Las urbes en su percepción como geografías, como lugares en la historia y en la memoria de las personas, pueden eludir el paso del tiempo alcanzando la eternidad. Pero en su realidad más física, identificada por los elementos que la construyen, quedan sujetas a un ciclo de vida que encadenada el momento de su nacimiento con el de su decadencia. Nada en esta vida tiene una duración ilimitada. Las ciudades eternas sólo viven en las metáforas románticas, y al resto, el paso del tiempo les provoca pérdidas en sus capacidades. Con todo, la realidad que es siempre obstinada, insiste en mostrarnos como no somos plenamente concientes de esta caducidad. De esta manera, seguimos contemplando las transformaciones como situaciones excepcionales, fuera de los previsible y por tanto exenta de la dirección de sus cambios. Sin embargo, las transformaciones han convivido con las diudades desde su propia creación. Los cambios no sólo se hacen patentes een los espacios , que antes vacíos se colonizan después, para albergar nuevos crecimientos. También los tejidos construidos aportan cuotas de crecimientos a través de cambios experimentados sobres sus propias estructuras. La renovación de los tejidos urbanos, que aunque bien estudiada desde la doctrina en algunas de sus fórmulas más conocidas como la Reforma Interior, no lo ha sido tanto en la ciudad contemporánea, ni tampoco en aquellas manifestaciones menos organizadas pero muy intensas que tanto protagonismo tuvieron en el siglo XIX. Tammpoco lo ha sido la relacion existente entre las operaciones de transformaciçon y los crecimientos por nueva extension que constituyen las alternativas basicas del crecimiento urbano. / Temes Córdovez, RR. (2007). El tapiz de Penélope. Transformaciones residenciales sobre tejidos sin valor patrimonial [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/2906 / Palancia

[ES] La tesis que a continuación se expone tiene por objetivo analizar la relación entre "forma de la ciudad y movilidad urbana" dos variables recíprocas que interactúan y se complementan constantemente. Siguiendo líneas de investigación abiertas en estudios previos sobre esta relación, a través de: factores del uso del suelo, factores sociales y de las características de la movilidad urbana en las ciudades; se describe el escenario actual de la movilidad urbana en el Área Metropolitana de Lima. Como método se realiza tres análisis consecutivos que se retroalimentan entre sí. El primer análisis y principal tema de investigación de la tesis, sobre la relación "forma de la ciudad y movilidad urbana", analizada a través de los factores del uso del suelo (densidad, diversidad, diseño de la red, accesibilidad al destino, distancia a una parada de autobús), de los factores sociales (características socioeconómicas), y de las características del sistema de movilidad urbana; se describe cómo estas variables han contribuido en la configuración el escenario actual de la movilidad urbana en la metrópoli de Lima. Un segundo análisis, complementario al primero y aproximativo como futura línea de investigación, sobre cómo diferentes tejidos urbanos y sus respectivos modelos de movilidad, pueden contribuir o no a superar la capacidad ambiental de la ciudad de Lima. Un tercer análisis, complementario al primero y aproximativo como futura línea de investigación, sobre cómo el modelo de movilidad urbana en el área de estudio, ha transformado la percepción que tienen los limeños sobre el espacio y el tiempo de la movilidad urbana. / [CA] La tesi que a continuació s'exposa té per objectiu analitzar la relació entre "forma de la ciutat i mobilitat urbana" dues variables recíproques que interactuen i es complementen constantment. Tot seguint línies d'investigació obertes en estudis previs sobre aquesta relació, mitjançant: factors de l'ús del sòl, factors socials i de les característiques de la mobilitat urbana a les ciutats, es descriu l'escenari actual de la mobilitat urbana a l'Àrea Metropolitana de Lima. Com a mètode es realitzen tres anàlisis consecutives que es retroalimenten entre si. La primera anàlisi, i principal tema d'investigació de la tesi, sobre la relació "forma de la ciutat i mobilitat urbana", analitzada a través dels factors de l'ús del sòl (densitat, diversitat, disseny de la xarxa, accessibilitat a la destinació, distància a una parada d'autobús), dels factors socials (característiques socioeconòmiques), i de les característiques del sistema de mobilitat urbana, es descriu com aquestes variables han contribuït a la configuració l'escenari actual de la mobilitat urbana a la metròpoli de Lima. Una segona anàlisi, complementària a la primera i aproximatiu com a futura línia d'investigació, sobre com diferents teixits urbans i els seus respectius models de mobilitat, poden contribuir, o no, a superar la capacitat ambiental de la ciutat de Lima. Una tercera anàlisi, complementària a la primera i aproximatiu com a futura línia d'investigació, sobre com el model de mobilitat urbana en l'àrea d'estudi, ha transformat la percepció que tenen els habitats de Lima sobre l'espai i el temps de la mobilitat urbana. / [EN] The present dissertation has been focused on describing the current scenario of urban mobility in the metropolitan area of Lima city, Peru. This is achieved through to develop an analysis about the relationship