Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch 2006. / Bibliography. Also available via the Internet.

Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)--University of Waikato, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 90-96) Also available via the World Wide Web.

Thesis (M.Sc.)--York University, 2004. Graduate Programme in Geography. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 158-174). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url%5Fver=Z39.88-2004&res%5Fdat=xri:pqdiss &rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:MR11927

abstract: Spatial uncertainty refers to unknown error and vagueness in geographic data. It is relevant to land change and urban growth modelers, soil and biome scientists, geological surveyors and others, who must assess thematic maps for similarity, or categorical agreement. In this paper I build upon prior map comparison research, testing the effectiveness of similarity measures on misregistered data. Though several methods compare uncertain thematic maps, few methods have been tested on misregistration. My objective is to test five map comparison methods for sensitivity to misregistration, including sub-pixel errors in both position and rotation. Methods included four fuzzy categorical models: fuzzy kappa's model, fuzzy inference, cell aggregation, and the epsilon band. The fifth method used conventional crisp classification. I applied these methods to a case study map and simulated data in two sets: a test set with misregistration error, and a control set with equivalent uniform random error. For all five methods, I used raw accuracy or the kappa statistic to measure similarity. Rough-set epsilon bands report the most similarity increase in test maps relative to control data. Conversely, the fuzzy inference model reports a decrease in test map similarity. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. Geography 2010

This work makes introduction to the analysis and evaluations of the changes in land using at the selected areas of the cadastral area of the town of Most in Northern Bohemia. These areas were impacted by surface coal mining activities and subsequently were subject to the hydro recultivation proces. The analysis of the evolution of the researched areas was based on the comparison of the land using maps created from aerial photograps and the archive pictures of the areas from the years 1952, 1975, 1995, 2008 and 2013. The data for the anylysis have been obtained from ArcMap ennvironment by vectorization. The differences in the land use types used in individual years have been evaluated and recorded.

Submitted by Liliane Ferreira (ljuvencia30@gmail.com) on 2018-05-23T12:15:12Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Sara Alves dos Santos - 2018.pdf: 7361072 bytes, checksum: c8222e95975a740e21f7c7a748bff29b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-05-23T12:27:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Sara Alves dos Santos - 2018.pdf: 7361072 bytes, checksum: c8222e95975a740e21f7c7a748bff29b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-23T12:27:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Sara Alves dos Santos - 2018.pdf: 7361072 bytes, checksum: c8222e95975a740e21f7c7a748bff29b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The Brazilian Savannah (Cerrado) is the second Brazilian Biome in area of conservation units (CU), a protection strategy to face the intense conversion to land use. These units are benefited by national environment policies that have been promulgated in the last few decades. However, many of these CU do not receive suitable effort to enhance their effectiveness. At the same time, the pressure of land use conversion in their surroundings also affects their effectiveness. This research proposes evaluates the relationship of spatial structure and spatial distribution of Federal and State Conservation Units in the Brazilian Savannah to the conversion of changes in land use that occurred over the last five decades. As a main result a thematic mapping of time-space distribution of CU is proposed. To archive this objective, a quantitative analysis of temporal and spatial distribution of UC is carried out as well as the evaluation of the representativeness of each phytophysiognomy in the CU facing the land use conversion. The database applied were obtained from government agencies. The Results revealed that considerable part of the protected areas are located in places inappropriate for agribusiness, while so-called areas more "enjoyable" have already been converted. The distribution of UC in the Cerrado is not regular, some focus on certain areas, while in others there are big gaps. In General, the largest UC are located at least anthropic of Cerrado and have recent creation, from the Decade of 1980. The East portion, are older, are in better fitness, agricultural area larger and present significant conflict of use in your interior. Ten main UC-compartments are identified in the Cerrado, proving that time and space are important variables to understand the role played by conservation policies in the Brazilian Savannah. Protected areas constitute an alternative for conservation, however you must think your location and connection, so that they can ensure the maintenance of ecosystems and are in fact effective. / O Cerrado é o segundo bioma brasileiro em área de unidades de conservação (UC). A condição de conservação é estratégia de proteção para enfrentar a intensa conversão do uso da terra. Essas unidades são beneficiadas pelas políticas ambientais nacionais que foram promulgadas nas últimas décadas, no entanto, muitas dessas UC não recebem um esforço adequado para aumentar sua eficiência. Ao mesmo tempo, a pressão da conversão do uso da terra em seu entorno também afeta sua eficiência. A presente pesquisa propõe-se a avaliar a relação entre a estrutura e a distribuição espacial das unidades de conservação do Cerrado com as mudanças no uso da terra ocorridas nas últimas cinco décadas. Para atingir esse objetivo, fez-se uma análise quantitativa da distribuição temporal e espacial das UC, levando-se em conta aspectos físicos da paisagem, bem como a avaliação da representatividade de cada fitofisionomia nas UC frente à conversão do uso da terra. A base de dados utilizada foi obtida de diversas agências governamentais. Os resultados revelaram que parte considerável das áreas protegidas localiza-se em locais inadequados para o agronegócio, enquanto as chamadas áreas mais "agradáveis" já foram convertidas. A distribuição da UC no Cerrado não é regular, algumas se concentram em certas áreas, enquanto em outras há grandes lacunas. Em geral, as maiores UC estão situadas em porções menos antropizados do Cerrado e têm criação recente, a partir da década de 1980. As da porção leste, são mais antigas, apresentam melhor aptidão, área agrícola maior e apresentam significativo conflito de uso em seu interior. Dez principais compartimentos de UC foram identificados no Cerrado, provando que o tempo e o espaço são variáveis importantes para entender o papel desempenhado pelas políticas de conservação no Cerrado brasileiro. As áreas protegidas constituem uma alternativa para conservação, porém deve-se pensar sua localização e conexão, para que possam garantir a manutenção dos ecossistemas e sejam de fato eficazes.

