A groundwater model of Cache Valley was created using MODFLOW. Steady-state calibration of the model demonstrated that recharge to the lower confined aquifer may occur along the margin of the valley that borders the Wellsville Mountains and the Bear River Range. Steady-state calibration also showed that discharge from the unconfined aquifer may occur along the eastern and western margins of the valley in both the Utah and the Idaho portions of the valley. Two simulations were run with increased pumping of 3 5 cubic feet per second (1 cubic meter per second) from the principal aquifer. The first simulation was run with the average annual precipitation value of 1.2 feet per year (0.36 meters per year), while the second was run with a less than average annual precipitation value of 1 foot per year (0.3 meters per year). The first simulation produced very little change within the unconfined aquifer. The discharge from the groundwater system through springs, seepage to streams, evapotranspiration, and general head boundaries remained unchanged with the increase in discharge through pumping. This indicates that the two continuous, confining layers that blanket the valley may serve as a barrier to groundwater flow between the unconfined and lower confined aquifer. The increased pumping within the principal aquifer did not stimulate increased recharge along the western margin of the valley. This indicates that true steady-state conditions were not achieved in the amount of time that the model had indicated. During the second simulation, decreased recharge to the groundwater system through infiltration of precipitation caused a decrease in discharge from the groundwater system through seepage to streams, springs, evapotranspiration, and general head boundaries. The increased pumping within the principal aquifer also did not stimulate increased recharge along the western margin of the valley. As with the first simulation, this indicates that true steady-state conditions were not achieved in the amount of time that the model had indicated. A sensitivity analysis of the model concluded that the hydraulic conductivity of the two continuous, confining layers that blanket the valley proved to have a relatively substantial impact on the water levels in the confined aquifers. The sensitivity analysis also showed that altering the vertical hydraulic conductivity of the lower confined aquifer produced minimal head changes.

The reciprocal effects of vegetation and soils have long been a subject of speculation and conjecture. In the management of any natural land area the problem of interpreting vegetational expression is especially important. The effects of native vegetation on soils and the effects of the soil on the vegetation have been studied and observed for many years. The arid-desert range lands have been studied and observed for many years. The arid-desert range lands have been studied least and as a result are not well understood. As human populations increase there will be additional need for agricultural production, and these lands may be put to higher use, perhaps even to irrigated crop production. Basic to increasing the productivity of these lands is an understanding of the vegetation they are now supporting, what they supported prior to their use by domestic livestock, and why the present vegetation grows to the exclusion of other vegetation types.

A study was made to determine the relative profitability and competitive position of cattle fattening, lamb fattening, and milk production in the state of Utah for 1968. Production costs of cattle fattening ranged from $22.10 to $32 .28 per hundred pounds of gain . Net return amounted to $19.65 per head. Lamb fattening costs ranged from $24.25 to $29.76 per hundred pounds of gain . Net return from lamb feeding operations averaged $2.06 per head . Cost of producing milk amounted to $4.90 per hundredweight while net return amounted to $.61 per hundredweight. Measure of profitability used 1n comparison included $100 worth of feed fed, return per hour of labor, and return per $100 invested in fixed assets . Lamb fattening was the most profitable of the selected enterprises. Return per $100 worth of feed fed amounted to $35.46, $25.35, and $21.68 for lamb fattening, cattle fattening, and milk production respectively. Based on return per hour, lamb fattening , cattle fattening, and milk production contributed $10.08, $8.50, and $2.49 per hour respectively. Labor requirement was much higher for milk production than the other enterprises. Return per $100 invested showed lambs again to be the most profitable showing a return of $79.54. Cattle fattening was second with a return of $69.73 while milk production with its high investment per cow showed only $24 .00 return per $100 invested in fixed assets. All three selected enterprises could pay as high as $28.00 per ton for alfalfa and $2.60 per hundredweight for barley without causing a negative return.

The Utah Tort Liability law was defined and a teacher understanding of the law and their liability was determined. Physical Education teachers do not have a good knowledge of the state's liability law, nor are they aware of the liability they are open to. Where opportunity was afforded, teachers were anxious to place the responsibility for their actions on someone of a higher position. This could be attributed to the fact that district and state administrators have not made an awareness of our new law. The area of liability least understood is inadequate use of professional knowledge and skills. Sending a boy into a ball game not recognizing he has an injury, or letting a student participate With a letter of permission from home when it is obvious that he should not be allowed to participate are examples. Teachers do seem to be aware of safety practices and the need to make students more aware of them; however, their reluctance to accept liability for neglecting to follow those practices would tend to overshadow the response to this section. Physical educators must become more and more aware of the safety of pupils and provide the necessary supervision to make this possible. Much more confidence and discretion needs to be employed in making professional decisions; and if the teacher's knowledge doesn't merit a decision, then additional professional advice should be sought when a student's well-being is in danger.

The purpose of this paper is to develop a general hydrologic model for use on a digital computer and prove it s validity by applying it to a management study of the Provo River Basin. Hydrologic equations have been proposed for each major hydrologic occurrence within a river basin. By linking these equations through restrictions on continuity of mass, a general hydrologic model can be obtained. Such a model becomes the basic tool for studying the management of the river basin hydrology. The paper describes the model components, parameter identification program, and the river basin management program.