between the city-form and the urban mobility, in where the parameters considered here in order to describe its urban mobility, are classified into three principal broad groups, which are: land-use factor, social factor and their characteristics of its urban mobility. Thus, only population density, diversity and design of the city, as well as, the accessibility to the destination and distances to bus stations, are considered in the land-use factor. The socioeconomic characteristics are taking account in the social factor. Whilst, urban mobility describes how all of these variables have contributed to the current urban mobility scenario in the metropolitan area of Lima city. Finally, two different analysis are proposed here as new research branches, which they are in functions of the study previously developed. The first one consists in the study about how the different urban structure areas and its current mobility model are able to contribute (or not) to overcome the environmental capacity of the Lima city. Whilst the second analysis is related to urban mobility model in Lima city and its influence in the perception of its population about the space and time required for urban mobility. / Gracias al Programa Nacional de Becas y Crédito Educativo – PRONABEC del Gobierno del Perú por permitirme disfrutar de la beca Presidente de la República y hacer posible esta tesis. / Conto Quispe, Z. (2021). La movilidad urbana en Lima. Análisis desde la forma de la ciudad [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/167423 / TESIS

El proceso urbanizador que configura el actual litoral mediterráneo arranca con el turismo de masas que fomentaba la ley de Centros y Zonas de Interés Turístico Nacional de 1962 como apuesta estratégica nacional. 50 años después de su puesta es marcha, es necesario realizar un análisis retrospectivo de sus resultados, evaluando en que medida se han cumplido los objetivos que se trazaron en los años 60. La evolución del marco económico, político y legal son parámetros cuya incidencia aflora sin duda desviaciones sobre las previsiones iniciales de numerosos y grandes planes urbanísticos llevados a cabo en enclaves costeros creados desde la nada. El caso de La Manga del Mar Menor en la costa murciana, un destino de 250.000 veraneantes surgido de un desértico cordón dunar en los años 60, es sin duda un ejemplo, poco documentado a la vez que muy ilustrativo, de los resultados que se han obtenido. El estudio de su rentabilidad económica y social real como producto turístico frente los impactos territoriales y paisajísticos, el problema de la gobernanza en el marco del urbanismo o la capacidad de la propiedad privada para desarrollar por sí sola proyectos sostenibles en el largo plazo se abordan se abordan con el detalle y la objetividad investigadora que permite el estudio integral de un caso contrastado por la realidad. Todos ellos serán elementos a distribuir a uno y otro lado de la balanza de cara a evaluar la validez de un modelo de desarrollo litoral que tras cinco décadas podemos ya empezar a enjuiciar con suficiente perspectiva investigadora. / García Ayllón Veintimilla, S. (2013). En los procesos de urbanización del litoral mediterráneo español, caso La Manga [Tesis doctoral]. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/28581 / Alfresco

[EN] The current research focuses on the practical analysis of the urban management as a discipline inside the urban planning, responsible for turnning the plan into reality; without this function the sketched plan is rendered useless. Following our aim, the basic urban practices managed in our urban system are tested over a group of towns of the province of Valencia, in order to obtain free public land for green zones, through the checking of the rules established on the urban plans in comparison with the effective land obtained until the date. The previous analysis is carried out by means of the "structural green zones", such a significant as vulnerable element of urban systems in face of administration malfunction. Our itinerary allows us to classify and quantify the "structural green zones" of most towns, to demonstrate the problems coming from legal expropriation, as well as to discover the practical application and results after the implementation of unsystematic practices in urban areas. Regarding green zones development seen through the urban management study, we find a scene full of contradictions, which brings us some questions of a diverse nature such as: the general validity of standards of amenities, the criteria disparity of real estate valuation, the adequacy of urban law in small towns and wider scopes, as well as the need of a proper coordination between urban management and economic control of local treasuries. The main objective of the research is to provide the evidence of the problematic issues above mentioned and suggest the proposals for the improvement. / [ES] La presente investigación centra su enfoque en el análisis práctico de la gestión urbanística, como disciplina, dentro del Urbanismo, responsable de llevar a la realidad la ordenación proyectada, sin cuyo adecuado funcionamiento, la ordenación dibujada es esfuerzo estéril. Con este fin se analiza la aplicación, en una muestra de municipios de la provincia de Valencia, de las técnicas básicas de gestión