospheric variables every five minutes. Amietia quecketti was found to call most intensely between 00h00 and 03h00 in the morning and was most active in May, June and August. Humidity, temperature and wind velocity were found to have significant effects (P<0.05) on the calling activity of A. quecketti. CHAPTER SEVEN is concerned with the attitudes of people towards frogs in South Africa. The first part of this study assessed the attitudes of people towards frogs in Potchefstroom. Surveys were distributed via the internet as well as manually to reach people with no internet access as well. Attitudes of people of Potchefstroom were mostly positive with more than half of the sampled population of 295 respondents indicating a strong liking in frogs. This study provides evidence that the presence of myths and knowledge can highly affects people’s attitudes towards frogs. The second part of this study focussed on the motivations of volunteers saving Western Leopard Toads from roadkill in Cape Town, South Africa. Volunteers were motivated by a strong value-driven approach to saving toads. CHAPTER EIGHT provides a general discussion and outline on the contributions this study presented and also the new areas where more research is needed within the extent of the field of urban ecology from a South African perspective. / hD (Zoology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Globally urbanisation impacts on 88% of amphibian species and is recognised as a major cause for the observed amphibian declines. This is as result of habitat fragmentation, alteration in habitat morphology and degradation of habitat quality. The interference of anthropogenic noise on anuran communication and the impacts thereof on their breeding success has become a major research focus in recent conservation studies. . However, within the African continent very little research has been conducted on the effects of urbanisation on anuran habitat and the acoustic environment, which is the main focus of this study. The thesis is structured as follows: CHAPTER ONE provides an introduction to the field of urban ecology and relates it to amphibian conservation. The chapter reviews the far reaching and diverse effects of urbanisation on frog populations reported in literature across the world and also supply a broad introduction to the succeeding chapters. It also briefly summarises evidence from literature on the positive contributions brought about by the developed world. Following the vast negative impacts of urbanisation, the importance of amphibians is briefly discussed to motivate their conservation in urban environments, before concluding with a motivation for the need for urban ecological research on amphibians in South Africa. CHAPTER TWO addresses the distribution of amphibian communities across an urban-rural gradient in the city of Potchefstroom and assesses the habitat determinants explaining distribution at both local (pond) and landscape scales. Four surveys conducted spanned the breeding seasons of all species occurring in this region and included three different sampling techniques to detect fish and anuran larvae species. Seven micro-habitat and seven landscape variables were included to evaluate determinants of habitat use among local species and species richness. Using Bayesian modelling, aquatic vegetation, predatory fish and pond size was found to be major determinants shaping species richness on a local scale, whereas surface area of urban central business district had only a slightly negative correlation with species richness on a landscape scale. This is a pioneer study for documenting effects of urbanisation on amphibian communities along an urban-rural gradient in Africa. CHAPTER THREE evaluates the extent of the influence of aircraft acoustic noise on the calling behaviour of the critically endangered Pickersgill’s Reed Frog, Hyperolius pickersgilli. Literature documenting the effects of airplane noise on anuran calling activity is very limited and this study aimed not only to contribute to existing knowledge, but also to provide the first study of its kind within South Africa. Effects on five call properties of H. pickersgilli were determined using passive and directional recording equipment at two sites, reflecting presence and absence of aircraft flybys. Results showed an increase in calling rate of H. pickersgilli during aircraft flybys. Hyperolius pickersgilli was found to call throughout the night until just before sunrise. The calling behaviour, frequency structure and call sound pressure level of H. pickersgilli suggest that this species is prone to be effected by continuous anthropogenic noise. However, the lack of flights between midnight and sunrise provides a period of no disturbance for the frogs. Future studies on the effects of change in calling behaviour should be supported by playback studies at quiet sites and connected to breeding success to determine if these effects are detrimental to the survival of this critically endangered species. CHAPTER FOUR focussed on the Western Leopard Toad, Amietophrynus pantherinus and was divided into two major parts. One component focussed on the migration of this species across roads and aimed to firstly quantify the number of individuals migrating over a 500 m stretch of road using a drift fence system operated by public volunteers. The drift fence proved very successful, with no roadkill observed during the time it was in place. This study also stressed that large numbers of toads (average of 20.47% of 2 384 toads over