Rapid urban growth and unprecedented rural to urban transition, along with a huge population growth are new phenomena for both high and low income countries, which started in the mid-20th century. However, urban growth rates and patterns are different in developed countries and developing ones. In less developed countries, urbanization and rural to urban transition usually takes place in an unmanaged way and they are associated with a series of socioeconomical and environmental issues and problems. Identification of the city growth trends in past decades can help urban planners and managers to minimize these negative impacts. In this research, urban growth in the city of Isfahan, Iran, is the subject of study. Isfahan the third largest city in Iran has experienced a huge urban growth and population boom during the last three decades. This transition led to the destruction of natural and agricultural lands and environmental pollutions. Historical and recent remotely sensed data, along with different remote sensing techniques and methods have been used by researchers for urban land use and land cover change detection. In this study three Landsat TM and ETM+ images of the study site, acquired in 1985, 2000 and 2009 are used. Before starting processing, radiometric normalization is done to minimize the atmospheric effects. Then, processing methods including principal component analysis (PCA), vegetation indices and supervised classification are implemented on the images. Accuracy assessment of the PCA method showed that the first PC was responsible for more than 81% of the total variance, and therefore used for analysis of PCA differencing. ΔPC1t1-t2 shows the amount of changes in land use and land cover during the period of study. In this study ten vegetation indices were selected to be applied to the 1985 image. Accuracy assessments showed that Transformed Differencing Vegetation Index (TDVI) is the most sensitive and accurate index for mapping vegetation in arid and semi-arid urban areas. Hence, TDVI was applied to the 2000 and 2009 images. ΔTDVIt1-t2 showed the changes in land use and land cover especially the land use transformation from vegetation cover into the urban class. Supervised classification is the last method applied to the images. Training sites were assigned for the selected classes and accuracy was monitored during the process of training site selection. The results of classification show the expansion of urban class and diminishment in natural and agricultural lands.

