Some theories and methodologies applicable to land use planning problems were reviewed along with the history of land use and land use legislation in the United States and Utah. This review served to point out that federal land use policy is moving away from the incentive approach to controlling land use and toward a more mandatory approach aimed at giving increased emphasis to environmental quality and less to economic efficiency. A model for conceptualizing and analyzing annexation problems was developed and applied to a problem in Heber City, Wasatch County, Utah. The analysis demonstrated that annexation is feasible by showing net beneficial effects for the macro area. The model displays the analytical data in a way that enables planners and decision makers to see who gains, who loses, and the approximate amounts of the gains and losses. Thus the decision makers are able to determine who must be compensated and by how much in order to accomplish an improvement in welfare under the Pareto criteria.

A mobilidade e a acessibilidade estão entre as questões urbanas que mais afetam a qualidade de vida da população. A complexidade desses problemas exige o desenvolvimento de ferramentas que possibilitem ampliar a compreensão desses fenômenos, bem como suas inter-relações. Nesse sentido, índices e indicadores apresentam-se como importantes ferramentas para a análise das condições atuais de mobilidade e acessibilidade, bem como permitem monitorar o impacto de políticas públicas e a evolução de determinados fenômenos e ações. Neste contexto, objetiva-se analisar a mobilidade e a acessibilidade urbana nos municípios da Grande Vitória (ES), por meio da aplicação de indicadores e cálculo de índice de mobilidade e acessibilidade urbana. Assume-se como hipótese que a região central da Grande Vitória apresenta melhores condições de acessibilidade urbana quando comparada com as áreas periféricas e, em contrapartida, a população da região central apresenta os piores índices de mobilidade urbana. A metodologia adotada inclui revisão bibliográfica acerca da temática em estudo; identificação dos indicadores de mobilidade e acessibilidade urbana; coleta de dados juntos aos órgãos públicos; definição dos indicadores a serem adotados na pesquisa; definição dos pesos dos indicadores; cálculo e espacialização do Índice de Mobilidade e Acessibilidade Urbana (IMAU) nos municípios da Grande Vitória; e análise dos resultados obtidos. Como resultado foi obtido um IMAU para a Grande Vitória, bem como foram criados mapas georreferenciados que identificam na região as áreas com os melhores e piores índices de mobilidade e acessibilidade urbana. Esse índice, em conjunto com os indicadores, apresenta-se como uma ferramenta de suporte à proposição de políticas públicas, para o direcionamento de ações e, principalmente, na identificação das áreas carentes de investimentos. / The mobility and accessibility are among the urban issues that most affect the quality of life of the population. The complexity of these issues require the development of tools that make it possible to expand the understanding of these phenomena, as well as their interrelationships. In this sense, indexes and indicators are important tools for the analysis of current conditions for mobility and accessibility, as well as allow you to monitor the impact of public policies and the evolution of certain phenomena and actions. In this context, the goal is to analyze mobility and accessibility in urban municipalities of Grande Vitória (ES), through the application of indicators and calculation of index of urban mobility and accessibility. It is assumed as a hypothesis that the central Great Victoria presents the best conditions of urban accessibility when compared with the peripheral areas and, on the other hand, the population of the central region has the worst indices of urban mobility. The adopted methodology includes bibliographical review about the subject; identification of indicators of urban mobility and accessibility; data collection with the public agencies; definition of indicators to be used in the research; definition of indicator weights; calculation and spatialization of the Urban Mobility and Accessibility Index (UMAI) in the municipalities of Grande Vitória; and analysis of the results obtained. As a result an UMAI was obtained for the Grande Vitória, as well as georeferenced maps were created that identify in the region the areas with the best and worst rates of mobility and urban accessibility. This index, together with the indicators, is presented as a tool to support the proposal of public policies, to guide actions and, mainly, to identify areas lacking investments.