six breeding seasons) are still being killed on the urban and suburban roads. Road patrol statistics collected by volunteers are biased in the sense that it is prone to human error, but when a drift fence is constructed, bias is excluded and space for human error limited. The study also provided road sensitivity areas analysed using geographic information systems to create digital buffer zones of 250 m, 500 m and 1 000 m around selected breeding sites. Secondly the study aimed to evaluate the use of data collected by these citizens occupying a volunteering role in the toad’s conservation. The second part of this study was directed towards the acoustic analysis of the call of A. pantherinus. The two main objectives of this component were to 1) evaluate the extent of variation of the call properties in order to 2) assess whether the ambient anthropogenic noise have an effect on these properties. Seven call properties for advertisement calls and four for release calls were analysed. Call properties were found to vary significantly between populations (P<0.05). Although sound pressure level was found to have an effect on variation by using canonical redundancy analysis, variation can also be explained by the geographical isolation of the populations. CHAPTER FIVE provided novel data on the extensive repertoire of Amietia quecketti in terms of its unique calling behaviour. Directional recordings were used to examine the extent of the variation in the two-part call (click-note followed by a whine-note). The whine-note was re-described and four different notes were designated, including the tonal-note, creak-note, pulsatile- / rip-note, and whine-note. Furthermore, the newly assigned whine-note was divided into nine phases that differed in frequency structure. Also, evidence is provided that A. quecketti males call at high frequencies. The success of A. quecketti in urban environments as observed in Chapter 2 is described in terms of this species’ extensive repertoire and unusual frequency structure. CHAPTER SIX provides insight into the effects of atmospheric conditions on the calling behaviour of Amietia quecketti, giving the proximate impact urbanisation has on weather conditions as well as the potential impact human activities can have on climate change on the long term. Calling activity was monitored over a nine-week period together with data from a mobile weather station which logged atmospheric variables every five minutes. Amietia quecketti was found to call most intensely between 00h00 and 03h00 in the morning and was most active in May, June and August. Humidity, temperature and wind velocity were found to have significant effects (P<0.05) on the calling activity of A. quecketti. CHAPTER SEVEN is concerned with the attitudes of people towards frogs in South Africa. The first part of this study assessed the attitudes of people towards frogs in Potchefstroom. Surveys were distributed via the internet as well as manually to reach people with no internet access as well. Attitudes of people of Potchefstroom were mostly positive with more than half of the sampled population of 295 respondents indicating a strong liking in frogs. This study provides evidence that the presence of myths and knowledge can highly affects people’s attitudes towards frogs. The second part of this study focussed on the motivations of volunteers saving Western Leopard Toads from roadkill in Cape Town, South Africa. Volunteers were motivated by a strong value-driven approach to saving toads. CHAPTER EIGHT provides a general discussion and outline on the contributions this study presented and also the new areas where more research is needed within the extent of the field of urban ecology from a South African perspective. / hD (Zoology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

This study compares the morbidity and mortality of non-adults in urban and rural cemeteries between AD 850-1859. It was hypothesised that the development of urbanisation and industrialisation with subsequenot overcrowding and environmental pollution, would result in a decline in human health in the urban groups. This would be evident in lower mean ages at death, retarded growth and higher rates of childhood stress and chronic infection in the children living in the urbanised environments. Non-adult skeletons were examined from Raunds Furnells in Northamptonshire (Anglo- Saxon), St. Helen-on-the-Walls in York (later medieval, urban), Wharrarn Percy in Yorkshire (later medieval, rural) and from the crypt of Christ Church Spitalfields, in London (AD 1729-1859). The results showed that it was industrialisation, rather than urbanisation that was most detrimental to child health. Weaning ages declined from two years in the Anglo-Saxon period to one year in the eighteenth and nineteenth century. Industrialisation was characterised by a lower mean age at death, growth retardation and an increase in the prevalence of rickets and scurvy. Although higher rates of dental disease and matemal stress were apparent in the urbanised samples, respiratory diseases were more common in the rural areas. Growth profiles suggested that environmental factors were similar in the urban and rural communities in the later medieval period. However, there was evidence that employment had a detrimental effect on the health of later medieval apprentices. This study demonstrates the importance of non-adult remains in addressing issues of health and adaptation in the past and, the validity of using skeletal material to measure environmental stress.