Buruli ulcer (BU) is an environmental bacterium caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans. Modes of transmission and hosts of the disease remain unknown. The purposes of this study are to explore the environmental factors that are possibly explain the spatial distribution of BU, to predict BU cases by using the environmental factors, and to investigate the impact of land use and land cover change on the BU distribution. The study area covers the southwest portion of Ghana, 74 districts in 6 regions. The results show that the highest endemic areas occur in the center and expand to the southern portion of the study area. Statistically, the incidence rates of BU are positively correlated to the percentage of forest cover and inversely correlated to the percentages of grassland, soil, and urban areas in the study area. That is, forest is the most important environmental risk factor in this study. Model from zero-inflated Poisson regression is used in this paper to explain the impact of each land use and land cover type on the spatial distribution of BU. The results confirm that the changes of land use and land cover affect the spatial distribution of BU in the study area.

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-11-20T11:22:01Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) TESE LILIANE NOVELINI.pdf: 1608342 bytes, checksum: 7aa5a253aa23bfa4c90e8251f6eb62e4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-11-23T18:32:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 TESE LILIANE NOVELINI.pdf: 1608342 bytes, checksum: 7aa5a253aa23bfa4c90e8251f6eb62e4 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-23T18:32:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 TESE LILIANE NOVELINI.pdf: 1608342 bytes, checksum: 7aa5a253aa23bfa4c90e8251f6eb62e4 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / O consórcio de culturas é uma prática comum em muitas propriedades familiares do Brasil, o consórcio milho e feijão é o mais comum no Brasil, sendo utilizado para melhorar o aproveitamento da área de cultivo da propriedade, sendo necessário a busca de novas estratégias para melhoria da eficiência desse sistema de cultivo. As avaliações dos sistemas de consorciação restringem-se apenas ao emprego do uso eficiente da terra (UET) e análises agronômicas de rendimento das culturas. Desta forma, justifica-se o emprego de outros parâmetros para análise dos componentes que interferem no sistema de consorciação. Objetivou-se com este trabalho, no período da safrinha, avaliar o uso eficiente da terra e o desempenho biológico de sistemas consorciados de milho e feijão, e verificar o arranjo de plantas consorciadas de milho e feijão eficientes no aproveitamento da radiação solar incidente e na produtividade. Foram avaliadas duas cultivares de milho, da coleção CPACT (Tupi Laranja) e (BRS Missões), e a cultivar de feijão BRS Expedito, os quais foram analisados em monocultivo e em cultivo consorciado em três arranjos de plantas, totalizando nove tratamentos no delineamento blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Cada parcela mediu 5,60 m de comprimento por 4,80 m de largura. Para avaliação dos componentes da produção e da produtividade das culturas foram colhidas as plantas de duas linhas centrais da parcela para cada cultura. Foram determinadas, para o milho, as variáveis produtividade de grãos (kg ha-1), número de espigas, de grãos/espiga e peso de 100 grãos e para o feijão produtividade de grãos (kg ha-1), número de grãos por vagem, número vagens por planta, número de vagens chochas e peso de 100 grãos. Para medir a radiação solar incidente foram instalados tubos solarímetros, em cada sistema de consórcio, a distância de 1,00 m acima do dossel da cultura do feijão. Os dados de radiação solar foram armazenados em um sistema de aquisição de dados instalado na área experimental. Posteriormente os dados foram coletados, agrupados, analisados e interpretados. Os dados de produtividade foram submetidos a análise de variância e, quando significativo pelo teste de F a 5% de probabilidade,as médias foram comparadas utilizando o teste de Duncan ao nível de 5% de significância. Entre os tratamentos, evidenciou-se que o feijão semeado na entre linha do milho (1:1), foi o que obteve melhor resultado quanto ao uso eficiente da terra e índice de eficiência biológica, não afetando a produtividade do milho quando comparado ao monocultivo. Os tratamentos com maior espaçamento (3F:2M) entre plantas de milho proporcionaram maior penetração de radiação solar para o cultivo do feijão. As populações de feijoeiro no tratamento 1 (1F:1M) não interferiram na quantidade de radiação solar disponível para a cultura do milho e nem na sua produtividade. / The intercropping consortium is a common practice in many Brazilian family farms, the maize and beans consortium is the most common in Brazil, being used to improve the use of the property cultivation area, and it is necessary to search for new strategies to improve the efficiency of this cropping system. Evaluations of intercropping systems are restricted only to the use of efficient land use (UET) and agronomic crop yield analyzes. There fore, it is justified the use of other parameters to analyze the components that interfere in the consortium system. The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficient use of land and the biological performance of intercropped systems of maize and beans, and to verify the arrangement of intercropping plants of corn and beans, efficient in the use of incoming solar radiation and productivity. Two maize cultivars from the CPACT (Tupi Laranja) and (BRS Missões) collection and the BRS Expedito bean cultivar were evaluated, which were analyzed in monoculture and intercropping in three plant arrangements, totaling nine treatments in the block design at random, with four replicates. Each plot measured 5.60 m long by 4.80 m wide. For the evaluation of the components of crop production and yield, the plants of two plot lines were harvested for each crop. The variables grain yield (kg ha-1), number of ears, grain / spike and weight of 100 grains were determined for maize, and for grain yield (kg ha-1), number of grains per pod, number pods per plant, number of pods pods and weight of 100 grains. To measure the incident solar radiation, solarimeters were installed in each consortium system, the distance of 1.00 m above the canopy of the bean crop. The solar radiation data were stored in a data acquisition system installed in the experimental area. Subsequently the data were collected, grouped, analyzed and interpreted. The treatments with greater spacing (3F: 2M) among maize plants provided greater penetration of solar radiation for bean cultivation. Bean populations in treatment 1 (1F: 1M) did not interfere in the amount of solar radiation available for maize or in their productivity.