Land development patterns have long been a reflection of not only consumer preferences but of public policy. To the extent that such policy has supported scattered, low-density and automobile-dependent development patterns, it has been found to be deficient. It is not only the private land developers who have created sprawl. Government agencies at all levels have also contributed to the problem in the ways they invest in public infrastructure devoid of a coordinated strategy. Schools, public recreational facilities, and branch libraries often are isolated from one another. Two case studies were used to demonstrate the manner in which planned, congregated public facilities came first and succeeded in providing the impetus to sustainable private sector response loosely following a master plan. The first case study examines the urban neighborhood of City Heights in San Diego, California, where a blighted, crime-ridden neighborhood was redeveloped with the construction of several public assets, all within a small, nine-block area. The result was the participation of the private sector in this neighborhood where ten years prior, there was private sector abandonment. The second case study examines the Town Center project located in Suwanee, Georgia. In this example, a city municipality took the helm as master developer, initiated 'place' in the form of an urban-style park, and thereby created the impetus for the subsequent investment by the private sector.

The Ontario Municipal Board (OMB) is a provincial land use planning and development appeal board. The powers of the board are vast in comparison to other land appeal boards in Canada. One of the most frequent appeals that the OMB adjudicates emerges from disputes between municipalities and landowners (or other members of the public) regarding the severance of land. In this thesis I empirically examine factors that influence OMB decisions. More specifically, I model the decision of an OMB adjudicator to affirm, or overturn, the decision of the municipality with regards to severance appeals. The explanatory variables include characterizations of the adjudicator – e.g., professional background, gender, experience, etc. – as well as characterizations of the OMB hearing – e.g., the number of participants (public and professional), etc. The empirical analysis allows for a better understanding of theoretical issues in the law-economic literature concerning judicial utility functions and the extent to which judges take into consideration their public and peer reputation (Posner, 1993).

Orientador: Sergio dos Anjos Ferreira Pinto / Banca: Antonio Marcos Machado de Oliveira / Banca: Archimedes Perez Filho / Resumo: Dentre as diversas formas de erosão, a erosão laminar é um dos principais processos de degradação do solo, acarretando sérios danos ao setor produtivo. Este processo pode ser intensificado devido ao uso inadequado que o homem faz da terra, em especial, nas áreas agrícolas. Para minimizar a degradação ambiental, bem como promover o desenvolvimento sócio-econômico, é necessário a elaboração de um planejamento territorial que vise a manutenção da qualidade do ambiente físico, biológico e social. Tendo a bacia hidrográfica como unidade natural para o planejamento, deve-se considerar que nela estão contidas propriedades rurais, que representam grande barreira ao desenvolvimento das práticas exigidas para a sua gestão, além de colaborar com o processo de erosão dos solos. Neste contexto, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo estimar o aporte de sedimentos, resultante da erosão hídrica laminar do solo, considerando a fragmentação da área da bacia hidrográfica do ribeirão Monjolo Grande (SP), em termos das propriedades rurais nela contidas, com apoio do modelo preditivo Modificação da Equação Universal de Perda de Solo (MEUPS) e das técnicas de Sensoriamento Remoto e Sistemas de Informações Geográficas. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que a perda relativa de solo por propriedade é dinâmica no tempo e no espaço, de modo que aquela que apresenta, em relação a outras propriedades, porcentagens elevadas de perda no período chuvoso, não necessariamente manterá a taxa relativa na época de estiagem. Observou-se também que a bacia apresenta elevado grau de sensibilidade ao manejo agrícola das terras, sendo que 13 propriedades rurais (que correspondem a 72% da área da bacia) apresentaram alto potencial a processos erosivos, com perdas de solo acima de limites toleráveis, condicionado pela influência antrópica na área / Abstract: Among various forms of erosion, the laminate erosion is a major soil degradation processes, causing serious damage to the productive sector. This process can be intensified due to inappropriate use man makes of the land, especially in agricultural areas. For to minimize environmental degradation and promote socio-economic development, it is necessary to elaborate a regional planning aimed at maintaining the quality of the physical, biological and social. Considering the watershed as a natural unit for planning, one should consider that it is contained rural properities, which represent cumber to the development of the practices required to manage, and collaborate with the process of soil erosion. In this context, the goal this research has estimate yields of sediment resulting from soil erosion laminar, considering the fragmentation of the area's Monjolo Grande (SP) watershed in terms of rural properties contained therein, with support from predictive model of Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE) and the remote sensing and geographic information systems. The results indicated that the relative loss of soil from properties is dynamic in time and space, so that it presents, in relation to other properties, high percentages of loss in the rainy season, not necessarily maintain the relative rate at the time of drought. It was also noted that the watershed has a high sensibility to agricultural management of land, with 13 farms (which represent 72% of the basin area) showed high potential erosion, soil losses above tolerable limits, conditioned by human influence in the area / Mestre

