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Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-06T13:03:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-06-15. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-10-06T13:18:23Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000848339.pdf: 757255 bytes, checksum: 9dcc3acba66df8e1de6d584184ea3dc8 (MD5) / O vírus da doença de Newcastle (VDN) provoca uma das doenças infecciosas mais importantes para as aves domésticas, devido aos elevados impactos negativos para a saúde aviária e a interposição de barreiras comerciais para a indústria avícola. Isso requer a constante evolução de técnicas cada vez mais eficazes de diagnóstico para esse vírus. Neste contexto, a nucleoproteína (NP) de VDN é um dos componentes antigênicos ideais para uso no imunodiagnóstico, porque é mais conservada e tem uma elevada imunogenicidade, de modo que NP pode melhorar o desempenho de sorodiagnóstico do VDN. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo determinar os perfis de produção de anticorpos (Acs) anti-VDN dos isótipos IgA, IgM e IgG, usando NP recombinante (NPr) do VDN como um antígeno alvo. Amostras de soro e de lágrima foram colhidas de plantéis comerciais de aves de postura e também de aves SPF infectadas experimentalmente com a estirpe vacinal LaSota do VDN. O método de ELISA indireto, usando a NPr do VDN como antígeno de revestimento, foi padronizado e utilizado de forma bem sucedida para a detecção de Acs de galinha anti-VDN dos isótipos IgG e IgM em amostras de soro, e de ambos os isotipos mais IgA para amostras de secreção lacrimal. Ainda, este método de ELISA com NPr foi capaz de diferenciar amostras positivas das negativas para o VDN de soro e de lágrima, e nas aves submetidas à infecção experimental com a estirpe vacinal LaSota, a soroconversão foi detectada mais precocemente para os anticorpos do isótipo IgA (lágrima) e IgM (lágrima e soro), que alcançaram uma concentração máxima no sétimo dia após a infecção (pi), enquanto que os níveis de anticorpos IgG anti-VDN começaram a ser detectados mais tardiamente e atingiram um pico aos 14 dias pi. Além disso, a aplicação do ELISA em amostras de soro e de lágrima colhidas a partir de plantéis comerciais de galinhas de postura, para detecção de dois... / Newcastle disease virus (NDV) causes one of the most important infectious diseases for chickens, due to the high negative impacts for health and the demands of trade barriers to poultry industry. This requires the constant development of increasingly more effective diagnostic techniques. In this context, the nucleoprotein (NP) of VDN is one of the ideal antigenic components for immunodiagnostics, because it is more conserved and has a high immunogenicity, so that NP may improve the performance of serodiagnosis of NDV. Thus, this study aimed to determine the production profiles of anti-NDV antibodies of IgA, IgM and IgG isotypes, using recombinant NP (rNP) of VDN as a target antigen. Serum and tear samples were collected from commercial poultry flocks, and from SPF birds experimentally infected with the LaSota vaccine strain of NDV. The indirect ELISA method using the NPr VDN as coating antigen was standardized and used for the detection of anti-NDV chicken antibody isotypes IgG, IgM in serum samples and antibodies of both isotypes added of IgA isotype for lacrimal secretion samples. This ELISA method with NPr was effectively able to differentiate NDV-positive and NDV-negative serum and tear samples, and in the birds subjected to a experimental infection with vaccine strain, the seroconversion was detected earlier for the antibodies of the IgA (tear) and IgM (tear and serum) isotypes, which have reached maximum concentration on the 7th day post-infection (pi), while the IgG anti-NDV antibody levels began to be detected later and peaked at 14 days pi. Moreover, the application of ELISA in serum and lachrymal samples collected from commercial layer chickens,with the detection of two (IgG and IgM for serum samples) or three isotypes (IgG, IgM and IgA for lachrymal samples) of anti-NDV antibodies, resulted in the highest detection frequencies than each antibody isotype was individually detected. By comparing the results of serum samples for ...