A etnoconservação é uma abordagem teórica em construção que visa salvaguardar a conservação e gestão da biodiversidade incluindo a valorização sociocultural, tendo como pressuposto a indissociável relação entre a biodiversidade e a dimensão humana. Neste trabalho, adotaram-se dispositivos legais que podem dar subsídios a ações de base etnoconservacionista em ambientes altamente fragmentados que apresentam vulnerabilidade no contexto socioambiental. Em decorrência de diversas pressões, como o avanço da urbanização em detrimento das áreas naturais remanescentes na cidade rururbana de Porto Alegre, o objetivo desta dissertação é realizar uma análise etnoconservacionista dessa cidade, caracterizando a circulação e o acesso dos Guarani-mbyá aos ecossistemas da região. Esse objetivo geral desdobra-se em: a) descrever o processo de criação da cidade rururbana de Porto Alegre; b) caracterizar socioambientalmente as Áreas Protegidas da cidade rururbana e c) avaliar a circulação dos Guarani-mbyá em seu território, com ênfase no acesso destes aos ecossistemas da região e tendo em vista a proposição de abertura de diálogos e a adoção de instrumentos de conservação e gestão da biodiversidade de acordo com direitos, costumes e tradições dos Guarani-mbyá. A metodologia adotada caracterizou-se por uma abordagem qualitativa. A caracterização da constituição do município de Porto Alegre, a evolução da urbanização até a criação da Macrozona cidade rururbana no Plano de Desenvolvimento Urbano Ambiental – PDDUA – foi realizada por meio de revisão bibliográfica, análise documental e fotográfica, como também a caracterização das Áreas Protegidas da cidade rururbana de Porto Alegre. Também foram realizadas entrevistas com técnicos e pesquisadores que atuam com os Guarani-mbyá na região e o mapeamento das Áreas Protegidas com ênfase nas tekoás Anhetenguá, Pindó Poty e TI Cantagalo. Além disso, desenvolveu-se um conjunto de técnicas de geoprocessamento em um mosaico de imagens do satélite SPOT 5 de 2011, adquiridas a partir do programa Google Earth Pro 4.2 (beta) em abril/2012. Com o Software ArcMap versão 9.3 as imagens foram georeferenciadas através de pontos de controle. No mesmo programa, as geoinformações foram organizadas no formato Geodatabase com a construção de uma tabela de atributos. A Base Hidrográfica foi adquirida na Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental – FEPAM. Contou-se também com arquivos digitais para uso em SIG, em abril/2012, no formato “shape file”. Para acabamento gráfico dos mapas foi utilizado o Software Photoshop CS5 versão 12.0. Os mapas apresentam-se em escala de 1:15000. Os resultados demonstram a complexidade do território tradicional guarani fragmentado pelo processo de colonização e urbanização, tensões e restrições de uso nas áreas naturais do entorno das tekoás. A condição desses territórios, localizados na interface da dimensão rural e urbana, e a proteção do patrimônio ambiental e cultural, são discutidas no contexto da Mata Atlântica e do povo Guarani-mbyá, com ênfase nas Áreas Protegidas e nas áreas de circulação guarani. / Ethno-conservation is a theoretical approach that aims to safeguard the biodiversity’s conservation and management in accordance with the socio-cultural appreciation, presupposing the inseparable relationship between biodiversity and human dimensions. In this dissertation, legal means to subsidize ethno-conservation actions on fragmented environments that present vulnerability on the socio-environmental context were adopted. Due to many factors, such as the expansion of urban areas into the remaining natural urban-rural areas in the city of Porto Alegre, the goal of this dissertation is to analyze the ethno-conservation of urban-rural areas in the city of Porto Alegre, characterizing the Guarani-Mbya ecosystems’ movement and access. The general aim is divided in three parts: a) to describe the urban-rural areas development process in Porto Alegre; b) to characterize the city’s protected urbanrural areas in relation to socio-environmental aspects; and c) to evaluate the movement of the Guarani-mbyá in their territory, specially related to ecosystems’ access, in opposite to the open dialogue and use of conservation tools and biodiversity management, according to the Guarani-mbyá’s rights, traditions and habits. In order to develop this dissertation, there were adopted qualitative investigative methodological procedures. The constitution characterizations of the city of Porto Alegre, as well as the urban evolution up to the creation of an urban-rural city on the PDDUA (Urban-Enviormental Development Plan) was created based on bibliographic review, analysis of documents, photos and characteristics of the urbanrural protected areas of Porto Alegre. Furthermore, interviews were conducted with experts and researchers that work with the Guarani-Mbya in the region and the mapping of protected areas emphasizing tekoás Anhetenguá, Pindó Poty and TI Cantagalo. The field record has been done with techniques in mosaic environment of satellite images SPOT 5 of 2011, taken from the software Google Earth Pro 4.2 (beta) on April/2012. The images were referenced geographically using control points with the Software ArcMap version 9.3. In the same software, the geographic information was organized in the format Geodatabase by building a table of attributes. The Hydrographic Base was acquired in the State Foundation of Environmental Protection - FEPAM. Digital files to be used in GIS, on April/2012, in the format "shape file" were also exerted. The software Photoshop CS5 version 12.0 was used to finalize the graphic map. The maps are presented in a 1:15,000 scale. The results show the complexity of traditional Guarani territory fragmented by the processes of colonization and urbanization and tensions and restrictions in natural areas surrounding the tekoás. The territories’ conditions, located at the interface of urban and rural dimension, and protection of the cultural and environmental heritage are discussed in the context of the Atlantic Forest and the Guarani-Mbya people, with emphasis on protected areas and areas of outstanding Guarani.