de que dispone nuestro ordenamiento urbanístico, encaminadas a la obtención de dotaciones públicas, contrastando las previsiones contenidas en sus respectivos planeamientos, con los resultados obtenidos a fecha de hoy. El análisis anterior se lleva a cabo utilizando como referente de estudio, las denominadas "zonas verdes estructurales", por ser un elemento significativo y vulnerable, que permite comprobar el funcionamiento de una parte esencial de nuestro sistema urbanístico. Nuestro itinerario, nos permite realizar una clasificación y cuantificación de las "zonas verdes estructurales" de que disponen la mayoría de municipios, evidenciar los problemas derivados de la petición de expropiación, así como descubrir la aplicación práctica y los resultados que se ha dado de las técnicas asistemáticas de gestión en suelo urbano. Observando el devenir de las zonas verdes objeto de estudio a través de la gestión urbanística, apreciamos una panorámica llena de contradicciones, que nos acerca a cuestiones de diversa índole como: la validez general de los estándares dotacionales, la disparidad de criterios en la valoración del suelo, la falta de adecuación de la legislación urbanística a los pequeños municipios y por extensión al territorio, así como la necesaria coordinación de la gestión urbanística con el control económico de las Haciendas Locales. Evidenciar las problemáticas anteriores, y realizar propuestas para su mejora, ha sido el objetivo principal de nuestra investigación. / [CA] La present investigació centra el seu enfocament en l'anàlisi pràctica de la gestió urbanística, com a disciplina, dins de l'Urbanisme, responsable de portar a la realitat l'ordenació projectada, sense l'adequat funcionament del qual, l'ordenació dibuixada és esforç estèril. Amb aquesta finalitat s'analitza l'aplicació, en una mostra de municipis de la província de València, de les tècniques bàsiques de gestió de què disposa el nostre ordenament urbanístic, encaminades a l'obtenció de dotacions públiques, contrastant les previsions contingudes en els seus respectius planejaments, amb els resultats obtinguts a data d'avui. L'anàlisi anterior es porta a terme utilitzant com a referent d'estudi, les nomenades "zones verdes estructurals", per ser un element significatiu i vulnerable, que permet comprovar el funcionament d'una part essencial del nostre sistema urbanístic. El nostre itinerari, ens permet realitzar una classificació i quantificació de les "zones verdes estructurals" de què disposen la majoria de municipis, evidenciar els problemes derivats de la petició d'expropiació, així com descobrir l'aplicació pràctica i els resultats que s'ha donat de les tècniques asistemàtiques de gestió en sòl urbà. Observant l'esdevenir de les zones verdes objecte d'estudi a través de la gestió urbanística, apreciem una panoràmica plena de contradiccions, que ens acosta a qüestions de diversa índole com: la validesa general dels estàndards dotacionals, la disparitat de criteris en la valoració del sòl, la falta d'adequació de la legislació urbanística als xicotets municipis i per extensió al territori, així com la necessària coordinació de la gestió urbanística amb el control econòmic de les Hisendes Locals. Evidenciar les problemàtiques anteriors, i fer propostes per a la seva millora, ha estat l'objectiu principal de la nostra investigació. / Gozalvo Zamorano, MJ. (2015). LAS ZONAS VERDES COMO PROBLEMA DE GESTIÓN. Aportación desde el estudio de las zonas verdes estructurales en la provincia de Valencia: Especial consideración a los municipios de la comarca de La Safor [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/59469 / TESIS / Premios Extraordinarios de tesis doctorales

The recognition of nature in the resolution of societal challenges has been growing in relevance. This recognition has been associated with the development of new concepts from science and policy such as natural capital, ecosystem services, green infrastructure, and more recently Nature-Based Solutions (NBS). NBS intends to address societal challenges in an effective and adaptive form providing economic, social, and environmental benefits. The overall aim of this PhD thesis is to develop an environmental and economic assessment of NBS for highly urbanised territories based on rationales and models underpinning ecosystem services, urban/landscape ecology, and life cycle thinking approaches. This combined evaluation approach would help to better understand if NBS are cost-effective or not. The aim is developed according to four specific objectives. The first objective corresponds to the characterisation of NBS in relation to urban contexts and the problematics that they can help to address or mitigate. To achieve this objective a critical review on the study of the relationship between NBS, ecosystem services (ES) and urban challenges (UC) was developed. As a main output, a graph of plausible cause-effect relationships between NBS, ES and UC is obtained. The graph represents a first step to support sustainable urban planning, moving from problems (i.e. urban challenges) to actions (i.e. NBS) to resolutions (i.e. ES). The second objective corresponds to the definition of an adequate set of biophysical and monetary assessment methods and indicators to evaluate the value of NBS in urbanised contexts. To achieve