Orientadores: Daniella Jorge de Moura, Irenilza de Alencar Naas / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T15:53:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mendes_AngelicaSignor_D.pdf: 2662314 bytes, checksum: 4bb4c20870de3ad74f332028edd8764f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O objetivo principal deste estudo foi a avaliação do impacto das combinações das variáveis bioclimáticas temperatura, velocidade e umidade relativa do ar na produção de perus, e avaliar a eficácia de dois sistemas de ventilação mínima (positiva e negativa) para a fase inicial (1 ¿ 28 dias) e de três sistemas de climatização (ventilação positiva I, ventilação positiva II e ventilação negativa) para a fase final de criação de perus (4 - 20 semanas). Os aviários situados no município de Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, para o estudo da fase inicial de criação dos perus, foram comparados sob os parâmetros de concentrações de dióxido de carbono (CO2), temperatura e umidade relativa do ar e índices produtivos. Os aviários situados no município de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, para o estudo da fase final de criação dos perus, foram comparados sob os parâmetros de concentrações de CO2, temperatura e umidade relativa do ar, iluminância, temperatura superficial da cama e índices produtivos. Os resultados mostraram que as concentrações de CO2 no ar estiveram abaixo dos limites máximos recomendados internacionalmente para a fase final de criação, e no limite para a fase inicial, para todos os sistemas. As temperaturas internas para ambos os sistemas de ventilação avaliados para a fase inicial de criação permaneceram dentro zona de conforto das aves e os níveis de umidade relativa do ar estiveram, em média, na faixa recomendada. Na fase final, as temperaturas internas para ambos os sistemas de climatização avaliados estiveram sempre acima do recomendado para as aves, e os níveis de umidade relativa do ar estiveram, em média, na faixa recomendada, para todos os sistemas. Conclui-se, para a fase inicial e final de criação, que o sistema de ventilação mínima positiva e túnel negativo forneceram um melhor ambiente térmico às aves, respectivamente. Para a fase final, não encontrou-se variações suficientes entre os sistemas de ventilação positiva I e II, que permitissem a escolha entre esses dois sistemas / Abstract: This research aimed to evaluate the impact of the combination of bioclimatic variables such as: temperature, wind velocity and relative humidity in turkey production, as well as the efficiency of two minimum ventilation systems (positive and negative) for the initial phase ( 1 . 28 days), and three acclimatization systems (positive ventilation I, positive ventilation II and negative ventilation) for the final turkey growing stage ( 4 . 20 weeks). The turkey housing was placed at Francisco Beltrão country, Paraná state, used in the initial stage of production there were compared the following parameters: CO2 concentration, both ambient temperature and relative humidity, and production index. In the houses located in the country of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais state, used in the final stage of production the following data were compared: CO2 concentration, both ambient temperature and relative humidity, light intensity and production index. It was concluded that air CO2 concentration was below the maximum internationally recommended limits for both stages of growth. The ambient temperatures for both ventilation systems evaluated in the initial phase remained within the thermal comfort zone, and the relative humidity was also whit the recommended limits. For the final growing stage the ambient temperature in both evaluated acclimatization systems were above the recommended for the birds, and the mean air relative humidity results were also within the limits. It was concluded that for the initial and final growing stage the minimum positive ventilation system and the negative tunnel ventilation system respectively provided better thermal environment for the birds. For the final growing stage was not possible to choice the best one between the positive ventilation systems I and II / Doutorado / Construções Rurais e Ambiencia / Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