<p dir="ltr">This study explores the net return and risk associated with different farmland leases, focusing on the tenant’s perspectives. The types of leases investigated include cash rent, crop-share, and eight flex leases. Utilizing data from a case farm in west-central Indiana and employing the @Risk simulation software, the study assesses the financial performance and risk exposure of each lease type. The study's objectives include evaluating net return and risk through simulation models. Hypotheses suggest crop-share leases exhibit lower tenant risk, cash rent leases present higher tenant risk, and flex leases more effectively distribute risk between tenants and landlords. Results indicate that, for risk-averse operators, crop-share leases prove advantageous, while cash rent leases offer higher net returns at the expense of increased risk. Flex leases provide a balanced alternative, mitigating risk while achieving higher net returns than a crop share lease. Stochastic dominance analysis supports the suitability of crop-share and specific flex leases for various risk preferences. Downside risk analysis emphasizes the importance of considering the lower tails of net return distributions. The crop-share lease consistently demonstrates more favorable downside risk characteristics, making it an appealing choice for risk-averse tenants.</p><p dir="ltr">In conclusion, the study contributes valuable insights into the complexities of farmland leasing, offering a nuanced understanding of the trade-offs between net return and risk for different lease types. The results provide practical guidance for tenants seeking leases aligned with their risk preferences and financial goals.</p>

<p dir="ltr">Agricultural diversification stands out as a critical strategy for addressing challenges and seizing opportunities within the agricultural landscape, especially in regions like the Midwest of the U.S. This research delves into the dynamics, opportunities, challenges, and key success drivers associated with agricultural diversification in the Midwest, focusing on three primary crops: oats, peas, and wheat. Employing a case study methodology grounded in empirical and contextual inquiry principles, the research aims to grasp the nuances of diversified agriculture. Data collection integrates primary and secondary sources, including semi-structured interviews and participation in field days. The data collection period spanned from October 2022 to February 2024. Interviews with 29 stakeholders, including farmers, industry representatives, agricultural cooperatives, and non-profits, provided insights into diversified agriculture practices.</p><p dir="ltr">Each case study provides in-depth insights into the opportunities, challenges, and key drivers of success associated with promoting diversified agriculture initiatives. These case studies underscore the significance of innovation, market access, sustainability, and collaboration in driving success within the industry. The cross-case analysis offers a comprehensive examination of the potential for agricultural diversification in the US Midwest. Through a comparative analysis of the three case studies, commonalities and key themes emerge, shedding light on stakeholder dynamics, business strategies, operational aspects, and scalability factors.</p><p dir="ltr">In summary, this research significantly contributes to the body of knowledge on agricultural diversification, offering insights that can guide future decisions, agricultural practices, and research endeavors aimed at promoting sustainability and resilience in the agricultural sector in the US Midwest.</p>