this objective, a review of existing methods on ecosystem services valuation, life cycle cost analysis and life-cycle assessment are developed. The review takes into account specific constraints such as easiness to use and availability of data. At the end, potential methods and indicators were selected, which will be later integrated in the combined assessment framework. The third objective corresponds to the design of a combined assessment framework integrating methods from life cycle assessment, landscape/urban ecology and ecosystem services that quantifies the environmental and economic value of NBS informing about the cost-effectiveness of its entire life cycle. To achieve this objective, a conceptual framework is developed. From it, a system dynamics model of ecosystem (dis)services is developed and coupled with a life cycle assessment method. The combined evaluation is tested with a relevant NBS type (i.e. urban forest) in a case study in the metropolitan area of Madrid. The fourth objective is the development of a decision support (DSS) tool that integrates the assessment framework as part of iterative design processes in urban planning and landscape design. The DSS intends to enhance the interrelation between science, policy and planning/design. To achieve this objective a user-friendly web-based prototype DSS on NBS, called NBenefit$®, is developed. The prototype DSS provides the user a simple form of quantifying the provision of multiple ES and costs over the entire life cycle (implementation, operational life, and end-of-life) of NBS. This thesis contributed to the characterisation of NBS and its environmental and economic assessment to inform urban planning and landscape design processes, allowing decisions that are more informed. / Il riconoscimento della natura nella risoluzione delle sfide sociali è diventato sempre più importante. Questo riconoscimento è stato associato allo sviluppo di nuovi concetti provenienti dalla scienza e dalla politica, come il capitale naturale, i servizi ecosistemici, le infrastrutture verdi e, più recentemente, le soluzioni basate sulla natura (NBS). NBS intende affrontare le sfide della società in una forma efficace e adattabile fornendo benefici economici, sociali e ambientali. Lo scopo di ricerca di questa tesi di dottorato è quello di sviluppare una valutazione ambientale ed economica delle NBS per territori altamente urbanizzati basata su logiche e modelli che hanno alla base i servizi ecosistemici, l'ecologia urbana e paesaggistica e degli approcci di approcio life cycle. Questo quadro di valutazione combinato aiuterebbe a capire meglio se le NBS sono costo effetive e se contribuiscono a uno sviluppo resiliente e sostenibile. Questo scopo di ricerca è sviluppato secondo quattro obiettivi specifici. Il primo obiettivo corrisponde alla caratterizzazione delle NBS in relazione ai contesti urbani e alle problematiche che possono aiutare ad affrontare o mitigare. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo è stata sviluppata una revisione critica dell letteratura sullo studio della relazione tra NBS, servizi ecosistemici (ES) e sfide urbane (UC). Come risultato principale, si ottiene un grafico delle relazioni causa-effetto plausibili tra NBS, ES ed UC. Il grafico rappresenta un primo passo per supportare la pianificazione urbana sostenibile, passando dai problemi (es. UC) alle azioni (es. NBS) alle risoluzioni (es. ES). Il secondo obiettivo corrisponde alla definizione di un set di metodi e indicatori di valutazione biofisica e monetaria adeguate per valutare il valore della NBS in contesti urbanizzati. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo, viene sviluppata una revisione dei metodi esistenti sulla valutazione dei servizi ecosistemici, l'analisi dei costi del ciclo di vita e la valutazione del ciclo di vita. La revisione tiene conto di vincoli specifici come la facilità d'uso e la disponibilità dei dati. Alla fine, sono stati selezionati potenziali metodi e indicatori, che saranno successivamente integrati nel quadro di valutazione combinato. Il terzo obiettivo corrisponde alla progettazione del quadro di valutazione combinato, integrando metodi di valutazione del ciclo di vita, ecologia paesaggistica / urbana e servizi ecosistemici che quantifica il valore ambientale ed economico della NBS informando sull'efficacia in termini di costi del suo intero ciclo di vita. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo, prima viene sviluppato un quadro concettuale. Da esso, viene sviluppato un modello di dinamica di sistemi per calcolare i servizi (e disservici) ecosistemici, il quale è interrelazionato con un metodo di valutazione life cycle. Questa valutazione combinata viene testata con un tipo di NBS pertinente (foresta urbana) in un caso di studio nell'area metropolitana di Madrid. Il quarto obiettivo è lo sviluppo di uno strumento di supporto decisionale (DSS) che integri il quadro di valutazione come parte dei processi di progettazione iterativa nella pianificazione urbana e nella progettazione del paesaggio. Il DSS intende migliorare l'interrelazione tra scienza, politica e pianificazione / progettazione. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo è stato sviluppato Nbenefit$® un prototipo di DSS online per la valutazzione NBS di facile uso. Il prototipo DSS fornisce all'utente una forma semplice per quantificare multipli ES e costi (internalizatti o no) durante l'intero ciclo di vita (implementazione, vita operativa e fine vita) del NBS. In conclusione, questa tesi ha contribuito alla caratterizzazione di NBS e alla sua valutazione ambientale ed economica per informare i processi di pianificazione urbana e progettazione del paesaggio, consentendo decisioni più informate.

