Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-10-14T12:43:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Josenaldo Silva Macedo.pdf: 689898 bytes, checksum: 3215e2e1e0646d554d6f16686dd6361d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-14T12:43:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Josenaldo Silva Macedo.pdf: 689898 bytes, checksum: 3215e2e1e0646d554d6f16686dd6361d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-24 / The present work was designed to investigate the incidence of the bacterium Helicobacter spp. In cats from the Recife city, Pernambuco State. The stomach samples were collected from 119 cats, without distinction between race or age, being 56 males and 63 females originated from the Environmental Survey Center (CVA), captured in the city of Recife.. The urease quick test and the histopathological examination using both the Hematoxilin-Eosin (HE) and Giemsa stains were performed. The urease quick test showed that 83,92% of the male (47/56) and 80,95% of the female (51/63) samples were positive for Helicobacter, with a total of 82,35% (98/119) of the population being positive. The Giemsa analysis demonstrated that in 73,21% of the males (41/56) and 74,60% of the females (47/63) samples the Helicobacter spp. Bacteria was found, and the total positive sample in the tested population was 73,94% (88/119). During the analysis performed using the HE stain, was observed that 59,66% (71/119) of the samples showed histopathological alterations, such as: lymphoplasmocitic infiltration with a lymphoid foliculum, microabscess, necrosis, hypotrophy, and in 40,34% of the samples(48/119) no alterations were observed. Since the Helicobacter spp. Microorganisms are able to cause gastric inflammation in cats, having showed , the research studies concerning the clinical importance and elucidate the gastric neoplasic genesis in these animals. It coud conclude that cats originated from Recife city, Pernambuco state, shows high incidence of helicobacteriosis. / O presente trabalho foi delineado para investigar a incidência da bactéria Helicobacter spp. em gatos oriundos da cidade do Recife do estado de Pernambuco. As amostras de estômagos analisadas, foram coletados de 119 gatos sem raça definida e idade, sendo 56 machos e 63 fêmeas provenientes do Centro de Vigilância Ambiental (CVA), capturados na cidade do Recife. Foram realizados para pesquisa de Helicobacter spp., os métodos de teste rápido da urease, o exame histopatológico corado pela técnica hematoxilina-eosina (HE) e pelo método de coloração Giemsa. As análises pelo teste rápido da urease mostraram que em 83,92% das amostras dos machos (47/56) e em 80,95% das amostras das fêmeas (51/63), foi detectada reação positiva para Helicobacter, sendo 82,35% (98/119) na totalidade das amostras. As análises pelo método de coloração pelo Giemsa mostraram que em 73,21% das amostras dos machos (41/56) e em 74,60% das amostras das fêmeas (47/63), foi encontrada a bactéria Helicobacter spp. , sendo 73,94% (88/119) na totalidade das amostras. Na análise das amostras coradas pela técnica de coloração hematoxilia-eosina (HE), verificou-se que em 59,66% das amostras (71/119) apresentaram alterações histopatológicas como: infiltrado linfoplasmocitário com folículo linfóide, microabcesso, necrose, hipotrofia; e em 40,34% das amostras (48/119) não apresentaram alterações histológicas. Dessa forma, os microorganismos do gênero Helicobacter spp. são capazes de gerar inflamação gástrica no gato, sendo necessário cada vez mais aprofundar as pesquisas a respeito da importância clínica e da gênese de neoplasias gástricas nesses animais. Concluiu-se neste trabalho que gatos oriundos da cidade do Recife, estado de Pernambuco apresentam alta incidência de helicobacteriose.

