In this thesis I have sought to investigate the attitudes towards death held by the elite of Castilian secular and ecclesiastical society in fifteenth-century Castile, the defensores and oradores. Although many wide-ranging studies of death in the Middle Ages exist, previous studies of death in this region and period have tended to be limited in scope and used a relatively narrow source-base. Possible differences in ideology between defensores and oradores have largely been ignored and these two estates have tended to be grouped together, inasmuch as they are thought to have formed an elite of society, and contrasted with the mass of the population, the labradores. Using a variety of literary, historical and legal texts I have examined the way in which types of death were classified, their expected consequences in the afterlife and the responses of the bereaved. I have sought to demonstrate that oradores and defensores had two distinct and coherent ideologies which manifested themselves in their approaches to death.

The scholarly discussion of the patriarchal narratives, initiated by Wellhausen in terms of the particularity of the religion of Israel, was given a new direction by Gunkel, who interpreted them in relation to a wider international culture. Gunkel focussed attention on the literary aspect of the patriarchal narratives and considered the theology in them to be the work of later, pious collectors and not an integral part of the narratives themselves. Alt, by examining the tradition-history of patriarchal religion, emphasized the importance of the theme of promise in the patriarchal narratives in relation to the cultural transition of the early pre-Israelite tribes from a nomadic culture to the sedentary culture of Canaan. Alt's thesis has been developed further from at least three different points of view: (i) Tradition history (Noth, Jepsen, Seebass and Hoftijzer), (ii) Literary formation (von Rad and Rost), and (iii) Pre-Israelite religion (Eissfeldt, Maag and Engnell). Bright, representing the American archaeological school (Albright and Wright), emphasizes the historicity of the patriarchs but does not sufficiently take into account the tradition-history of the patriarchal narratives and thus does not give much attention to the theme of promise in the patriarchal narratives. A new element is introduced into the discussion of the theme of 'promise' in the works of Zimraerli and Westermann. Zimmerli observes the five fold use of the root in Gen. 12, 1-3 and points out that here an unhistorical idea is historicized by the Yahwist. Westermann elaborates further upon this theme and emphasizes that the theme of promise has developed out of an original blessing-concept in the patriarchal narratives. An exegetical survey of the promise-blessing passages in the patriarchal narratives with a view to understanding their form and content, leads to two important conclusions: (a) There is a regular promise pattern in the patriarchal narratives in the form of 'command - promise - blessing'. These three elements represent three features of the religions and cultures in relation to which Israelite religion developed, namely, the nomadic religion of the 'gods of the fathers', the Canaanite El-religion and the Sinai-Exodus Yahwism. This promise pattern is very prominent in the Yahwist, but the element of blessing is either omitted or transformed by the Elohist because of his less enthusiastic attitude towards Canaan, its culture and religion. This promise pattern is also employed by P. (b) Promise and blessing are given in at least four different contexts: (i) strife, (ii) death of the father, (iii) marriage, and (iv) journey. Promise and blessing, given in these contexts are joined together to form a comprehensive promise complex, which is repeated again and again in the patriarchal narratives, although some of the promises do not correspond to the situation of need or tension narrated in the story. The development of the theme of promise in the patriarchal narratives may be understood in terms of the cultural transition of the pre-Israelite tribes from a nomadic culture to a sedentary culture, and a corresponding transition from a religion in which God is related to a people, to a religion in which God is bound to a place, Nomadic religion is a religion of promise, while the religion of a sedentary people is associated with the idea of blessing. Both of these religions had positive elements and also their own limitations. A combination of these two with Yahwism, a religion associated with divine, command, led to a lessening of limitations in the three of them and to a development of their positive ideas, in the present patriarchal narratives. The theme of promise could also be regarded as developing within the historical circumstances of Israel in the periods during which J, E and P are thought to have been written, that is the Davidic-Solomonic period, the reign of Rehoboam I and the Exile. Faced with the problems relating to cultural confrontation, these writers went back to the patriarchal traditions and reinterpreted them for their contemporaries, because they looked upon the patriarchal traditions as the first experience of the people of God in their encounter with other religions and cultures. These different authors have left their marks upon the theology of the patriarchal narratives. The three main elements of the promise pattern 'command - promise - blessing', have influenced each other and have thereby developed a new understanding of the God of Israel.