In the Veneto Città Diffusa, the decentralized urban landscape of the Veneto Region, Northeast Italy, the economic growth of recent decades brought about increased urbanization and agricultural intensification. The process of change has been accompanied by the extension and/or maximization of centralized services of drinking water, irrigation, waste water and drainage to meet greater demands for the provision and disposal of water. Accordingly, the structure of a formerly poor rural landscape has been adapted to support an affluent industrialized and urban one. However, all this has had detrimental side effects, which, in time might seriously compromise the quality of life in this landscape. On one side, the transformations that occurred have in fact given rise to unexpected problems of drought, flooding and pollution of water; and recent changes in climate patterns have further intensified these risks. On the other side, the long term fine grained carrying structures of the landscape fabric –like roads, field ditches, stream and river corridors, dirt roads, paths etc.-, as the very basis of the landscapeâ€TMs unique ecological diversity, and once used to convey the areaâ€TMs flows now risk general extinction. The existing road system is also increasingly under pressure to intensify traffic that creates congestion, pollution and unsafe conditions. From a planning and design perspective, this calls for adequate methods and tools that can help designers to tackle the needs for more sustainable water flows as well as the needs for a recovered ecological integrity (including spatial intelligibility) of this urban landscape. This can be of a great importance also for a better understanding of other territories of urban dispersion which are spreading especially over the European and –although in very different forms- the American continents. The present research aims to contribute to the planning and design answers to these urgent problems. For this purpose, the urban landscape of the Veneto Città Diffusa was approached with principles derived from an Integrated Water Management approach (IWM) that, recently, has been successfully applied in the urban context as an alternative to the technocratic approach of maximizing flows. Storage of water is the key principle, for it can bring about decentralized storage, which means new and different water flow management and spatial arrangements. This can ultimately be obtained through the placement and implementation of small scale and decentralized infrastructures. By focusing on the interrelation between flow patterns and spatial arrangements in a small portion of the Veneto Città Diffusa –i.e. the case study landscape- the study has elaborated and confirmed two specific closely related assumptions. The first assumption is that the recent loss of landscape diversity and the increasing problems of flood, drought and water pollution of the Veneto Città Diffusa are closely related and ascribable also to the processes of centralization of the water flows that accompanied the areaâ€TMs economic growth. The changes of flow patterns and spatial arrangements of the case study area that happened over the last decades were systematically observed in a threefold area-flow-actor perspective. Insights into the present arrangements of irrigation, drainage, drinking water and waste water at the scale of the Consorzio di Bonifica Valli Grandi e Medio Veronese waterboard also accompanied the investigation. The diagnosis showed that the centralized systems arranged to perform greater inflows and outflows, draw heavily on resources and often risk exceeding the regionâ€TMs ecological carrying capacity. Moreover, the centralized arrangement often conflicts with the decentralized character of the settlements. No synergetic relations have been developed between the man-made water system and the existing pervasive fine grained elements of the landscape. Instead, this rich capital asset has been left behind and even neglected. And such forms of negligence have ultimately brought about a massive loss of biodiversity, accessibility and spatial intelligibility of the local landscape. This leads to the second assumption that has been researched: in the decentralized urban landscape of the Veneto Città Diffusa, answers that design measures can give in response to increasing water-flow dysfunctions and loss of diversity can be based on decentralized water storage systems that make use of the existing fine grain structures of local landscapes –ditches, streams, land depressions, former pits, hedge-rows, dirt roads, paths etc.