Less than a century ago most primary functions of life centered in the family. One by one many of these functions have moved out of the home into the factory, the school, the church and the community. In the loss of functions which held the family together as a unit, disintegration set in and numerous evidences of family disorganization began to appear. Many people today, cognizant of the role which the family still plays in implementing personalities and in sustaining social stability, are nevertheless deeply concerned with increasing evidences of family disorganization.

The purpose of the study was to present descriptive data bout the industry, determine the importance of the competencies needed for job entry, and assess the manpower needs of the ornamental horticulture industry in Utah. The identified population of 576 ornamental horticulture enterprises was categorized into seven areas of specialization: Arborists (4.5%), Maintenance of Landscapes (10.8%), Landscape Construction (18.6%), Golf Courses (13.5%), Greenhouse Production (5.4%), Florist-Plant Shops (30.9%) and Garden Center-Nurseries (16.3%). The data were collected by a survey-questionnaire. One hundred and sixteen ornamental horticulture enterprises responded to the survey. This amounted to 38% of the industry sampled and 20% of the population. Findings of the study indicated that single enterprises conduct work in a number of the areas of specialization. Ninety-two of the ninety-four competencies were rated at least of some importance to entry level workers. The most important competencies common to all the areas of specialization were: Human relations and communications, pest identification and control, record keeping, and safety. Other highly rated individual competencies in the major areas of specialization included: 1) Arborists--mix and handle chemicals safely, turf establishment and maintenance, removal of trees and shrubs, and pruning techniques; 2) Maintenance of Landscapes--mix and handle chemicals safely, apply fertilizer materials, operate and maintain spray equipment, maintain turf and operate and service automatic systems; 3) Landscape Construction--plant and transplant, turf establishment and maintenance and sell products and services; 4) Golf Courses-apply fertilizer materials, maintain golf greens and turf and apply knowledge of irrigation and watering methods; 5) Greenhouse Production-apply knowledge of irrigation and water ing methods; sell products and services, and operate a cash register and handle money; 6) Florist-Plant Shops--design and construct floral pieces, dish gardens, and terrariums, operate a cash register and handle money and design displays; 7) Garden Center Nurseries--operate a cash register and handle money, sell products and services, and select plant materials according to growth habits and uses. The number of employees anticipated in the future is growing at a 16% yearly rate. The greatest anticipated yearly expansion of full time employees in the areas of Landscape Construction (63%), Arboriculture (35%) and Greenhouse Production (32%). Members of owners' families comprise 17% of the industry's employees. The study also indicated a preference for workers presenting specific job competencies at job entry.

This study had two goals: first, to establish a need to use native plant materials for planting and revegetation of highway right of ways in Utah; and secondly, to develop a list of potential native plants sui table for hi.ghway planting in Utah. To accomplish these two goals, three steps were completed. Correspondence was exchanged with officials of other state highway departments to determine their attitudes concerning the use of native plants for highway planting. Second, a case study was completed on two sections of the Interstate Highway system in the Weber-Davis area of Utah. This was done to document the present planting practices of the Utah Department of Transportation. The survival rate of the plants planted by Utah Department of Transportation was determined to be moderate to low, while native species have revegetated and were surviving without special maintenance. It was determined that there was a need to utilize native plants for highway planting in Utah. Third, a list of native plants was developed to provide a potential list of species suitable for highway planting and revegetation.

The amount of leisure time available to Utah adults and its relationship to the factors of sex, employment, age of children, place of residence, income, and education was investigated. A time diary was kept for two days recording the time use allocation of each respondent. Data were gathered from May 1977 to August 1978. The sample consisted of 210 men and 210 warner from Iron, Washington, and Salt Lake counties in Utah. The adults reported an average of 4.6 hours of leisure time per day. Employment and educational level were related to the amount of leisure time reported by women. Leisure time reported by men was related to age of children and place of residence. Income and sex had no significant relationship to amount of leisure time.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of household appliances and the division of labor in accomplishing household tasks in the family. It investigated the relationship between ownership of specific items of household equipment and the performance of directly related household tasks and the overall ownership of household equipment and the overall division of labor in the family. Data for this study came from "Determinants and outcomes of Household Time Use," which is part of the S-206 Regional Research Project. Data from 214 two-parent, two-child households were analyzed to determine the relationship between ownership of household equipment and time spent in three categories of household tasks by husbands, wives and children. Ownership of household equipment was determined by means of an equipment inventory. The ownership of appliances and their relationship to the performance of directly associated tasks included: (microwave oven and time spent in food preparation; (2) dishwasher and garbage disposal and time spent in dishwashing; and (3) power garden and/or yard equipment and power shop tools and time spent in maintenance of home, yard, car, and pets. The total time spent in household production by husbands, wives, children and its relationship to the total number of household appliances owned was also studied. The t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Kruskal-Wallis were used to analyze the differences in proportion of time spent in the various household tasks by wives, husbands, and children by ownership of related household equipment. No significant differences were found in the proportion of time spent in food preparation, dishwashing, and maintenance by wives, husbands, and children in households that did and did not own the related household equipment. The correlation between level of equipment ownership and husbands' and children's proportion of total family time spent in household work was not significant indicating that as more equipment is acquired husbands and children do not contribute a smaller proportion of total family time in household work.