Brucella est l'agent causal de la brucellose, une zoonose bactérienne répandue à l'échelle mondiale. Durant les dernières années, de nouvelles souches et espèces de Brucella (dont Brucella microti) ont été isolées de l’environnement et d’animaux sauvages. Ces souches, phylogénétiquement anciennes, sont plus acido-résistantes que les espèces classiques, plus récentes et inféodées aux animaux domestiques et à l’homme. Chez Escherichia coli, le système glutamate décarboxylase (GAD) et le système glutaminase (AR2_Q), basés respectivement sur la décarboxylation du glutamate et la déamination de la glutamine, sont les systèmes d’acido-résistance (AR) les plus efficaces. Notre équipe a démontré que le système GAD (GadB et GadC) est fonctionnel seulement dans les nouvelles souches et espèces de Brucella, et participe à la réussite de l’infection des souris par voie orale. Dans cette thèse, le rôle de nouveaux facteurs et les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans l’acido-résistance ont été explorés. Premièrement, nous avons montré que GlsA et GadC sont les deux protéines structurales du système AR2_Q qui, avec le système GAD, joue un rôle essentiel dans l’AR de ces nouvelles souches. De plus, chez ces mêmes souches, le système uréase intervient également dans la survie en milieu acide.Nos résultats suggèrent que les systèmes GAD, AR2_Q et uréase, en fonction de la disponibilité des substrats, pourraient contribuer à améliorer l’adaptation des nouvelles espèces dans les environnements acides naturels et/ou dans le tractus gastro-intestinal de leurs hôtes. / Brucella is the etiological agent of brucellosis, a worldwide bacterial zoonosis. In the last ten years, new and atypical strains of Brucella (among which Brucella microti) were isolated from the environment and wild hosts. These strains, of ancient origin, are considered more environmental and acid resistant than classical Brucella species, which are mostly pathogenic for livestock and humans. In Escherichia coli, the glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)-dependent system and the glutaminase (AR2_Q) system, based on the decarboxylation of glutamate and on the deamination of glutamine, respectively, are most efficient in conferring acid resistance (AR). Our team has previously demonstrated that in Brucella the GAD system (GadB and GadC) is functional only in new/atypical strains and contributes to murine infection by oral route. In this thesis, novel molecular mechanisms and factors involved in specific AR of new/atypical Brucella species were explored. Firstly, we have shown that in these strains, GlsA and GadC are the two structural proteins of the AR2_Q system, which, in concert with the GAD system, plays an essential role in AR. In addition, the functionality and role of the urease system in AR was also demonstrated in these strains.Our results suggest that the GAD, AR2_Q and urease systems may participate in a better adaptation of new Brucella species to certain natural acidic habitats and/or to the gastrointestinal tract of their hosts, depending on substrate availability.

Les sols qui ne rencontrent pas les normes d’ingénierie civile doivent êtres soumis à des améliorations géotechniques car les vibrations causées par les tremblements de terre ou par la surcharge sur des infrastructures en hauteur peuvent mener à la liquéfaction partielle ou totale des sols saturés en eau. Ceci peut donc entrainer des dommages importants aux structures construites sur ces sols. Certaines méthodes existent pour remédier à ce problème, mais elles demeurent couteuses et parfois toxiques car elles utilisent de l’acrylamide et des lignosulfates. La bio-précipitation in situ de calcite dans les sols représente une méthode alternative. Le tout se fait avec des bactéries qui démontrent une activité uréolytique. La présente étude s’est intéressée à l’activité uréolytique des souches Escherichia coli, Sporosarcina ureae, Bacillus pasteurii, Lysinibacillus sphaericus, Bacillus subtilis et Bacillus megaterium. Les résultats démontrent que l’urée est seulement dégradée par les souches S. ureae et S. pasteurii. L’incubation de S. ureae en présence de Ni2+ (0.1-1 ppm) et Fe2+ (1-10 ppm) a toutefois permis d’augmenter l’activité catalytique de la souche, ce qui démontre l’importance des éléments nutritifs lors de l’hydrolyse de l’urée. Afin de tester l’activité uréolytique des autres souches, nous avons introduit un système d’expression uréase dans la souche E. coli en substituant des amino-acides dans la structure primaire des protéines. Suite à cette modification, l’activité uréolytique de E. coli s’est améliorée et est devenue comparable à celle des souches S. ureae et S. pasteurii. L’injection de S. ureae et du mutant E. coli dans des sables non-consolidés a permis de cimenter de façon significative (p < 0.05) le matériel par rapport à des sables non inoculés, et ce après seulement 48 heures. Le transfert du système recombinant de E coli vers S. ureae est présentement en cours. Ces résultats prometteurs indiquent qu’il est possible de stimuler la précipitation in situ de calcite en utilisant des bactéries et de stabiliser les sols prônes à la liquéfaction. === Soils often do not satisfy functional requirements for civil engineering projects and as a result geotechnical improvements to soils are often made. Dynamic shaking during earthquakes or static overloading by overlying structures may still result in liquefaction in partially or fully water saturated soils. These have little bearing capacity for structures. Severe damages can result. Moreover, preventative soil grouting strategies are expensive, toxic, and permanent due to acrylamides, lignosulfonates, and otherwise harmful compounds present therein. Alternative methods of strength enhancement are advisable. Microbial induced calcite precipitation (MICP) was assessed in this investigation to consolidate loose, sandy soils. Ureolytic activty of Escherichia coli, Sporosarcina ureae, Bacillus pasteurii, Lysinibacillus sphaericus, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus megaterium were assessed. Urea was readily degraded foremost by S. ureae and next by S. pasteurii with no significant (p <0.05) activity in other strains. Incubation of S. ureae with 0.1 - 1ppm Ni2+ and 1-10ppm Fe2+ was shown to improve catalytic activity, suggesting their importance as a dietary source for urea hydrolysis. A urease expression system was established in E. coli and particular amino acid substitutions in protein primary structure made. Enhanced ureolytic activity was observed in these E. coli mutants, comparable to native S. ureae activity. Application of wild type S. ureae and recombinant E. coli for MICP in a model sand showed significant (p < 0.05) improvements compared to controls after 48 hours. Transfer of the recombinant system in E. coli to S. ureae is currently underway. These results provide valuable insight affirming that a practical system for the application of MICP may be feasible in the field for the strength enhancement of native and construction-laid loose, sandy soils.