There is increasing certainty about the global reality of climate change and its negative effects on society. In Africa, owing to a way of life that is culturally and collectively dependent on land and its natural resources, actual and projected evidence shows that indigenous peoples are affected than other populations by the adverse impact of climate change. Indigenous peoples will also be adversely affected by the impact of climate change response measures, particularly adaptation process in accessing funds and the REDD+ mitigation initiatives on their land. Consequently, this thesis examines the extent of protection accorded to indigenous peoples‟ land tenure and use against the backdrop of relevant global, national and regional climate change regulatory frameworks. Using Zambia, Tanzania and Nigeria as case studies, the thesis finds that there is a trend towards inadequate protection of indigenous peoples‟ land tenure and use in the domestic climate change regulatory framework for addressing the adverse effects of climate change and response measures in Africa. The inadequate protection of land use and tenure has negative implications for indigenous peoples‟ participation, carbon rights (a new form of property rights in the forests) and benefit-sharing, as well their access to grievance mechanism and remedies. In response to the inadequacy, the thesis demonstrates that it is incompatible with the obligations of states and a breach of crucial rights guaranteed to indigenous peoples under regional human rights instruments. The thesis then highlights the potential in the regional climate change regulatory framework and particularly, the promotional, protective, interpretive and assembly entrusted functions of the African Commission on Human and Peoples‟ Rights (the Commission) as specific channels by which the regional application of human rights can protect the land rights of indigenous peoples in the context of climate change in Africa. Notwithstanding these potentials, reforms are necessary at the international, national and regional levels for effective protection of indigenous peoples‟ land rights in the context of climate change impact in Africa. These reforms include the reconceptualization of principles of „sovereignty‟, „country-driven‟ and „national legislation‟ at the international level, and at the national level, the creation of a new stand-alone regulatory framework or harmonisation of national legislation relating to climate change to respect indigenous peoples‟ land rights. At the regional level, there is need for an improved interaction between climate change related institutions and initiatives with human rights mechanisms and an official regional policy statement on the protection of indigenous peoples‟ land rights in the light of climate change impact in Africa. / Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / tm2015 / Centre for Human Rights / LLD / Unrestricted