Orientador: Maurício Lacerda Nogueira / Banca: Fátima Pereira de Souza / Banca: Cleslei Fernando Zanelli / Banca: Eurico de Arruda Neto / Banca: Luciana Barros de Arruda / Resumo: O vírus da Febre Amarela (YFV) pertence ao gênero Flavivirus e causa uma importante doença. Nos últimos anos, uma alarmante ressurgência da circulação viral e expansão do vírus em áreas endêmicas têm sido detectadas na África e América do Sul. NS5 é uma proteína viral não estrutural com duas atividades essenciais para a replicação viral, uma de metiltransferase e outra de RNA Polimerase dependente de RNA (RdRp). Para o melhor entendimento dos mecanismos de replicação viral, interações entre NS5 e proteínas celulares têm sido amplamente estudadas. Assim, os objetivos desse estudo foram caracterizar a interação da proteína NS5 e eIF3L, avaliar a função de eIF3L na replicação do vírus da febre amarela, e caracterizar estruturalmente a proteína eIF3L. Métodos. Para identificar a interação de NS5 YFV com eIF3L, foi realizado ensaios em sistema duplo-híbrido usando RdRp NS5 YFV contra eIF3L. Para o mapeamento da interação, foram construídos mutantes deletantes de RNApol e analisados em sistema duplo-híbrido. A região de interação de RNApol foi segmentada em três fragmentos e analisada na presença de eIF3L. Para mapear os resíduos de NS5 críticos para a interação, foi realizada mutagênese sítio-dirigida no segmento 3 de ID. A interação foi analisada em ensaios in vitro e em cultura de células de mamíferos. A significância de eIF3L para a replicação do YFV foi investigada usando superexpressão de eIF3L em células BHK21-RepYF17D LucNeoIres. A proteína eIF3L foi purificada usando uma combinação de cromatografia de afinidade e de exclusão molecular para subsequente caracterização estrutural. Resultados. Nesse estudo, foi caracterizada a interação de NS5 com o fator eucariótico de início de tradução... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Yellow fever virus (YFV) belongs to the Flavivirus genus and causes an important disease. An alarming resurgence of viral circulation and expansion of the YFV endemic zones have been detected in Africa and South America in recent years. NS5 is a viral protein that contains the methyltransferase and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase domains, which are essential during viral replication. Interactions among NS5 and cellular proteins have been studied for the understanding of viral replication. The aim of this study was to characterize the interaction of NS5 protein with EIF3L and evaluate the role of EIF3L in yellow fever replication. Methods. To identify the interaction of YFV NS5 with cellular proteins, we performed a two-hybrid screen using YFV NS5 RdRp domain as bait and a human cDNA library. For mapping the interaction, RNApol deletions mutants were performed and analyses in two-hybrid system. The RNApol region of interaction was segmented in three fragments and analyses into yeast containing eIF3L. To map residues of NS5 that are critical for its interaction, we performed a site-direct mutagenesis in segment 3 of ID. The interaction was confirmed in vitro assays and by in vivo coimmunoprecipitations. The significance of eIF3L for replication of YFV was investigated using overexpression of eIF3L in BHK21-RepYF17D LucNeoIres cells. eIF3L was purified using a combination of affinity and subsequent size exclusion chromatography for subsequent structural characterization. Results. In this work we describe and characterize the interaction of NS5 with the translation factor eIF3L. The interaction between NS5 and eIF3L was confirmed by in vitro binding and in vivo coimmunoprecipitation assays. This interaction occurs in a region (Interaction Domain of RNApol domain) that is conserved in several... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Resumo: O pimentão (Capsicum annuum L.) está entre as dez hortaliças mais consumidas no Brasil. Dois potyvirus são verificados nesta cultura, o Potato virus Y (PVY) e o Pepper yellow mosaic virus (PepYMV). Foi avaliada entre outubro de 2007 a novembro de 2008, a ocorrência de potyvirus infectando Capsicum spp. nos municípíos de Pirajú, Pirajuí, Paranapanema, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, Sorocaba, São Miguel Arcanjo, Itapetininga, Reginópolis, Lins, Iacanga e Mogi-Mirim, do Estado de São Paulo. Das 408 amostras coletadas, 105 foram positivas para a presença de potyvirus utilizando-se antissoro antipotyvirus (Agdia). Em algumas amostras foi detectada a presença de infecção mista com o Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) e begomovírus. A inoculação de cinqüenta e um isolados na série diferencial de Capsicum spp contendo os genes pvr21, pvr22 e Pvr4, dos quais dez foram provenientes da Empresa Sakata Seed Sudamérica, possibilitou a classificação de dois isolados em patótipo 0, três em patótipo 1, seis em patótipo 1.2, onze em patótipo 1.2.3 e treze em patótipo 1-3 de PVY. Dezesseis isolados não puderam ser classificados em patótipos. Não foi verificada correlação entre local de coleta e ocorrência de um patótipo específico, evidenciando