- and promote a local-based utilisation of resources (resilience), while fostering a stronger local identity, biodiversity and accessibility for more coherent spatial arrangements. Building on the Ecological Conditions Strategy conceived by Tjallingii (1996), a set of guiding models was developed. In the models, the principles of Integrated Water Management were tuned to those fine grained landscape elements that still structure the low plains of the Veneto –the built lot system, the agricultural field system, the road system, the stream system and the excavation site system. Principles and models of integration and decentralization drove the exploration of design options for different levels of decentralized management of water in the case study area. The creative design process of learning produced a useful toolbox of design models. The design exploration also proved that the dispersed urbanization of the Città Diffusa can be made suitable to accommodate modern integrated and decentralized water systems that, by re-activating the existing carrying structures, also contribute to recovering the landscape. Decentralized urbanization can actually be an ally in the search for sustainable and legible settlements that also reuse and recycle water locally. Designing an integrated water system that fits with the Città Diffusa and contributes to the ecological integrity of this urban landscape remains an important challenge. The tools that can be of practical help to designers and decision-makers who are willing to undertake this challenge were investigated and worked out. Nonetheless, the way to realize the outlined strategies is complex and affected by uncertainty. In this context more research is needed to investigate the effects of decentralization at the level of the region on one side, and on the other side to investigate how these integrated systems can be set to fit present institutional and market frameworks. In conclusion, the study generated concrete proposals for one or more pilot projects that will be extremely important to creating consensus in the decision process during the testing of models and strategies.

“[…]Landscape” means an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/or human factors; […]Acknowledging that the landscape is an important part of the quality of life for people everywhere: in urban areas and in the countryside, in degraded areas as well as in areas of high quality, in areas recognised as being of outstanding beauty as well as everyday areas[…]”. The starting point of this research is the innovative definition of landscape, given by the “European Landscape Convention”, that draws the attention to the need of: - examining the territory as a spatial and temporal continuity; - considering the territory transformations as a value; - giving equal dignity to ruined territory, refusing the idea that only beautiful landscape deserve to be protected. Among the several and diverse European studies on infrastructure and landscape relation, the research focuses on marginal areas created by the infrastructure for mobility (road and highway) in the landscape. These areas are lacking a clearly defined function, they are not anymore part of the landscape, but they have not become part of the infrastructure. These areas are defined as infrastructural refuses. The attention is shifted from the design of the road and from the aesthetic of mobility to the new spaces created by the infrastructure in the landscape. Moreover, the research tries to analyze the infrastructural refuses only ex-post, when these spaces have already been created by the construction and use of a road, or theoretically created in-fieri by an infrastructure project that has overlooked these areas, forgetting to design them, or simply not taking into account their existence. The first part of the research is devoted to define the identity of the infrastructural refuse through the critical analysis of the main theories of the protagonists of the international debate supported by the identification of literature related to the topic. The infrastructural refuse is then described through analytical tools (morphology and perception) that show the effects of infrastructural transformation focussing mainly on mobility infrastructure transformation in Trentino Alto-Adige. The case study analyzed is the trunk road 12 on the stretch called Tangenziale di Trento, and more specifically the transformation caused by the junctions close to urban areas. The Tangenziale is a great artery of traffic that often cuts through the surrounding areas leading to real marginal areas. The research then proceeds to the definition of refuse as a value and tries to highlight its potential for transformation mainly by analyzing the strategy of recycling. Different types of re-use of infrastructural refuses are described: the artistic-temporary use, the daily spontaneous use by the population, and finally the illegal use. The research analyzes the mobility infrastructural refuses: outlining possible transformations, design, re-inventions; illustrating the unexpressed features of the places; re-drawing with different connotation signs that have lost their original meaning; eventually reaching the “operatività dello scarto”. Negative actions like abandon, refuse, waste can become occasions to re-shape and re-think the landscape. The results of the research show the possibility to re-think the infrastructural refuse spaces as a reserves of soil, suggest alternatives to the mentality of the compensation and mitigation, calling for the evolution of the protocols of mobility infrastructure design.