Les bâtiments résidentiels et industriels munis d'un réseau de ventilation constituent des installations complexes, susceptibles d'être le siège de transferts de masse et d'énergie variés, selon les situations de fonctionnement. Afin d'étudier ces transferts de masse, une méthodologie permettant d'établir des expérimentations à échelle réduite pour l'étude des écoulements isothermes, en régime permanent ou transitoire, a été développée. Cette méthodologie a été validée numériquement et expérimentalement sur des configurations simples, puis appliquée à deux configurations de référence, représentatives de celles rencontrées dans le domaine nucléaire.L'influence du vent sur les transferts de masse au sein de ces configurations, en situation de fonctionnement normale, dégradée (arrêt de la ventilation) ou accidentelle (surpression interne), a été étudiée dans la soufflerie climatique Jules Verne du CSTB. Les effets du vent, couplés ou non à une surpression interne, peuvent alors entraîner une perte partielle ou globale du confinement des polluants au sein des installations. De plus, la turbulence du vent peut induire des inversions instantanées des débits de fuite, qui ne sont pas identifiées en régime permanent. Par ailleurs, l'analyse de sollicitations transitoires montre la faible influence de l’inertie des branches sur les écoulements transitoires, pour des grandeurs caractéristiques d'une installation réelle. Enfin, des essais de traçage gazeux ont été réalisés afin d’étudier la dispersion d’un polluant au sein d’une configuration de référence soumise aux effets couplés du vent, de la ventilation mécanique et d'une surpression interne.La robustesse du code à zones SYLVIA, utilisé notamment pour appuyer les évaluations de sûreté des installations nucléaires, a été analysée à partir de ces résultats expérimentaux. La prise en compte des phénomènes physiques observés expérimentalement a été validée, en régimes permanent et transitoire. Toutefois, quelques limitations ont été identifiées pour l'étude de la dispersion d'un scalaire passif, du fait des hypothèses utilisées dans le code SYLVIA, comme dans tout code à zones (concentration homogène dans les locaux, propagation instantanée dans les branches et dans les locaux). / Residential and industrial buildings equipped with a ventilation system are complex facilities, where various heat and mass transfers could occur according to the operating conditions. In order to study these mass transfers, a methodology has been developed so as to carry out reduced-scale experiments for the study of isothermal flows, in steady or transient state. This methodology has been numerically and experimentally validated on simple configurations, and then applied to two standard configurations, representing nuclear facilities.The wind influence on mass transfers inside these configurations, in normal, damaged (stopping ventilation) or accidental (internal overpressure) situations, has been studied in the Jules Verne climatic wind tunnel of the CSTB. The wind effects, coupled or not with an internal overpressure, can lead to a partial or a total loss of the pollutant's containment inside buildings. Moreover, the wind turbulence can bring about instantaneous reversal leakage flowrates, which cannot be identified in steady state. In addition, the study of transient phenomena has highlighted the low influence of the branch inertia on transient flows, for typical values of real facilities. Finally, tracer tests have been carried out in order to study the pollutant dispersion inside a standard configuration subjected to wind, mechanical ventilation and internal overpressure effects.The reliability of the zonal code SYLVIA, used notably to support safety assessment in nuclear buildings, has been analyzed from these experimental results. The modelling of the physical phenomena experimentally observed has been validated, in steady and transient states. However, limitations have been identified for the study of pollutant dispersion, due to hypothesis used in SYLVIA code, as in all zonal codes (homogenous concentration inside rooms, instantaneous propagation inside branches and rooms).

A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de diferentes sistemas de ventilação no controle da transmissão aérea de agentes infecciosos em sala cirúrgica e em quarto de isolamento hospitalar. Para isso, foram desenvolvidos estudos experimentais e numéricos a partir de dados gerados em um hospital brasileiro de referência no tratamento de doenças respiratórias. Em uma sala cirúrgica, comparou-se o sistema de climatização existente (sistema de ventilação unidirecional) com um sistema split, adaptado na sala especialmente para este estudo. Em um quarto de isolamento compararam-se diferentes arranjos com ventilação natural (porta e janelas) e/ou mecânica (ventilador axial e unidade de descontaminação - filtro e exaustor). Em ambos os ambientes foram medidos parâmetros ambientais (velocidade do ar, temperatura do ar e intensidade de turbulência) e se realizou um estudo da concentração de partículas, mediante o uso de um gerador de partículas monodisperso. A partir dos dados gerados por meio desses procedimentos experimentais, para a sala cirúrgica, obteve-se o fator de proteção e, para o quarto de isolamento, a probabilidade de infecção utilizando o equacionamento proposto por Wells e Riley, bem como a taxa de decaimento de partículas. Os resultados experimentais subsidiaram a