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T15:14:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roberto_L_Carli.pdf: 2964471 bytes, checksum: 406fb096617dc004da2ce53da6d05314 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-04 / This study aimed to analyze the economic feasibility analysis for power generation at the headquarters of the Salto River district, for the implementation of an energy efficiency system in a rural urban cell, located in the rural area of the municipality of Cascavel, west of the state Parana, located 32 kilometers from the city center, next to the highway Horace R. Dos Reis (PR-180) towards the city of Boa Vista da Aparecida. The urbanized area / Jump River allotment was approved on the date of January 24, 1978, according to the Municipal Profile 2015, the perimeter of the Salto do Rio district is 265.05 sq km, and inserted in this context the perimeter urban has an area of 402,367.84 square meters, having now regulated 19 blocks with a total of 241 lots, and of these, 45 lots are not built, and the block No. 10 that has the largest amount of vacant land, 09 lots in total and the block No. 14 with the lowest number, 01 in total. All the buildings in the block 11 were analyzed by photographic and visual survey, and later the information was cross-checked with those available in the Geoportal. As in the calculations, there was the budget of the equipment to be installed for each of the consumer units of the sampling area, supplying its energy demands. After the study to the relevant buildings the sample area, there was an equivalence for the entire urban area of the Jump River District for installation of the photovoltaic power generation system. The parameters used for the feasibility analysis are the ABRAVA, 2008 where the project is considered viable if the pay back period of return on investment happens on schedule, that is, during the lifetime of the power generation system PV, and the IRR exceeds the expected / desired TMA for the enterprise. It is concluded that to ensure the viability of this power generation system, the average consumption in the 12-month period must be greater than the rate of availability of the utility that the customer must pay, this amount varies depending on the type of your connection (monophasic: 30kWh, biphasic: 50 kWh and three phase: 100 kWh). The lot number 09 was the only lot of all who did not provide conditions for the implementation of photovoltaic system does not reach the minimum rate of the utility connection / Este estudo objetivou realizar a análise de viabilidade econômica na geração de energia na sede do distrito de Rio do Salto, para a implantação de um sistema de eficiência energética em uma célula urbana rural, localizada na área rural do Município de Cascavel, região oeste do estado do Paraná, situada a 32 Km do centro da cidade, junto à Rodovia Horácio R. Dos Reis (PR-180) sentido o Município de Boa Vista da Aparecida. A área urbanizada/loteamento de Rio do Salto foi aprovada na data de 24 de janeiro de 1978, de acordo com o Perfil Municipal 2015, o perímetro do distrito de Rio do Salto é de 265,05 Km², e inserido dentro deste contexto o perímetro urbano possui uma área de 402.367,84 m², possuindo hoje regulamentado 19 quadras num total de 241 lotes, sendo que destes, 45 lotes não são edificados, sendo a quadra nº 10 a que possui a maior quantidade de terrenos vagos, 09 lotes no total, e a quadra nº 14 com o menor numero, 01 no total. Todas as edificações da quadra 11 foram analisadas através de levantamento fotográfico e visual, e posteriormente as informações foram cruzadas com as disponíveis no Geoportal. Como nos cálculos, realizou-se o orçamento dos equipamentos a serem instalados para cada uma das unidades consumidoras da área de amostragem, suprindo suas demandas energéticas. Após a realização do estudo para as edificações pertinentes a área de amostra, realizou-se uma equivalência para todo o perímetro urbano do Distrito de Rio do Salto, para instalação do sistema de geração de energia fotovoltaico. Os parâmetros utilizados para a analise de viabilidade são os da ABRAVA, 2008, onde o projeto é considerado viável, se o Pay Back período de retorno do investimento aconteça dentro do prazo previsto, ou seja, durante a vida útil do sistema de geração de energia fotovoltaico, e a TIR seja superior a TMA prevista/desejada para o empreendimento. Conclui-se que para garantir a viabilidade deste sistema de geração de energia, o consumo médio no período de 12 meses deve ser superior a taxa de disponibilidade da concessionária que o cliente deverá pagar, valor este que varia conforme o tipo da sua conexão (monofásico: 30kWh, bifásico: 50 kWh e trifásico: 100 kWh). O lote número 09 foi o único lote dentre todos que não apresentou condições para a implantação de sistema fotovoltaico por não atingir a tarifa mínima de ligação da concessionária.

No description available.