Submitted by ÍCARO CARESIA LOPES null (icarolopes79@gmail.com) on 2017-02-16T14:35:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao Icaro versao final.pdf: 3050413 bytes, checksum: ce81d6bde9b493d3ab9e0992720e5791 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-02-20T19:45:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lopes_ic_me_bot.pdf: 3050413 bytes, checksum: ce81d6bde9b493d3ab9e0992720e5791 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-20T19:45:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lopes_ic_me_bot.pdf: 3050413 bytes, checksum: ce81d6bde9b493d3ab9e0992720e5791 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-19 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Introdução: O uso problemático de álcool constitui importante parcela das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis que mais matam no Brasil. Os problemas relacionados ao álcool não se restringem exclusivamente aos indivíduos dependentes, estando também associados a padrões de uso considerados “de risco”. Objetivos: Estimar a prevalência e fatores associados de uso de álcool entre homens e mulheres bem como as características sociodemográficas, prevalência dos padrões de uso, circunstâncias em que ocorrem e diferenças de gênero em relação aos escores do AUDIT e em relação ao uso pesado episódico de álcool da população estudada. Método: Os dados foram coletados através de um inquérito epidemiológico transversal em amostra estratificada e representativa que totalizou 1155 adultos entre 18 e 59 anos de idade. A coleta de dados foi feita através de aplicação do questionário GENACIS 2014 em entrevistas individuais nos domicílios sorteados. Os resultados foram comparados pelos testes usuais de proporções, por meio da distribuição binomial ou de aproximação normal. O banco foi ponderado para não respostas e em todas as análises foi fixado como probabilidade de ocorrência do erro de primeira espécie o valor alfa de 5%. Resultados: A taxa de resposta foi de 58,6% e a prevalência foi de 18,3% para abstinentes na vida, sendo 25,9% mulheres e 9,1% homens, entre os que fizeram uso de álcool nos últimos 12 meses a prevalência total da amostra foi de 58,3%, sendo 48,6% entre as mulheres e 69,4% entre os homens. O sexo masculino também foi o que mais bebeu nos últimos 12 meses, em maior número de doses em um dia típico (p=0,0002), consumiram maior número de doses por ocasião (p=0,0001), beberam com maior frequência (p=0,001) e tiveram mais episódios de uso episódico de álcool (p=0,0001). AUDIT com escore ≥8, indicando uso de risco de álcool, foi encontrado em 18,0% das mulheres e 40,0% dos homens. Na análise de regressão logística de AUDIT ≥8 encontrou-se para homens 1,61 vezes mais chances de AUDIT ≥8 entre os que se auto denominaram não brancos, 3,10 mais chances entre aqueles com nível médio e superior incompleto de escolaridade e 6,43 mais chances entre aqueles com superior completo ou mais; para mulheres foram fatores de proteção ter filhos maiores de 18 anos que moram junto e maior renda familiar mensal (3 a 10 salários mínimos). Considerações finais: Identificar as prevalências do consumo de álcool, as diferenças no perfil de uso entre homens e mulheres e fatores associados é importante passo para o desenvolvimento de novas políticas públicas de intervenção em saúde ou readequação daquelas já existentes, para que com isso seja mais eficiente e efetiva a prevenção dos problemas causados pelo uso nocivo de álcool. / Introduction: The problematic use of alcohol constitutes an important part of the chronic non-communicable diseases that kill the most in Brazil. Alcohol-related problems are not restricted exclusively to dependent individuals, but are associated with patterns of use considered to be "at-risk". Objectives: To estimate the prevalence and associated factors of alcohol use among men and women as well as socio-demographic characteristics, the prevalence of use patterns, the circumstances where they occur and the gender differences in relation to the AUDIT scores and the heavy episodic use of alcohol of the study population. Method: The data were collected through an epidemiological cross-sectional survey in a stratified and representative sample that totaled 1155 adults among 18 and 59 years of age. Data collection was done through the application of the GENACIS 2014 questionnaire in individual interviews in the households that were randomly selected. The results were compared by the usual tests of proportions, by means of binomial distribution or normal approximation. The bank was weighted for non-responses and in all analyzes it was set as a probability of occurrence of error of the first species the alpha value of 5%. Results: The response rate was 58.6% and the prevalence was 18.3% for abstinents in life, with 25.9% women and 9.1% men, among those who used alcohol in the last 12 months the total prevalence of the sample was 58.3%, 48.6% among women and 69.4% among men. Men were also the ones who drank the most in the last 12 months, in a higher number of doses on a typical day (p = 0.0002), consumed more doses per occasion (p = 0.0001), drank more frequently (P = 0.001) and had more episodes of episodic alcohol use (p = 0.0001). The AUDIT with score ≥8, indicating use of alcohol risk, was found in 18.0% of the women and 