This thesis addresses three interlinked aspects that are relevant for mainstreaming Nature-based Solutions in urban planning. The first aspect concerns the integration and use of ecosystem service knowledge in spatial planning. A literature review aimed at analysing practical applications of ecosystem services in real-life planning processes and instruments reveals both the outcomes generated and the procedures adopted to integrate them, as well as the main advantages, constraints, enabling factors, and open issues associated with ecosystem service knowledge integration in spatial planning processes and instruments. The second aspect is related to the use of spatial assessments of ecosystem service demand to support an effective planning of Nature-based Solutions at the city scale. An approach is developed to allocate and prioritize Nature-based Solutions in cities in order to deliver ecosystem services for addressing the existing urban challenges while maximising the benefits for residents. The approach is tested in the case study area of Valletta (Malta), identifying the potential sites for the implementation of eleven types of Nature-based Solutions, assessing the demand for five priority ecosystem services, and identifying what type(s) of Nature-based Solutions, among the eleven proposed, should be implemented in each potential site, as well as the sites that should be prioritized first. The third aspect involves the promotion of the implementation of Nature-based Solutions in urban plans through the use of suitable policy instruments. A matrix that links the suitable instruments identified to different typologies of Nature-based Solutions reveals the range of instruments that can be deployed to promote the implementation of each type of Nature-based Solution. The matrix is then applied to analyse which instruments are currently deployed and which are not in the two urban plans covering the case study area of Valletta, hence the missing opportunities that could be further exploited.

[pt] A realidade do Brasil predominantemente urbano é permeada pelos constantes e crescentes riscos associados às mudanças climáticas, sintetizados como as ilhas de calor, alagamentos, aumento do nível do mar, dentre outros. O impacto sobre as cidades é incomensurável e atinge todo o processo de produção urbana. O presente trabalho, vinculado a linha de pesquisa Planejamento Urbano e Sustentabilidade do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Urbana e Ambiental da PUC-Rio, tem o objetivo de identificar oportunidades, estratégias e diretrizes segundo os objetivos da Política Nacional sobre Mudança do Clima que possam vir a ser incluídas em construções normativas do campo urbanístico na perspectiva de cidades resilientes. A reflexão evidencia a necessidade iminente do desenvolvimento de trabalhos multidisciplinares que tenham por finalidade a avaliação das políticas públicas de desenvolvimento urbano das cidades à luz de estratégias de mitigação e resiliência. O estudo analisa obstáculos e possibilidades dos instrumentos de gestão urbanística dos municípios para viabilizar a construção de cidades resilientes e resistentes aos impactos das mudanças climáticas. Adota-se a abordagem interdisciplinar, bem como metodologia que engloba revisão bibliográfica, pesquisa documental em planos municipais sobre mudanças climáticas e relatórios produzidos por organismos nacionais e internacionais sobre o contexto urbano de resiliência. O método estudo de casos referência com a investigação de casos concretos seleciona quatro cidades brasileiras, sendo as duas maiores metrópoles (Rio de Janeiro/RJ e São Paulo/SP), uma cidade de até 2 milhões de habitantes (Recife/PE) e também uma cidade de médio porte (Contagem/MG). Utilizando-se da experiência das referidas cidades na jornada de mitigação e resiliência, foram verificados os instrumentos essenciais que devem ser adotados para enfretamento da mudança do clima. O estudo inclui a análise das diversas fases (Planejamento, Execução, Verificação e Aprimoramento). A investigação realizada permitiu propor, à luz de metodologias internacionais observadas nos relatórios dos organismos nacionais e internacionais sobre o contexto urbano de resiliência, diretrizes cristalizadas em uma proposta de estratégia de mitigação e resiliência para políticas urbanísticas municipais. / [en] The present work, linked to the research line Urban Planning and Sustainability of the Postgraduate Program in Urban and Environmental Engineering at PUC-Rio, had the objective of identifying opportunities, strategies, and guidelines according to the objectives of the National Policy on Climate Change that may be included in normative constructions of the urbanistic field from the perspective of resilient cities.The research problem was based on the reality of Brazil, predominantly urban, where more than 80 percent of the population lives in cities, which are permeated by the constant and growing risks associated with climate change, summarized as heat islands, flooding, rising sea levels, among others. It was identified that these cumulative factors, that is, the increase of the world population in cities and the risks associated with climate change, may alter the form of land use in the coming decades, exposing the population and the economy in general to severe problems of dealing with the consequences of these changes, requiring the urban environment to be resilient and induce structural changes in society through the adoption of mitigation measures for the environmental impacts caused by contemporary society.For this evaluation, the work was based on the understanding of cities in the Anthropocene era, currently known as a new geological era, in which unbridled growth, which causes impacts on the planet s climate, exposes the population to increasingly intense risks, especially in urban centers, due to the complexity of the processes and the sensitivity of ecosystems.For no other reason, under the United Nations Agenda 2030 and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), goal number 11 was established, consisting of a commitment by nations to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable.