This thesis is an addition to pictures and animation that has been developed using CATIA V5. The animation and the images are a market basis to test whether the product is of interest in the Nordic market. The thesis is structured with elements of the Fredy Olsson method. In this thesis there is also a short presentation of the company Tylö AB, which been chosen to market test the product. A product definition with the sub-headings; “Description and use of product”, “Environmentand users”, “Economy” and “Product inquiry”, are the basis for the product. A list of criteria with conditions and requirements is established. These criteria are then weighted in a matrix. Product ideas are evaluated using the matrix. After defining the criteria and evaluation, a profile is created with a track where woodenpanels and insulation can be fixed upon. This is followed by a design specification which explains details of every component in the product. With this description belongs a matrix in which the product components are classified as finished and special units and also if these require routine or special treatment. Execution of rendering and animation are explained and results are shown with rendered images. The report concludes with a brief conclusion, critical review and suggestions for further work.

<p>Att ta fram en ny bilmodell är ett tidskrävande och omfattande arbete där många olika kunskapsområden måste samspela. En del i utvecklingsprocessen som får allt större betydelse är designarbetet. Om bilens utförande och design inte tilltalar konsumenterna innebär detta låga försäljningssiffror och därmed förlorade intäkter för företaget.</p><p>Det huvudsakliga syftet med detta arbete är att grundligt undersöka om och hur CAD-programmet Catia V5 med modulen Imagine & Shape (IMA) skulle kunna användas på Volvo Car Corporations designavdelning (PVS). Syftet är också att granska vad en implementering av Catia V5 med IMA-modulen skulle innebära för produktutvecklingsprocessen, samt att undersöka vilka som skulle kunna använda sig av programmet. </p><p>För att undersöka hur Catia V5:s IMA-modul skulle kunna fungera på PVS har vi i samarbete med designstuderande Pontus Ny modellerat en konceptbil, komplett med exteriör, instrumentpanel, mittkonsol, ratt, stolar, baksäte, fälgar och hjul. Vi har även modellerat en växelspak och en backspegel som först har tagits fram i Alias, vilket har möjliggjort en jämförelse mellan Alias och Catia V5:s IMA-modul. Modellerna har sedan utvärderats genom enkäter med uppföljande intervjuer. Urvalsguppen utgörs av ett antal anställda hos PVS som har haft möjlighet att sätta sig in i IMA-modulen. </p><p>Respondenterna uppgav fördelar som anmärkningsvärd snabbhet vid framtagning av 3D-modeller i de fall där ytan inte behöver vara perfekt. Dock krävs stor erfarenhet för att skapa en bra renhet och ytjämnhet vid stora ytor. Samtliga involverade i detta projekt anser också att Catia V5 med IMA-modulen skulle kunna fungera som ett konceptgenereringsverktyg i ett tidigt skede. Att använda IMA-modulen i den första förberedande fasen skulle enligt vår mening innebära tidsbesparingar, eftersom användaren snabbt kan genomföra förändringar på en modell redan på möten. I dagsläget måste en Alias-modellör samla in alla ändringar, genomföra dessa snabbast möjligt och därefter bestämma en tid för ett nytt möte då alla inblandade kan närvara, vilket sällan är enkelt. </p><p>IMA-modulen skulle även kunna vara ett bra hjälpmedel för en designer, som själv kan modellera sina idéer och därigenom lättare åskådliggöra och diskutera sitt koncept vid möten. I många fall är det enklare att förstå en 3D-modell som man kan vrida och vända på, än en ritning på ett papper. Utifrån IMA-modellen skulle det vara möjligt att fräsa ut en lermodell, vilken kan finjusteras och sedan åter scannas in och bearbetas vidare i Alias.</p>

ZW3D 2011 is a very young CAD-system that Pär Nobring at r.a.p.s asked us to put againstone of the world leading CAD-systems today, Catia V5. Since we are going through aneducation that centers round engineering and technical facts, this comparison had to be in tunewith that.After discussion with both Pär Nobring, and our mentor Johan Wretborn, we came to anunderstanding regarding what should be done. We performed a technical comparison of thefollowing main features:· KBE tools (Knowledge Based Engineering)· Curvature and Continuity Analysis· File Format Translation Verification· NC MachiningWe are very happy with all our result, if you don't count the failure with the NC machiningsection. However none of the tests we did turned out unnecessary. It lead to a greaterunderstanding than we already had, and gave us very useful experience.