40.0% of the men. In the logistic regression analysis of the AUDIT ≥8, there were 1.61 times the odds of AUDIT ≥8 among those who called themselves non-whites, 3.10 more chances among those with incomplete upper and middle school education, and 6 , 43 more chances among those with complete superior or more; For women were protective factors to have children older than 18 years who live together and higher monthly family income (3 to 10 minimum wages). Final considerations: Identifying the prevalence of alcohol consumption, differences in the profile of use among men and women and associated factors are important steps in the development of new public health intervention policies or readjustment of those already existing, so that it is more efficient and effective the prevention of the problems caused by the harmful use of alcohol. / FAPESP: 2015/09137-4

Orientador: Florence Kerr-Corrêa / Resumo: Introdução: O uso problemático de álcool constitui importante parcela das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis que mais matam no Brasil. Os problemas relacionados ao álcool não se restringem exclusivamente aos indivíduos dependentes, estando também associados a padrões de uso considerados “de risco”. Objetivos: Estimar a prevalência e fatores associados de uso de álcool entre homens e mulheres bem como as características sociodemográficas, prevalência dos padrões de uso, circunstâncias em que ocorrem e diferenças de gênero em relação aos escores do AUDIT e em relação ao uso pesado episódico de álcool da população estudada. Método: Os dados foram coletados através de um inquérito epidemiológico transversal em amostra estratificada e representativa que totalizou 1155 adultos entre 18 e 59 anos de idade. A coleta de dados foi feita através de aplicação do questionário GENACIS 2014 em entrevistas individuais nos domicílios sorteados. Os resultados foram comparados pelos testes usuais de proporções, por meio da distribuição binomial ou de aproximação normal. O banco foi ponderado para não respostas e em todas as análises foi fixado como probabilidade de ocorrência do erro de primeira espécie o valor alfa de 5%. Resultados: A taxa de resposta foi de 58,6% e a prevalência foi de 18,3% para abstinentes na vida, sendo 25,9% mulheres e 9,1% homens, entre os que fizeram uso de álcool nos últimos 12 meses a prevalência total da amostra foi de 58,3%, sendo 48,6% entre as mulheres e 69,4% ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

Seit Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts wird eine Ausbreitung der solitär lebenden und streng geschützten Europäischen Wildkatze (Felis silvestris) registriert, die sich auch aus den bewaldeten Lebensräumen in die weitgehend offene Agrarlandschaft erstreckt. Kenntnisse über Lebensraumansprüche in diesen Landschaftsausschnitten liegen bisher für die Art nicht vor. Ziel der Studie ist es, erstmalig Daten zur Raumnutzung aus einem bisher kaum bekannten Lebensraum zu erfassen. Der ökologische Erkenntnisgewinn soll Empfehlungen für lebensraumverbessernde Maßnahmen in landwirtschaftlich geprägten Kulturlandschaften erbringen, die auch den Individuenaustausch zwischen Populationen der Art fördern. Die Ergebnisse der Telemetriestudie in der Goldenen Aue belegen eine regelmäßige Nutzung der reichstrukturierten Agrarlandschaft durch etablierte Individuen. Darüber hinaus wurde ein erfolgreiches Reproduktionsereignis dokumentiert. Das Geschlechterverhältnis und die Altersstruktur der erfassten Tiere (n = 11) waren ausgeglichen. Die Aktionsraumgrößen der Kater stimmten weitgehend mit dem in bewaldeten Lebensräumen ermittelten Raumanspruch männlicher Wildkatzen überein. Weibliche Wildkatzen nutzten in der reichstrukturierten Agrarlandschaft deutlich (um ca. 60 %) kleinere Streifgebiete als ihre Artgenossinnen in den bewaldeten Lebensräumen. Die Studie bestätigt die strenge Bindung der Wildkatze an deckungsbietende Strukturen. Die Analyse zur Habitatnutzung ergaben geschlechterspezifische Unterschiede: Während weibliche Wildkatzen in dem agrarisch dominierten Landschaftsausschnitt eher eine Bindung an flächige Strukturelemente, wie Feldgehölze- und kleine Waldinseln sowie aus der Nutzung genommene Streuobstwiesen zeigten, nutzten Kater hier lineare Elemente, wie strukturreiche Uferstreifen von Still-, und Fließgewässern sowie Weg- und Ackersäume intensiver. Die Daten belegen, dass der bisher unbeachtete Lebensraum – die reichstrukturierte Agrarlandschaft - durchaus alle wichtigen Lebensraumfunktionen für die Europäische Wildkatze erfüllen kann. Ein Grund für die geringe Größe der weiblichen Streifgebiete ist eine streng auf qualitativ hochwertige Habitatstrukturen begrenzte Lebensraumnutzung. Dabei scheint neben der Nahrungsverfügbarkeit ein ausreichend hohes Angebot deckungsbietender Strukturen in der Strauch- bis Baumklasse ausschlaggebend für eine Etablierung von Weibchen zu sein. In landwirtschaftlich geprägten Kulturlandschaften ist bei einer Mindestausstattung an deckungsbietenden Habitaten mit dem Vorkommen etablierter und reproduzierender Wildkatzen zu rechnen, insbesondere in der Peripherie besiedelter Waldlebensräume. Eine Prüfung der artenschutzrechtlichen Verträglichkeit im Rahmen der planungsrechtlichen Eingriffsregelung sollte zukünftig auch auf die angrenzenden Offenlandschaften (bis zu 4km) von