realização de um estudo numérico, que consistiu na avaliação dos campos de velocidade, temperatura e intensidade de turbulência do ar para os diferentes tipos de ventilação estudados e no estudo da dinâmica de partículas nos dois ambientes. Embora o sistema unidirecional seja, teoricamente, mais eficiente no controle das partículas, a metodologia de análise adotada evidenciou ineficiência do sistema na remoção de partículas devido a problemas na instalação e operação. Quanto ao sistema split, o presente estudo, como outros assemelhados, evidenciou a inadequação de seu uso em salas cirúrgicas. No quarto de isolamento a ventilação natural mostrou-se o método mais eficiente para a remoção de partículas e, consequentemente, o que mais reduz o risco de contaminação cruzada, conforme o equacionamento original de Wells-Riley. Para a sala cirúrgica foram obtidos valores experimentais do fator de proteção variando entre 0,10 e 0,52 e de -0,9 a +2,5 na análise numérica. Para o quarto de isolamento foram obtidos experimentalmente riscos de infecção entre 0,25 e 2,65%. Finalizando, este trabalho visa contribuir na proposição de uma metodologia experimental e numérica para a avaliação da dinâmica das partículas e, consequentemente, do risco de infecção por via aérea em ambientes hospitalares. / This research aims to evaluate the efficiency of different ventilation systems to control airborne transmission of infectious agents in a hospital operating room and isolation room. Experimental and numerical studies were carried out based on data generated in a Brazilian reference hospital for the treatment of respiratory diseases. In an operating room, an existing unidirectional air conditioning system (i. e., laminar air flow - LAF) was compared to a split system, adapted in the room especially for this study. In a respiratory isolation room, comparisons were drawn between different arrangements with natural ventilation (door and window) and/or mechanical ventilation (axial fan and decontamination unit - filter plus exhaust fan). In both rooms, environmental parameters (air speed, air temperature and turbulence intensity) were measured, and a study of particle concentration was developed employing a monodisperse aerosol generator. The data generated by these experimental procedures were used to calculate the protection factor for the operating room and the probability of infection for the isolation room, using the equation proposed by Wells and Riley, as well as the rate of particle decay. The experimental results were then used in a numerical study, which included evaluation of the fields of air velocity, temperature and turbulence intensity for different types of ventilation under study, as well as the analysis of particle dynamics in both environments. Although the unidirectional system is theoretically more effective for particle control, the methodology of analysis adopted revealed an inefficiency of this system in removing particles, due to installation and operation problems. Concerning the split system, this research - similarly to analogous studies - emphasizes the inadequacy of its use in operating rooms. In the isolation room, natural ventilation proved the most effective method for removing particles and, consequently, the one which reduces the most the risk of cross-contamination, according to the original Wells-Riley modeling. In the operating room were obtained experimental data for the protection factor ranging from 0.10 to 0.52 and from -0.9 to +2.5 in the numerical analysis. In the isolation room were obtained probabilities of infection between 0.25 and 2.65%. Finally, this work aims to contribute in proposing an experimental and numerical methodology for assessing the dynamics of particles and hence risk of airborne infection in hospital settings.

Les bâtiments résidentiels et industriels munis d’un réseau de ventilation constituent des installations complexes, susceptibles d’être le siège de transferts de masse et d’énergie, selon les situations de fonctionnement. Afin d’étudier ces transferts de masse, une méthodologie permettant d’établir des expérimentations à échelle réduite pour l’étude des écoulements anisothermes a été développée. Cette méthodologie a été validée numériquement, puis appliquée à une configuration de référence, représentative du principe de fonctionnement des réseaux de ventilation qui sont rencontrés dans le domaine nucléaire. Les influences du vent et des phénomènes thermiques sur les transferts de masse au sein de cette configuration ont été étudiées dans la soufflerie climatique Jules Verne du CSTB pour différentes situations de fonctionnement du réseau de ventilation (ventilation en fonctionnement normal, arrêt de la ventilation ou régime de sauvegarde) et des scénarios de dégagement de chaleur. Ces sources thermiques peuvent être issues d’un processus industriel ou d’un incendie. Elles ont