Orientador: Jairo Osvaldo Cazetta / Banca: Samira Domingues Carlin Cavallari / Banca: Fábio Olivieri de Nóbile / Banca: Miguel Ângelo Mutton / Banca: Edson Luiz Mendes Coutinho / Resumo: Visando comparar os efeitos do concentrado de vinhaça biodigerida com a vinhaça in natura nas propriedades químicas e biológicas do solo e no crescimento inicial da cana-de-açúcar, foram conduzidos três ensaios em diferentes condições: laboratório, casa de vegetação e campo. No ensaio de laboratório foram utilizados dois solos: Argissolo e Latossolo, os quais foram incubados por 15, 30 e 60 dias com os tratamentos: (T) testemunha (sem adubação); (VN) vinhaça in natura na dose equivalente a 200 kg ha-1 K2O; (VN+N) vinhaça in natura adicionada de N (200 kg ha-1) na forma de NaNO3; (CVB) concentrado de vinhaça biodigerida na dose equivalente a 200kg ha-1de K2O; (CVB+N) concentrado de vinhaça biodigerida adicionado de N (200 kg ha-1); (AM) adubação mineral (N e K 200 kg ha-1 de N e K2O). Neste ensaio foi determinado pH, M.O, Ca, Mg, P, K e foram calculados CTC e V%. Nos ensaios de casa de vegetação foi usado um Latossolo na presença e ausência de palhada submetido aos tratamentos: Testemunha (sem adubação); Adubação mineral: N (100 kg ha-1) + P (30 kg ha-1) + K (130 kg ha-1); Vinhaça in natura (100 m3 ha-1) + P; Concentrado de vinhaça biodigerida (10 m3 ha-1) + P; Vinhaça in natura + P + N; Concentrado de vinhaça biodigerida + P + N. No ensaio de casa de vegetação foram determinados fertilidade do solo, palha remanescente e respiração basal do solo. Na planta, foi avaliado: altura e diâmetro de plantas, número de folhas, matéria seca da parte aérea, acúmulo de nutriente na parte... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Abstract: To compare the effects of concentrated from biodigested vinasse with in natura vinasse on soil chemical and biological properties and on the initial growth of sugarcane plants, three tests were conducted under different conditions: laboratory, greenhouse and field. In the laboratory test it was used two soils: Ultisol and Oxisol, which were incubated for 15, 30 and 60 days with the folowing treatments: (T) control (without fertilizer); (VN) in natura vinasse at dose equivalent to 200 kg ha K2O-1; (VN + N) in natura vinasse plus N (200 kg ha-1) as NaNO3; (CVB) concentrated from biodigested vinasse at a dose equivalent to 200 kg ha-1 K2O; (CVB + N) concentrated from biodigested vinasse plus N (200 kg ha-1); (AM) mineral fertilizer (N and K, 200 kg ha-1 of N and K2O). In this trial pH, Organic matter, Ca, Mg, P, K and V% (bases saturation), and CEC were determined. In greenhouse trials was used a dystrophic oxisol in the presence and absence of straw on soil surface, and subjected to the treatments: control (without fertilizer); Mineral fertilizers: N (100 kg ha-1) + P (30 kg ha-1) + K (130 kg ha-1); in natura vinasse (100 m3 ha-1) + P; concentrated from biodigested vinasse (10 m3 ha-1) + P; in natura vinasse + P + N; concentrate of biodigested vinasse + P + N. In the greenhouse test were determined soil fertility, and the remaining straw... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor

Orientador: Leandro Borges Lemos / Banca: Pedro Henrique de Cerqueira Luz / Banca: Mara Cristina Pessoa da Cruz / Banca: Carlos Henrique Eiterer de Souza / Banca: Fábio Luiz Checchio Mingotte / Resumo: Os fertilizantes nitrogenados são essenciais para as culturas sob condições tropicais expressarem seus potenciais produtivos. Dentre esses fertilizantes a ureia é o mais utilizado na agricultura e devido à necessidade de redução de suas perdas por volatilização quando aplicada na superfície do solo, a ureia tornou-se o fertilizante convencional mais utilizado para o desenvolvimento de fertilizantes de eficiência aumentada. Atualmente substâncias inibidoras da enzima urease e mecanismos de revestimento de fertilizantes que alterem o fluxo de liberação de N para solução do solo, podem reduzir as perdas de N por volatilização da NH3. O trabalho foi dividido em dois estudos, com os seguintes objetivos: avaliar em condições controladas de laboratório fontes de nitrogênio convencionais e de eficiência aumentada, quanto ao controle de perdas de N por volatilização de NH3 e em um segundo estudo avaliar a eficiência de fontes e doses de nitrogênio convencionais e de eficiência aumentada em cobertura