bewaldeten Lebensräumen ausgeweitet werden. Als lebensraumverbessernde Maßnahme wird grundsätzlich eine Erhöhung der Strukturvielfalt in der Agrarlandschaft durch Schaffung oder/und Erhaltung von kleinräumigen Strukturen wie Feldgehölzen, Hecken und breiten Feld-Gewässerrainen mit aufkommender Sukzession empfohlen. Darüber hinaus gewährt dies einen Individuenaustausch zwischen räumlich getrennt voneinander liegenden (Teil)Populationen. / Since the end of the twentieth century, the solitary and strictly protected European wildcat (Felis silvestris) has spread from wooded habitats across the largely open agricultural landscape. Knowledge about habitat requirements in these landscape sections is not yet available for the species. The aim of the study is, for the first time, to generate space use data from so far less known habitat. The ecological gain of knowledge should provide recommendations for habitat-improving measures in agriculturally influenced cultural landscapes, which also promote the exchange of individuals between populations of the species. The results from the Golden Aue prove a regular use of a richly structured agricultural landscape by established individuals. In addition, a successful reproduction event was documented. The sex ratio and the age structure of the recorded animals (n = 11) were balanced. The home range sizes of males were largely consistent with the space requirement determined in wooded habitats. In a richly structured agricultural landscape, female animals clearly used (about 60 %) smaller home ranges than their conspecifics in the wooded habitats. The study confirms the strict binding of the wildcat to cover-providing structures. Gender differences were found: While females were more likely to be bound to areal structural elements such as copses, orchards and small forest islands, males used linear elements more extensively than females, such as structurally rich riparian strips of waterbodies and field margins in the agricultural landscape. The data show that the so far neglected habitat - the richly-structured agricultural landscape - can fulfill all important habitat functions for the European wildcat. One reason for the small female home ranges is probably an exclusive use of high-quality habitats, which in addition to the food availability also provide sufficient hiding places. In agricultural landscapes, assuming at least a minimum of cover habitats, the presence of established and reproducing wildcats can be expected, at least in the periphery of forest habitats. Increasing structural diversity in the agricultural landscape through the creation or / and preservation of small-scale structures such as copses, hedgerows and broad field-watercourses with emerging succession is recommended as habitat-improving measures. In addition, it provides for an exchange of individuals between spatially separated (sub) populations. In the future, an examination of the species protection compatibility in the context of the planning intervention regulations should also be extended to the adjacent open landscapes (up to 4 km) of forested habitats.

Geospatial analysis involves application of statistical methods, algorithms and information retrieval techniques to geospatial data. It incorporates time into spatial databases and facilitates investigation of land cover (LC) dynamics through data, model, and analytics. LC dynamics induced by human and natural processes play a major role in global as well as regional scale patterns, which in turn influence weather and climate. Hence, understanding LC dynamics at the local / regional as well as at global levels is essential to evolve appropriate management strategies to mitigate the impacts of LC changes. This can be captured through the multi-resolution remote sensing (RS) data. However, with the advancements in sensor technologies, suitable algorithms and techniques are required for optimal integration of information from multi-resolution sensors which are cost effective while overcoming the possible data and methodological constraints. In this work, several per-pixel traditional and advanced classification techniques have been evaluated with the multi-resolution data along with the role of ancillary geographical data on the performance of classifiers. Techniques for linear and non-linear un-mixing, endmember variability and determination of spatial distribution of class components within a pixel have been applied and validated on multi-resolution data. Endmember estimation method is proposed and its performance is compared with manual, semi-automatic and fully automatic methods of endmember extraction. A novel technique - Hybrid Bayesian Classifier is developed for per pixel classification where the class prior probabilities are determined by un-mixing a low spatial-high spectral resolution multi-spectral data while posterior probabilities are determined from the training data obtained from ground, that are assigned to every pixel in a high spatial-low spectral resolution multi-spectral data in Bayesian classification. These techniques have been validated with multi-resolution data for various landscapes with varying altitudes. As a case study, spatial metrics and cellular automata based models applied for rapidly urbanising landscape with moderate altitude has been carried out.