Att ta fram en ny bilmodell är ett tidskrävande och omfattande arbete där många olika kunskapsområden måste samspela. En del i utvecklingsprocessen som får allt större betydelse är designarbetet. Om bilens utförande och design inte tilltalar konsumenterna innebär detta låga försäljningssiffror och därmed förlorade intäkter för företaget. Det huvudsakliga syftet med detta arbete är att grundligt undersöka om och hur CAD-programmet Catia V5 med modulen Imagine & Shape (IMA) skulle kunna användas på Volvo Car Corporations designavdelning (PVS). Syftet är också att granska vad en implementering av Catia V5 med IMA-modulen skulle innebära för produktutvecklingsprocessen, samt att undersöka vilka som skulle kunna använda sig av programmet. För att undersöka hur Catia V5:s IMA-modul skulle kunna fungera på PVS har vi i samarbete med designstuderande Pontus Ny modellerat en konceptbil, komplett med exteriör, instrumentpanel, mittkonsol, ratt, stolar, baksäte, fälgar och hjul. Vi har även modellerat en växelspak och en backspegel som först har tagits fram i Alias, vilket har möjliggjort en jämförelse mellan Alias och Catia V5:s IMA-modul. Modellerna har sedan utvärderats genom enkäter med uppföljande intervjuer. Urvalsguppen utgörs av ett antal anställda hos PVS som har haft möjlighet att sätta sig in i IMA-modulen. Respondenterna uppgav fördelar som anmärkningsvärd snabbhet vid framtagning av 3D-modeller i de fall där ytan inte behöver vara perfekt. Dock krävs stor erfarenhet för att skapa en bra renhet och ytjämnhet vid stora ytor. Samtliga involverade i detta projekt anser också att Catia V5 med IMA-modulen skulle kunna fungera som ett konceptgenereringsverktyg i ett tidigt skede. Att använda IMA-modulen i den första förberedande fasen skulle enligt vår mening innebära tidsbesparingar, eftersom användaren snabbt kan genomföra förändringar på en modell redan på möten. I dagsläget måste en Alias-modellör samla in alla ändringar, genomföra dessa snabbast möjligt och därefter bestämma en tid för ett nytt möte då alla inblandade kan närvara, vilket sällan är enkelt. IMA-modulen skulle även kunna vara ett bra hjälpmedel för en designer, som själv kan modellera sina idéer och därigenom lättare åskådliggöra och diskutera sitt koncept vid möten. I många fall är det enklare att förstå en 3D-modell som man kan vrida och vända på, än en ritning på ett papper. Utifrån IMA-modellen skulle det vara möjligt att fräsa ut en lermodell, vilken kan finjusteras och sedan åter scannas in och bearbetas vidare i Alias.

Yes / Two subdivisions of human V5/MT+; one located posteriorly (MT/TO-1), the other more anteriorly (MST/TO-2), were identified in human participants using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) on the basis of their representations of the ipsi- versus contra-lateral visual field. These subdivisions were then targeted for disruption by the application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). rTMS was delivered to cortical areas whilst participants performed direction discrimination tasks involving three different types of moving stimuli defined by the translational, radial or rotational motion of dot patterns. For translational motion, performance was significantly reduced relative to baseline when rTMS was applied to both MT/TO-1 and MST/TO-2. For radial motion there was a differential effect between MT/TO-1 and MST/TO-2, with only disruption of the latter area affecting performance. rTMS failed to reveal a complete dissociation between MT/TO-1 and MST/TO-2 in terms of their contribution to the perception of rotational motion. On the basis of these results MT/TO-1 and MST/TO-2 appear to be functionally distinct subdivisions of hMT/V5+. Whilst both areas appear to be implicated in the processing of translational motion, only the anterior region (MST/TO-2) makes a causal contribution to the perception of radial motion. / BBSRC