no desempenho agronômico da cultura do milho, cultivado na primeira e segunda safras 2015/2016. No experimento de laboratório, os fertilizantes utilizados foram aplicados na superfície de um latossolo vermelho argiloso, previamente umedecido a 60% da capacidade de retenção de água. Conduzido em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso com seis repetições, os tratamentos foram quatro fontes de N (ureia, ureia + NBPT, nitrato de amônio e Haya® - ureia compactada com aditivos e polímeros), além de ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Nitrogen fertilizers are essential for crops under tropical conditions express their productive potential. Among these fertilizers urea is the most widely used in agriculture and due to the need to reduce their losses by volatilization when applied on the soil surface, the urea has become the conventional fertilizer most used for the development of enhanced efficiency fertilizers. Currently urease enzyme inhibitory substances and coating mechanisms of fertilizers that alter the flow of release of N to the soil solution, can reduce N losses by volatilization of NH3. The work was divided in two studies, with the following objectives: to evaluate under controlled conditions of laboratory conventional nitrogen sources and increased efficiency, how to control N losses by volatilization of NH3 and a second study evaluate the efficiency of sources and doses of conventional nitrogen and increased efficiency in coverage on agronomic performance of the culture of corn, cultivated in the first and second harvests 2015/2016. In the laboratory experiment, fertilizers used were applied on the surface of a red loamy latosol, previously moistened the 60% water holding capacity. Conducted in entirely random design with six repetitions, the treatments were four sources of N (urea, urea + ammonium nitrate and NBPT Haya® urea compressed with additives and polymers), plus additional controls (without soil and fertilizer Chamber empty) in dose equivalent to 100 kg ha-1 of N losses were evaluated-N... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

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Synthetic nitrogen (N) fertilizers play a key role in human nutrition and crop production. The most widely used N source globally is urea; however, N loss via ammonia volatilization can be great in agricultural systems where urea is surface-applied. The objectives of the experiments reported in this dissertation were: 1) evaluate the performance of a new laboratory ammonia volatilization measurement system for measuring ammonia volatilization from coated granular urea; 2) determine if urease can be extracted from corn and soybean residues; 3) determine if differences in urease activity are present in corn and soybean residues; and 4) evaluate N content and yield of corn treated with surface-applied coated urea fertilizers. The laboratory ammonia volatilization system had a system recovery efficiency (SRE) of 97% of the applied N and the lowest variation in mg N captured in the acid traps when the air flow rate was 1.00 L min⁻¹, at 26°C, and an acid trap volume of 100 ml 0.02M phosphoric acid. Ammonia volatilization was greatest from 12-24 h after N application with a total of 17% of the applied N being lost during that period. The urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoic triamide (NBPT) was the most effective ammonia volatilization control treatment and reduced ammonia losses 30-40% compared to urea in the laboratory trials. Urease was extracted from soybean residue and retained activity during extraction; however, urease from corn residue could not be identified in extracts. The agronomic field trials indicated that NBPT increased N concentration in corn ear leaves; however the effect on corn grain yield was masked by environmental conditions. The data from this study suggests that ammonia volatilization from granular urea can be effectively controlled using NBPT, and corn tissue N content in the field indicates that NBPT allows for more N to be utilized by the plant. The urease extraction showed that there may be differences in urease activity in different crop residues. Further research is needed to determine if varying levels of volatilization control are needed for urea applied to different crop residues in no-till systems. / Ph. D.