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2018-05-07T12:59:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LEONARDO BERALDO DE ORNELLAS BORGES.pdf: 19548057 bytes, checksum: e8942746d634b7af9b01999e7c3cfb3b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-07T12:59:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LEONARDO BERALDO DE ORNELLAS BORGES.pdf: 19548057 bytes, checksum: e8942746d634b7af9b01999e7c3cfb3b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-20 / This paper seeks to assist in the understanding of urban planning processes in Brazilian cities. Therefore, it intends to investigate certain mechanisms which are inserted in planning systems designs and may increase the corrupts transactions in those environments. Through a literature review, seeks to outline elements which would contribute to this dynamic. By an attempt to contextualize forms of territorial control in Brazil, it seeks to understand how ties between state and private actors would operate in the cities. In addition, it discusses how the efficiency of instances of social participation in urban planning processes can be affected by land-use corruption. The work is structured through a case study, which analyzed the dynamics of a urban planning system in a city between 1985 and 2016. Through the survey of the urban legislation and the identification of the actors involved in the processes of urban expansion in the period, it was possible to establish how some elements found in the literature allowed grant of privileges in these processes. / Il presente lavoro cerca di aiutare nella comprensione dei processi di pianificazione e gestione nelle citt? brasiliane. In questo senso, cerca di investigare determinati meccanismi che, inseriti nei sistemi di pianificazione, possono potenzializare le transazioni corrotte in questi ambienti. Attraverso una revisione della letteratura sulla corruzione urbanistica, cerca di delineare quali elementi potrebbero contribuire a questa dinamica. Attraverso uno sforzo per contestualizzare le modalit? di controllo territoriale in Brasile, si cerca di capire come i legami tra attori statali e privati opererebbero nelle citt?. Inoltre, si discute di come l?efficienza delle istanze di partecipazione sociale nei processi di pianificazione e gestione territoriale possa essere influenzata dalla corruzione urbanistica. Per questo, il lavoro ? stato strutturato attraverso un caso di studio, che ha analizzato le dinamiche di un sistema di pianificazione e gestione in una citt? dall?interno dello stato di San Paolo nel periodo 1988-2016. Attraverso il rilevamento della legislazione urbana e l?identificazione degli attori coinvolti nei processi di espansione urbana nel periodo, ? stato possibile stabilire come alcuni elementi trovati in letteratura consentissero l?ottenimento di privilegi in questi processi. / O presente trabalho procura auxiliar na compreens?o de processos de planejamento e gest?o urban?sticos das cidades brasileiras. Neste sentido, procura investigar determinados mecanismos, que inseridos em desenhos de sistemas de planejamento, podem potencializar transa??es corruptas nestes ambientes. Busca, por meio de uma revis?o da literatura que trata da corrup??o urban?stica, delinear quais elementos contribuiriam para esta din?mica. Por meio de um esfor?o para contextualizar modos de controle do territ?rio no Brasil, procura entender de que forma la?os entre atores estatais e privados operariam nas cidades. Al?m disso, discute de que maneira a efici?ncia de inst?ncias de participa??o social nos processos de planejamento e gest?o pode ser afetada pela corrup??o urban?stica. Para isso, o trabalho foi estruturado por meio de um estudo de caso, que analisou a din?mica de um sistema de planejamento e gest?o em um munic?pio paulista durante o per?odo de 1985-2016. Atrav?s do levantamento da legisla??o urban?stica e da identifica??o dos atores participantes nos processos de expans?o urbana no per?odo, foi poss?vel estabelecer de que maneira alguns elementos encontrados na literatura, possibilitaram a obten??o de privil?gios nestes processos.