été reproduites expérimentalement par une injection d’hélium. Les effets des sources thermiques couplées ou non au vent sur les pertes ponctuelles ou totales du confinement des locaux ont été mis en évidence et analysés. La robustesse du code à zones SYLVIA, utilisé notamment pour appuyer les évaluations de sûreté des installations nucléaires, a été analysée à partir des résultats expérimentaux. La prise en compte des phénomènes physiques observés expérimentalement a été validée. Les inversions des débits de fuite causées par les phénomènes thermiques ont été reproduites avec le code SYLVIA. Une comparaison entre les calculs où la source de chaleur a été simulée avec une injection d’hélium et avec une puissance thermique a permis d’observer l’impact de l’injection de masse causé par l’hélium sur les pressions, les débits et les températures. / Residential and industrial buildings equipped with a ventilation system are complex facilities, where heat and mass transfers could occur according to the operating conditions. In order to study these mass transfers, a methodology has been developed to reduced-scale experimentations for non isothermal flows study. This methodology has been numerically validated, and then applied to a standard configuration, representing of the ventilation systems operating principle which are encounter in the nuclear field. The wind and the thermal phenomena influences on the mass transfers inside this configuration have been studied in the Jules Verne climatic wind tunnel of the CSTB for various operating ventilation system situations (normal operating ventilation system, stopping ventilation or protection rate of productivity) and scenarios of heat supply. These thermal sources can be generated by an industrial process or a fire. They have been reproduced experimentally with an helium injection. The effects of the heat sources coupled or not with wind on loss of building containment were highlighted and analyzed. The reliability of the zonal code SYLVIA, used notably to support safety assessment in nuclear buildings, has been analyzed from these experimental results. The modelling of the physical phenomena experimentally observed has been validated. The leakage flowrates reversals have been retrieved with the SYLVIA code. A comparison between the calculations where the heat source has been simulated with an helium injection and with a thermal power permitted to observe the mass injection effect has been caused by the helium on the pressures, the flowrates and the temperatures.

A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de diferentes sistemas de ventilação no controle da transmissão aérea de agentes infecciosos em sala cirúrgica e em quarto de isolamento hospitalar. Para isso, foram desenvolvidos estudos experimentais e numéricos a partir de dados gerados em um hospital brasileiro de referência no tratamento de doenças respiratórias. Em uma sala cirúrgica, comparou-se o sistema de climatização existente (sistema de ventilação unidirecional) com um sistema split, adaptado na sala especialmente para este estudo. Em um quarto de isolamento compararam-se diferentes arranjos com ventilação natural (porta e janelas) e/ou mecânica (ventilador axial e unidade de descontaminação - filtro e exaustor). Em ambos os ambientes foram medidos parâmetros ambientais (velocidade do ar, temperatura do ar e intensidade de turbulência) e se realizou um estudo da concentração de partículas, mediante o uso de um gerador de partículas monodisperso. A partir dos dados gerados por meio desses procedimentos experimentais, para a sala cirúrgica, obteve-se o fator de proteção e, para o quarto de isolamento, a probabilidade de infecção utilizando o equacionamento proposto por Wells e Riley, bem como a taxa de decaimento de partículas. Os resultados experimentais subsidiaram a realização de um estudo numérico, que consistiu na avaliação dos campos de velocidade, temperatura e intensidade de turbulência do ar para os diferentes tipos de ventilação estudados e no estudo da dinâmica de partículas nos dois ambientes. Embora o sistema unidirecional seja, teoricamente, mais eficiente no controle das partículas, a metodologia de análise adotada evidenciou ineficiência do sistema na remoção de partículas devido a problemas na instalação e operação. Quanto ao sistema split, o presente estudo, como outros assemelhados, evidenciou a inadequação de seu uso em salas cirúrgicas. No quarto de isolamento a ventilação natural mostrou-se o método mais eficiente para a remoção de partículas e, consequentemente, o que mais reduz o risco de contaminação cruzada, conforme o equacionamento original de Wells-Riley. Para a sala cirúrgica foram obtidos valores experimentais do fator de proteção variando entre 0,10 e 0,52 e de -0,9 a +2,5 na análise numérica. Para o quarto de isolamento foram obtidos experimentalmente riscos de infecção entre 