grande variabilidade biológica dos isolados de potyvirus no campo. Nenhum dos isolados coletados ocasionou sintomas evidentes em plantas de pimentão Rubia R e Magali R, indicando que a resistência conferida por estes híbridos ainda é efetiva contra os isolados de potyvirus predominantes no campo. Um par de primers PepNib (5' GWTSGYYGMMTTGGATGATG 3') e PepUTR (5' AGTAGTACAGGAAAAGCC 3') foi 2 obtido para amplificação completa da região codificadora da proteína capsidial de PVY e PepYMV. Analisando-se esta região do genoma viral, pôde-se constatar predominância da espécie PepYMV. O PVY foi encontrado somente em coletas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the ten most consumed vegetables in the country. In Brazil, two potyviruses are verified in this culture, the Potato virus Y (PVY) and the Pepper yellow mosaic virus (PepYMV). Between October 2007 and November 2008, the occurrence of potyvirus infecting Capsicum spp. was evaluated on plants collected from Piraju, Pirajuí, Paranapanema, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, Sorocaba, São Miguel Arcanjo, Itapetininga, Reginópolis, Lins, Iacanga and Mogi-Mirim, in Sao Paulo State. Among the 408 collected samples, 105 were positive for the presence of potyvirus using antipotyvirus antiserum (Agdia). The presence of mixed infection with the Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and begomovirus was also verified. The inoculation of fifty one isolates on the series of Capsicum spp. containing the genes pvr21, pvr22 and Pvr4, ten of them isolates from the Sakata Seed Sudamerica Company, made it possible the classification of these isolates in different pathotypes. Two isolates were classified as pathotype 0, three in pathotype 1, six in 4 pathotype 1.2, eleven in pathotype 1.2.3 and thirteen in pathotype 1.3 of PVY. Sixteen isolates were not able to be classified in pathotypes of PVY. No correlation could be made between the origin of the isolate and the presence of an specific pathotype, indicanting a greet biological variability between the potyvirus isolates. None of the isolates collected in the field caused symptoms in Rubia R and Magali R, indicating that the resistance provided by these hybrids is still effective against the predominant isolates of potyvirus. A pair of primer PepNib (5' GWTSGYYGMMTTGGATGATG 3') and PepUTR (5' AGTAGTACAGGAAAAGCC 3') were obtained for the complete amplification of the capsid protein region of PVY and PepYMV isolates. PepYMV was the prevalent species of potyvirus found infecting sweet peppers. The PVY was found only... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Renate Krause Sakate / Coorientador: Marcelo Agenor Pavan / Banca: Antonio Carlos Maringoni / Banca: Ricardo Gioria / Mestre

L’infection par le Virus de l’Hépatite C (VHC) est un problème majeur de santépublique touchant environ 170 millions de personnes dans le monde. A l’heure actuelle, il n’existe aucun vaccin pour lutter contre le VHC et les traitements curatifs disponibles sont chers, donnent lieu à des effets secondaires très sévères et ne sont efficaces que pour une partie des patients. Le développement de nouvelles stratégies antivirales représente donc un enjeu crucial dans la lutte contre le VHC. Dans le but de développer de nouvelles molécules bloquant différentes étapes du cycle viral, une meilleure compréhension de chacune des ces étapes est nécessaire. Au cours de mon travail de thèse, nous avons étudier le mécanisme d’entrée du VHC dans ses cellules cibles, les hépatocytes. Dans un premier temps nous avons caractérisé un inhibiteur naturel de l’entrée du VHC, appelé EWI-2wint. Ce travail a notamment permis de mettre en évidence l’importance de la dynamique membranaire de l’un des récepteurs du virus, la protéine CD81, dans ce processus. Dans un second axe, nous avons étudié l’effet de la monensine sur l’infection par le VHC. Nous avons ainsi montré que cet inhibiteur pharmacologique bloque une étape tardive du processus d’entrée du VHC.L’ensemble des données accumulées au cours de ma thèse permettent de mieux comprendre le mécanisme d’entrée du VHC et ouvrent la voie au développement de nouveaux outils thérapeutiques. / Hepatitis C, whose causal agent is called Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), is a global health burden with about 170 million people infected. Currently, no vaccine exists again HCV and treatments are effective for only a part of infected people. Therefore, new treatments are urgently needed, as well as a better understanding of the viral life cycle.To do so, we studied the entry process of HCV in its targets cells through the characterisation of HCV entry inhibitors. Firstly, we have shown that EWI-2wint, a natural inhibitor of HCV entry, blocks this process by changing the partitionning of CD81, one of the HCV receptors. In addition, we have studied the effect of monensin on HCV infection and found that this pharmacological inhibitor impairs a late step of HCV entry.Altogether, our results allow a better understading of the HCV entry process and open the way to the development of new therapeutic agents.