Recent world events have caused Americans to reassess national political, economic, and educational priorities, resulting in a shift towards Asia. The schools in response have begun to introduce less commonly taught languages, such as Japanese and Chinese. Many Utah public schools have tried to implement less commonly taught language programs. Some have succeeded, and other others have not. The purpose of this study was to understand how and why some schools were able to successfully integrate less commonly taught language programs, and why others were not.The results of this study suggest that the factors relating to students’ interests and the teacher/administrator relationship were the most important positive factors affecting the success of the Japanese programs with staying power. It was also found that the factors relating to funding issues and student enrollment were the most important negative factors affecting the failure of the long-term Japanese programs that were eliminated.

Chemical and tritium analyses of groundwater, precipitation and discharge records, fracture orientations, lineaments, and structural, stratigraphic, and topographic relationships have been used to describe the groundwater systems of Mantua Valley, north-central Utah. Groundwater flows through fractured Paleozoic quartzites and carbonate rocks and discharges from eleven perennial springs in Mantua Valley. Permeability in quartzites is the result of intense faulting and jointing. Groundwater in carbonate aquifers flows through fractures and/or fractures modified by solution and discharges as relatively large springs (up to 227 liters per second). Neogene normal faulting, rather than extensive karst processes, has produced valleys which are closed or nearly closed to surface-water drainage. Groundwater in the area has relatively low total dissolved solids, is warmer than the mean annual air temperature, and is of the calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate type. Temperatures of the groundwater suggest circulation depths in excess of 10 to 185 meters. Intermittent turbidity and fluctuations in calcite and dolomite saturation indices and in groundwater temperatures suggest that springs may be supplied by mixtures of shallow and deeper groundwater flow. With the methods used here, a water budget analysis of the area indicates that recharge to the groundwater systems is approximately 49% of mean annual precipitation. Annual recharge and average discharge of the springs were used to calculate recharge areas, which range from 3.0 km2 to 18 km2. Tritium analyses of two of the springs suggest mean residence times of less than ten years.

In 1948 Williams subdivided the Jefferson Formation of northeastern Utah into two formations. The upper formation was referred to as the Late Devonian Jefferson Formation and the lower formation the Early Devonian Water Canyon Formation (Williams, 1948, p. 1138). Since that ti.me detailed study of the Water Canyon Formation has not been made . It is the purpose of this investigation to describe in detail the lithology and paleontology of the formation and their implication as to the environment of deposition of Early Devonian time in northeastern Utah.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the sites of overwintering of Erwinia amylovora (Burrill) Winslow et al . outside of living tissue in Utah. Bacterial isolates were taken from the surfaces of blighted twigs and mummified fruits remaining on the tree; also from internal dead tissue of blighted twigs and mummies, and from soil beneath blighted trees. Each isolate was tested for agglutination with antiserum specific for Erwina amylovora, susceptibility to Erwinia amylovora bacteriophage, production of symptoms in pear seedlings and development of bacterial ooze on green pears. Both virulent and avirulent isolates were taken from all sites tested. There was also a slight increase in the number of Erwinia amylovora isolates taken as spring approached . There was no apparent difference in apple or pear trees as overwintering hosts.

Utah cattle ranchers realize relatively little profit from ranch ownership and management. This study represents an attempt to identify ranch management strategies that produce more profit over time than do conventional strategies. To identify optimum management strategies for the long term, analyses of ranches under both normal and adverse ranch operation conditions using the COPLAN linear programming model were made for strategy comparison. To depict these ranch business environmental conditions, production levels were estimated from available biological data and price levels were estimated by indexing 1977 ranch product prices (the most current budget data available for Utah). The variability of strategy expected net returns above variable costs over a defined array of ranch operation conditions was estimated to evaluate income stability for each strategy. Overall profitability comparisons were made among strategies for evaluation in the context of ranch ownership and management. Percent returns on owned ranch capital were estimated as the basis for this comparison. Optimum strategies based on various ranch operation conditions for a large Utah cattle ranch were similar, as were optimum strategies based on the same conditions for a small Utah cattle ranch. Availability of winter/spring forage should be the principal constraint limiting cow-herd size based on the analyses. Range improvement practices that reduce the winter/spring range forage bottleneck are economically feasible in general, however, such practices must be evaluated on a site-specific basis. Optimum strategies for both large and small ranches focused on: 1) intensively managed cow/yearling enterprises at herd levels corresponding to levels of available winter/spring forage, 2) intensively managed crop production enterprises based on sale of crops, and 3) yearling stocker steer enterprises based on seasonal forage surplus. The economic analyses showed that alternative (optimum) management strategies could increase profit over conventional strategies dramatically. Optimum strategies for the large ranch produced net returns above variable costs many times greater than those produced by the strategy employed in 1977. Expected net returns above variable costs that resulted from small ranch optimum strategies were vastly superior to those produced by the 1977 strategy. Working capital requirement increased approximately 50 percent over levels required by strategies employed in 1977 for both large and small ranch optimum strategies. Expected income variances and standard deviations were greater for both large and small ranch optimum strategies than for strategies practiced in 1977; however, income standard deviations expressed as percentages of strategy expected values (relative income variabilities) were much less. Percent returns on owned ranch capital expected from the practice of optimum strategies were eight times greater than percent returns from practice of the 1977 strategy for the large Utah cattle ranch and six times greater than those resulting from employment of the 1977 small ranch strategy.