A single political issue, public financing of a sewage treatment facility for the city of Logan, was studied in an attempt to determine the effect of certain variables on the formation of public policy. The case study method of research was followed, and conclusions were based on data obtained through personal interviews as well as through study of public documents. Among factors which influenced the decisional process was the degree to which technological knowledge was accepted. Policies developed by the state legislature and the federal bureaucracy to deal with environmental pollution also affected the local situation. A conflict which arose over interpretation of certain of these policies was largely resolved in court.

Some theories and methodologies applicable to land use planning problems were reviewed along with the history of land use and land use legislation in the United States and Utah. This review served to point out that federal land use policy is moving away from the incentive approach to controlling land use and toward a more mandatory approach aimed at giving increased emphasis to environmental quality and less to economic efficiency. A model for conceptualizing and analyzing annexation problems was developed and applied to a problem in Heber City, Wasatch County, Utah. The analysis demonstrated that annexation is feasible by showing net beneficial effects for the macro area. The model displays the analytical data in a way that enables planners and decision makers to see who gains, who loses, and the approximate amounts of the gains and losses. Thus the decision makers are able to determine who must be compensated and by how much in order to accomplish an improvement in welfare under the Pareto criteria.

The feeding habits and reproduction of Utastansburiana, Crotaphytus collaris and Cnemidophorus tigris during spring and summer 1976 are described. Feeding habits are expressed in percent total number and volume of prey items and frequency of occurrence of each prey category . Importance Values are also calculated. These values better i llustrate the feeding habits of the lizard species than either percent total number and volume and frequency of prey category occurrence. Lizards consume a variety of food items throughout the growing season. Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera and Arachnida are the major prey categories of Q. s t ansburiana . The major prey categories of C. collaris and C. tigris are Orthoptera, Hymenoptera and Coleoptera and Orthoptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Arachnida, respectively. Dietary overlap between species and food species diversities (numbers and volume) are also used to illustrate the feeding habits. Reproduction is assessed by clutch size and frequency . Clutch size of Q. stansburiana , f· collaris and f· tigris is 2.99, 5.38 and 3.07, respectively. All species laid one clutch of eggs in 1976.

A study was conducted on pastures grazed by sheep in late winter at the Desert Experimental Range in southwest Utah. Estimates of plant cover and herbage production were obtained in 1977 and used to examine longterm trends in the vegetation. The nutritional value of the six most important species of the area was assessed by chemical analysis. In addition, a management strategy was developed for obtaining some utilization of the range during the spring and summer months without affecting the traditional winter use by sheep. Long-term records (since 1937) in cover suggest a modest increase in grasses and a decrease in shrub cover. But there are insufficient data to infer range condition and trend. Long-term herbage production data (since 1938) show a substantial increase in annual species over the last twenty years. The year-to-year variability is very high, apparently depending on the prevailing climate conditions. Grass production was less variable than shrub production. No significant difference (P<.05) in crude protein content was found between shrubs and grasses from April to September, which contrasts with the later decline in nutritive value of grasses during the winter. Phosphorus content was significantly higher in shrubs than in grasses, but the high lignin content of shrub forage made its digestibility significantly lower than for grasses. Based on the nutritional analysis of forage and long-term records of climate and plant production, a management strategy was devised to make more efficient use of the salt-desert shrub vegetation. Climatic conditions will favor good forage production about four years out of ten. Perennial grasses, annuals, and winterfat (Ceratoides lanata) showed better response to favorable climatic conditions than the other species. It is proposed in this study that, in these years of high production, the range could be used by cattle in the spring or summer, and thereby al low occasional resting of mountain summer pastures. Such opportunistic summer grazing on the desert should not be detrimental to winter sheep grazing, but the plan would need to be field-tested on an experimental or trial basis to evaluate ecological responses to increased livestock use.

The purpose of this study was to determine empirically if crossbreeding offers a more profitable alternative to Utah cattlemen than vii straightbreeding. Ranchers practicing breed crossing were interviewed to determine the relative merits of crossbreeding and straightbreeding in the categories of calf crop, weaning weight, sale price, and minor economic factors under ranch conditions. Crossbred and straightbred sale prices \.,ere analyzed utilizing the records of the Smithfield Livestock Auction. Analysis of rancher interview data indicated that crossbred animals exceeded straightbreds in weaning weight and sale price. Crossbreds were further credited with lowering herd disease levels. No generalizations from comparative calf crop were feasible. Analysis of aucti.on data fo und no conclusive evidence of price differentiation between crossbreds and straightbreds.