0,25 e 2,65%. Finalizando, este trabalho visa contribuir na proposição de uma metodologia experimental e numérica para a avaliação da dinâmica das partículas e, consequentemente, do risco de infecção por via aérea em ambientes hospitalares. / This research aims to evaluate the efficiency of different ventilation systems to control airborne transmission of infectious agents in a hospital operating room and isolation room. Experimental and numerical studies were carried out based on data generated in a Brazilian reference hospital for the treatment of respiratory diseases. In an operating room, an existing unidirectional air conditioning system (i. e., laminar air flow - LAF) was compared to a split system, adapted in the room especially for this study. In a respiratory isolation room, comparisons were drawn between different arrangements with natural ventilation (door and window) and/or mechanical ventilation (axial fan and decontamination unit - filter plus exhaust fan). In both rooms, environmental parameters (air speed, air temperature and turbulence intensity) were measured, and a study of particle concentration was developed employing a monodisperse aerosol generator. The data generated by these experimental procedures were used to calculate the protection factor for the operating room and the probability of infection for the isolation room, using the equation proposed by Wells and Riley, as well as the rate of particle decay. The experimental results were then used in a numerical study, which included evaluation of the fields of air velocity, temperature and turbulence intensity for different types of ventilation under study, as well as the analysis of particle dynamics in both environments. Although the unidirectional system is theoretically more effective for particle control, the methodology of analysis adopted revealed an inefficiency of this system in removing particles, due to installation and operation problems. Concerning the split system, this research - similarly to analogous studies - emphasizes the inadequacy of its use in operating rooms. In the isolation room, natural ventilation proved the most effective method for removing particles and, consequently, the one which reduces the most the risk of cross-contamination, according to the original Wells-Riley modeling. In the operating room were obtained experimental data for the protection factor ranging from 0.10 to 0.52 and from -0.9 to +2.5 in the numerical analysis. In the isolation room were obtained probabilities of infection between 0.25 and 2.65%. Finally, this work aims to contribute in proposing an experimental and numerical methodology for assessing the dynamics of particles and hence risk of airborne infection in hospital settings.

Matavfall som kommer in till Eskilstuna Strängnäs Energi & Miljö (ESEM), har mestadels använts till biogasproduktion. Eftersom ESEMs rötningspanna är liten har inte allt matavfall gjorts om till biogas, utan gått till förbränning i Västerås istället. För att underöka eventuella utvecklingsmöjligheter och förbättringsmöjligheter har ESEM gått ihop med Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet (SLU). Där undersökning av matning med matavfall till afrikanska fluglarver pågick. Ifall detta projekt är praktiskt genomfört på företaget ESEM skulle två nya produkter i form av protein och jord, kunna säljas utöver biogas. I denna studie har det undersökts ifall det är möjligt att kunna mata fluglarverna med matavfall. Det ställs krav på rätt temperatur och luftflöde för utrymmet. Därmed har fokus till detta examensarbete varit att optimera en ventilationsmodell för systemet. För att utföra detta projekt krävdes data från tidigare studier, forskning och experiment, vilket skrevs in i behandlingsprogrammet Excel. Där ett idealt ventilationsflöde med verkningsgraden 50 %, till varje enskild behandlingslåda med fluglarver i olika levnadsstadier, på 1,56 m3/h (en låda) togs fram med hjälp av tidigare studier. Fluglarverna är planerade att bli placerade i brödlådor med tillhörande ställningar i en container och varje låda ska både ha fluglarver och matavfall. Undersökningen för detta examensarbete var att bestämma hur ställningarna med behandlingslådor ska placeras i containern. Genom att välja den kombination av behandlingslådorna, som är mest optimerad och praktiskt genomförbar. Det utfördes en simulering i Excel som redovisade andelen värme och förångning som varje behandlingslåda med stadie 1, 6 och 12 genererade. Simuleringar genomfördes för olika kombinationer och beräknade värmeutvecklingen från vardera behandlingslåda och kombination. Vilket resulterade i att det fanns två möjliga placeringar av behandlingslådorna i ställningarna, i containern. Den första placeringen i containern var planerad med att ställning 1 skulle ha behandlingslådor med larvstadiet/dag 1. Ställning 2 respektive 3 skulle ha behandlingslådor