Les travaux contemporains portant sur les dynamiques territoriales du développement économique soulignent le rôle structurant des grandes villes et métropoles, qui seraient les seules entités urbaines à même de faire face à la recomposition des échelles territoriales de la performance économique. Dans ce contexte, les villes moyennes seraient amenées à repenser leurs stratégies de développement autour de la spécialisation sectorielle ou de leur attractivité résidentielle. À ce titre, les acteurs publics de l’aménagement des agglomérations d’Albi (Tarn), d’Alès (Gard), de Quimper (Finistère) et de Fougères (Ille-et-Vilaine), en partenariat avec les institutions scientifiques locales, portent des projets technopolitains à même de soutenir et de conforter le développement d’entreprises innovantes qui accompagnent la montée en gamme des bases productives locales de ces mêmes agglomérations. L’étude de la trajectoire sur le temps long de l’activité économique et des institutions scientifiques locales couplée à l’analyse de ces projets nous montre que les villes moyennes sont en capacité d’orienter et de coordonner des systèmes productifs aux horizons dépassant la simple desserte locale. Les ressorts relationnels de ces déterminants et de l’innovation sont au centre de ce travail / Several common ideas turn around the concept of « Medium-Sized Cities ». Too small to influence their economic environment, their industrial patterns wouldn’t be able to reach the standards of post-fordism based on a constant innovation process. As a consequence, concentrating public R&D investments in Metropolitan Areas would ensure and comfort economic growth. Studying the social and spatial levels linked to technopolitan projects hold in the cities of Albi (Tarn), Alès (Gard), Fougères (Ille-et-Vilaine) and Quimper (Finistère), we come to the conclusion Medium-Sized Cities are, on a long term perspective, adapting themselves to the contemporary economic regime based on a constant innovation process through growth coalition process linked between local authorities and scientific institutions.

O tema “Emancipações Municipais" tem ultimamente despertado várias discussões nos meios políticos, acadêmicos, institucionais e administrativos no Brasil. Para melhor compreender as motivações que levam a este processo, buscamos conhecer através do registro histórico, todo o processo anterior da criação dos municípios, incluindo a sua origem no Período Romano e a sua transferência para o Brasil pelos portugueses. Analisaremos a seguir o desempenho dos nossos municípios, na década de 90 – último grande movimento emancipacionista no país, nos aspectos demográfico, físico, econômico, financeiro e social, e também através de dois indicadores básicos, recentemente desenvolvidos e aplicados nestas análises: o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal – IDH-M, da ONU e o Índice Paulista de Responsabilidade Social – IPRS, da Fundação SEADE. A verificação do grau de desempenho econômico e social destes entes federativos, bem como a dependência financeira, em relação aos Estados e à União, em especial dos pequenos municípios, permitirá verificar os aspectos positivos e os negativos provocados no desenvolvimento econômico e social local, bem como nas finanças públicas em geral, de maneira que possamos detectar onde intervir com objetivos de aprimorar e fortalecer os pontos positivos, buscando corrigir as distorções deste processo emancipatório. / The theme “Municipal Emancipations" has raised several discussions in the political, academic, institutional and administrative spheres in Brazil. In order to better understand the motivations that lead to this process, the whole process of municipal districts creation was historically registered including the Roman origins and its transfer to Brazil. Performance analysis of Brazilian and São Paulo State’s municipal districts, in the past decade last big movement for municipal emancipation in the country, through demographic, physical, economical, financial and social aspects, and also using two basic indicators, recently developed and applied in such analysis: the Municipal Human Development Index (IDH-M), developed by the United Nations; and the Social Responsibility Index (IPRS), developed by SEADE Foundation. The performance assessment of these federative cells, as well as the financial dependence on State and Federal Governments – particularly clear in the case of small municipal districts - allow to develop a concept on the current minimum requirements for municipal emancipations, to verify the positive and negative aspects involved, the reflections on local economy and on the public finances, so that it can guide interventions aiming to minimize distortions and to strengthen positive aspects of this process.

由於國內經濟成長快速，國民生活水準提升，故許多的「大型行銷據點」的角色也愈來愈重要，例如：大型購物中心、大型物流中心、大型旅館及大型展覽館... 等等。而本研究之動機與目的，便在於探求在一般業界規劃此類大型案件時，是否可以仿效新產品開發般，有一個邏輯化架構流程來遵循依據。本研究整體內容以理論和實務並重，重點在理論架構的建立和實務運作程序之探討。 第一章前言，說明研究動機、目的和範圍。 第二章文獻回顧，探討所涵蓋過去相關理論，包含策略規劃、新產品開發與商圈理論等三項，以作為架構建立之參考準則。 第三章架構建立為本研究之重心所在，以企業層面、事業層面、企業與事業層面和作業層面等四階段，來說明「大型據點」設立之行銷策略規劃流程。 第四章個案分析乃舉一實際公司之實務運作，以驗證說明理論架構之可行性。 第五章結論則對本研究內容作一總結，說明本研究之發現、貢獻、限制與後續研究方向。