The process of design is time consuming and result oriented. There is always a better scope for any design that reduces the time with better precision. Considering this as a major factor during design process, two of the vital parts of the aircraft conceptual design are taken into account where a lot of time can be saved. Major components considered in this work are fairings for the lift generating surfaces and cockpit windshield. In this work the major inference is to reduce the time spent on the initial conceptual design. The two components designed in this work are fairings and windshield. The fairing design in this work provides a flexible template which can be used for various fuselage and wing configurations for transport aircrafts. The windshield is classified into two types in this work, flat and blend windshield. Both the type of windshields can be implemented on appropriate fuselage. Both the components are designed to be implemented in single pilot as well as double pilot aircrafts. They also have parameters which can be modified according to the user requirement. The changes in the parameters provide the change in shape, size and volume of the components. The software used for this is CATIA V5. The process is carried out using two automation methods available in CATIA namely Power-Copy and Knowledge pattern. A comparison between the effectiveness of two automation methods used in this work is performed.

This report is the documentation of a master’s thesis which was conducted at Scania CV AB in Södertälje. In this study, the benefits, challenges and conditions of using parametric CAD-models for aiding CFD-simulations and performance-optimization in the product development within internal combustion engines have been assessed. The goal of the thesis included developing and proposing a methodology for design engineers at Scania which will aid them in creating parametric CAD-models which are robust, flexible, comprehensible and intelligent. The study also included assessing the benefits and pre-requisites of such methodology with both practical and theoretical approaches. The ultimate goal of this entire study was to create value for the organization by reducing lead-time in the design process while promoting the production of high quality products. A case-based approach was applied in the study in which modeling strategies resulting from practical investigations and analyzing existing methodologies were implemented on a CAD-model representing the gas-volume of a turbine volute. The chosen strategies were evaluated and subsequently documented as a part of the methodology or discarded depending on its support for the parameterization. The final methodology itself was evaluated based on the quality of the parameterized CAD-model, the time required to create the model and its compatibility to the present design process at Scania CV AB. Finally the methodology was discussed with respect to the different evaluations, and the defined research questions were discussed and answered. The results of the thesis revealed that if parametric CAD-models are made in a structured, standardized and conscious manner, they are able to be highly robust and flexible which gives the models the ability to assume a big set of different forms. The methodology is recommended to be tested in a pilot project and be implemented through internal courses at the company. It was concluded that a methodology which aids the design engineers in creating parametric CAD-models will be the key towards implementing parametric CAD-models in the company and also enabling the many benefits of parameterization, which includes reduced lead-time, enhanced component performance, increased knowledge about the component, and promotion of collaboration among engineers. It was also concluded that parametric models are best suited when the existing design freedom is big and when the time permits performance analyses via optimizations, while challenges include ensuring that the model is parameterized correctly with respect to the CFD-engineers’ wishes while taking into account the requirements from other disciplines. Therefore it is very important to establish a communication between the different engineers. Ultimately, when parametric models are established in the organization, they are recommended to be implemented eventually in both short-term and long-term projects within Scania for its beneficial properties.

Winglets being a small structure play an important role in reducing the induced drag in aircraft. Many types of winglets have been designed and their significance in reducing the drag is published. One of the main objectives of this master thesis work is to study about the winglet design and about their contribution in reducing induced drag. A brief overview of wing tip devices and their performance from the manufacturers as well as from airliner’s point of view are discussed. Moreover, the role of winglet in reducing the drag of commercial civil jet aircraft is studied and the percentage of drag reduction is calculated by a conceptual approach. A320 specifications are taken to perform induced drag reduction calculation with and without winglets. Indeed, the total drag count reduced with the help of winglets accounts for additional payload which will be an advantage for the aircraft operator. Reducing the process time in design is one of the important criteria for any field and hence automation with help of CAD tools is very significant in reducing time. This study also aims at developing an automated model for different types of winglets and wing tip devices with the help of CAD technology focused on reducing design time during the initial design process.  Knowledge based approach is used in this work and all the models are parameterized so each model could be varied with associated parameters. The generic model created would take different shapes and switches between different types of wing tip devices as per the user’s requirement with the help of available parameters. Knowledge Pattern (KP) approach is used to develop the automation process. User Defined Features (UDFs) are created for each type of winglet and tip devices. CATIA V5 R18 software is used to develop the models of winglets and tip devices.