med larvstadiet/dag 6 respektive larvstadiet/dag 12. Det vill säga kombination 1 – 6 – 12. Vilket betyder att alla ställningarna i den kombinationen är seriekopplade med varandra. Medan varje enskild behandlingslåda i en ställning är parallellkopplade. Då denna kombination redovisar att ställning 3 med behandlingslådor av larvstadiet/dag 12, har högst andel förångning och värmegenerering. Denna placering ansågs rimlig att ställa lägst in i containern, närmast frånluftutloppet på container. Både av praktiska skäl och att undvika värmespridning som kan medföra kondens. Den andra placeringen i containern var tänkt att ställning 1 skulle ha behandlingslådor med larvstadiet/dag 12. Ställning 2 respektive 3 skulle ha behandlingslådor med larvstadiet/dag 6 respektive larvstadiet/dag 1. Det vill säga kombination 12 – 6 – 1. Vilket betyder att alla ställningarna i den kombinationen är seriekopplade med varandra. Medan varje enskild behandlingslåda i en ställning är parallellkopplade. Denna kombination redovisar minst temperaturdifferens mellan ställningarna (mellan behandlingslådorna) och visade även möjligheten att utnyttja värmen i behandlingslådorna från tidigare lådor. Genom att luften som förs vidare från larvstadiet/dag 12 till larvstadiet/dag 6, värmer då upp avfallsaktiviteten. Studien resulterade i att det optimala luftflödet med verkningsgraden 50 %, var 1,56 m3/h. Energibalanserna utfördes i beräkningsmodellen med hänsyn till luftflödet in och ut ur en behandlingslåda. Avfallstemperaturen som bestämdes vara ideal vid 30°C i detta examensarbete är en betydelsefull parameter för resultatet. Resultatet optimerades med hänsyn till att en avfallstemperatur på 30°C skulle bibehållas genom beräkningarna. Den optimala kombinationen bestämdes vara kombination av de tre behandlingslådorna 1 – 6 – 12, där medeltemperaturen på avfallet var 30,22°C. Denna kombination diskuterades även vara den mest praktiskt hanterbara, i containern hos ESEM. Vid hänsyn till kondensering som tidigare examensarbeten diskuterat är kombination 12 – 6 – 1 ett alternativ. De sex kombinationerna resulterar inte i stora temperaturdifferenser som kan orsaka kondensering. Ifall hänsyn tas till kondensering är alternativet 12 – 6 – 1 bäst. Då avfallstemperaturen är stabil jämfört med de fem andra kombinationerna. Ett helt slutet system med tre seriekopplade ställningar som innehåller tre parallellkopplade behandlingslådor erhålls resultat från två fall. Sommarfallet med en temperatur på 20°C resulterade i högre avfallstemperaturen jämfört med vinterfallet på 10°C. Däremot är avfallstemperaturen under den maximala gränsen, det vill säga är avfallstemperaturen på en behaglig nivå för larvproduktionen. Resultaten erhållna från detta examensarbete redovisar att det är teoretiskt och praktiskt möjligt att utföra en nedbrytningsprocess med hjälp av larver. Matavfallet bryts ner och bidrar med en ny produkt, näringsrik jord, samtidigt som den underlättar för ESEM nedbrytningsprocess. / This work is written as a degree project for the Energy engineering program, specialized in heating technology, in Mälardalens University, Västerås. The aim with this degree project is to optimize a theoretical model in Excel to study larvae of Black Soldier Fly. The main calculations are made for three series connected boxes, with different combinations of stages of development. The calculations are thereafter made for three stands (that are in series) with each stand contain three boxes (that are parallel), each stand holding uniform growth of larvae. The calculations are made with equations based from the energy balance, for the air flow in and out. With the support from formerly made degree projects and their specific data, a calculation model was made in Excel. An airflow of 1,56 m3/h is achieved, with an efficiency of 50%. These results are based of previously performed degree projects, with the airflow 8,4 m3/h and efficiency of 9,3%. The maximum waste temperature is 30-36°C, thus, the desired temperature in this degree project was 30°C. The most optimized combination of one box of each stage, that are series connected, resulted to be 1 – 6 – 12. Day 1, day 6 and day 12 coupled. This combination is also used as the reference case in this degree project and calculations. However, the most stabile waste temperature resulted to be for the combination 12 – 6 – 1. The air temperature through the boxes remained with a mean temperature of 23,9°C, when the outside air temperature is set as 10°C (winter case, the reference case). The conclusion is that the best combination for Lilla Nyby, in Eskilstuna, is 1 – 6 – 12, with an airflow of 1,56 m3/h. A whole system, containing the three stands and respectively boxes, is applicable. The waste temperature is within the range for temperatures for optimized growth process for larvae, for both winter and summer cases (10°C and 20°C).

Simulation is one of the oldest and also among the most important tools available to engineers. In the building Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) community the availability and/or functionality of simulation tools is limited and it is difficult to determine whether the simulation models accurately represent reality. The purpose of this study was to accurately verify one such a simulation model and then to extend the study to two unique applications. Comprehensive structural, comfort and energy audits were performed to construct a suitable simulation model with the aid of the control simulation package: QUICK Control. The model was then verified against measured building data to ensure an accurate representation of the actual dynamic building response. For the first application various control retrofits were evaluated and the highest potential for energy saving was found. Thereafter the model was implemented to investigate the change in indoor air conditions due to failure of HVAC equipment. Heating, ventilating and air-conditioning in buildings consume a significant portion of the available electrical energy in South Africa. Of this energy up to 30% can be saved by improving the HVAC systems currently installed in the buildings. This could result in savings of up to R400 million. For the building used in this study it was found that up to 66% of the HVAC system’s electrical energy consumption could be saved with a payback period of only 9 months. These savings could be achieved by implementing a setback control strategy with an improved time management procedure. Predicting the impact of failing equipment is a difficult task because of the integrated dynamic effect every HVAC component has on the next. With the aid of a comprehensive integrated simulation model the implications of failing can be determined and necessary assessments and precautions can be taken. The results of this study showed that the air-conditioning system under investigation was approximately 100% over designed. Failure of up to 50% was allowable in the cooling equipment before any noticeable impact could be observed in the indoor climate. With further failure the required comfort conditions could not be sustained. <p The substantial savings calculation and possibility of predicting climate deterioration would not have been possible without the aid of a comprehensive simulation package and model. This study clearly highlights the worth of integrated simulation. / Dissertation (MSc (Mechanical Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering / unrestricted

The main aim of this thesis is to explore fouling of air ducts and its influence on energy consumption of HVAC systems. The first part focuses on typical parts that create the IAQ in buildings and on evaluating energy consumption of air transportation. The following section deals with the theories of fluid flow, flow regimes and pressure losses that are created as a side effect. The thesis outlines possible methods of assessing the impact of pollution with an emphasis on pressure losses and their influence on the fan power consumption. The actual experimental measurement, conducted in a selected industrial plant, is focused on an influence of cleanness of textile diffuser on HVAC device power consumption. For the further research of this process, measuring equipment with suitable measurement method is designed and constructed.

This Master´s thesis deals with the analysis of the effectiveness of ventilation systems. The key concept of the thesis is HVAC system in buildings with low energy demand. In the most comprehensive chapter are some concepts clarified: air tightness, ventilation, air conditioning, heating and hot water preparation. The aim of the thesis is to define passive house in terms of acquisition and operating costs, including the ventilation system and to make comparison with systems applied in conventional construction with focusing on assessment of effectiveness of ventilation equipment.

This study has been motivated by an understanding of the twin needs to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and increase the access to have complete control of the ventilation system available in the buildings. In consideration of the increasing utilization of fossil fuels, there is an extensive threat of increased global warming conditions associated. To ensure sustainable development, improvement of social welfare and wealth creation, energy is an essential factor. The consumption of electricity and energy delivered per floor area in Sweden has been considerably rising since 2014. The aim of this study is twofold where the authors have mapped and defined the specific customer needs for choosing an “add-on energy optimization module” for the existing HVAC systems in Sweden’s commercial market. Secondly, the study has also focussed to identify the acceptance of the complementary good technology from the perspective of a customer’s experience of value creation. It is a case study carried out in collaboration with a Swedish cleantech company, that will be named “Company-X” in the further part of the study. This company utilises a part of space technology to secure a healthy indoor air climate and at the same time save energy in buildings. The thesis has been carried out qualitatively. Since there is a preunderstanding of this theory where an abductive approach with semi-structured interviews has been followed to perceive the current market situation. The study further underlines the importance and need of making investments for a cleaning module combined with an optimization algorithm which can be easily mounted on current ventilation systems like Lego pieces. Under this module, the air quality is monitored, and the system adapts to current conditions concerning time. The results designate that it is possible to maintain a predefined indoor air quality to the lowest possible energy consumption by real-time monitoring with this cleaning module at facilities that are equipped with single or multiple-split HVAC systems. The best results towards attaining greater energy savings can be obtained from the association of Building energy management system and Air-handling unit with this cleaning module.