IFITM1, 2 et 3 sont des protéines transmembranaires qui sont régulées à la hausse après stimulation interféron. Ces protéines sont capables d’inhiber un large spectre de virus. Le mécanisme d’action admis indique que la présence des IFITMs dans la membrane lipidique des cellules cibles diminue l’entrée des virus en bloquant la fusion de la membrane virale avec la membrane cellulaire.J’ai pris part en début de thèse à un travail qui a permis à notre équipe de mettre en évidence une deuxième configuration antivirale des protéines IFITMs contre le VIH-1 (Virus de l’Immunodéficience Humaine). En effet la présence des IFITMs dans les cellules productrices de virus et non seulement dans les cellules cibles permet deux choses: l’incorporation des IFITMs dans les particules virales et la baisse d’infectivité des virus produits. Suite à cette première étude, nous nous sommes posés deux problématiques: 1) comprendre le mécanisme d’inhibition du VIH-1 par les IFITMs et 2) déterminer le niveau de conservation de cette nouvelle configuration. Mon travail de thèse s’est concentré sur la première et l’utilisation d’un panel de mutants d’IFITM3 a permis: de dissocier l’activité anti VIH-1 et l’incorporation virale et d’identifier des domaines protéiques régulant l’habilité d’IFITM3 à interférer avec la production de particules virales infectieuses. J’ai également participé à travail collaboratif mis en place par notre équipe qui nous a permis de montrer que le mécanisme d’inhibition que nous avons mis en évidence pour le VIH-1 était un mécanisme conservé qui permettait de réduire l’infectivité de nombreux autres virus. / IFITM1, -2 and -3 are transmembrane proteins, upregulated after type I interferon response and have been shown to inhibit a broad spectrum of viruses. The commonly admitted restriction in the field denotes that the presence of IFITM proteins in the lipidic membranes of target cells decreases viral entry by impeding the viral to cell membrane fusion, essential for the liberation of the core viral into the cytoplasm.I took part at the beginning of my thesis to a teamwork that allowed us to discover a new antiviral mechanisms for these proteins, at least for HIV-1. According to this mechanism, the presence of IFITMs in virus producing cells results in the production of viral particles that incorporate IFITMs and display decreased infectivity.Since then, my PhD work has consisted in: 1) understanding the molecular mechanism by which IFITMs inhibit HIV virion particles and 2) determine the conservation of this novel mechanism of inhibition against other viruses.First, I focused on IFITM3 and tested a large panel of mutants to identify the protein domain(s) required for either incorporation into virions and/or for the antiviral activity. This work allowed me to identify unknown domains in IFITM3 important for the antiviral effect of IFITM3 in virus-producing cells. Second, I have participated to a large collaboration initiated by our team to analyze the antiviral effects that IFITMs exerted on several viruses. Our results indicate that the novel mechanism of inhibition by IFITMs that we have described for HIV is conserved among different classes of viruses.

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Thesis (PhD (Microbiology))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Microbiology and Plant Pathology / unrestricted

Tobacco necrosis virus (TNV) interfered with cucumber necrosis virus (CNV) replication in mixed infections. TNV inhibited both the initiation of CNV infections and subsequent CNV multiplication. Evidence of interference was found in qualitative evaluations of symptoms on a wide host range and by quantitative evaluations (lesion counts and incidence of systemic symptoms) on cucumber, cowpea, and bean. Fresh weight measurements similarly indicated antagonism in mixed infections. Some evidence of CNV interfering with TNV replication was found, in the form of a reduction in the occurrence of systemic symptoms. Photometric scanning of sucrose density gradient columns after centrifugation revealed that in mixed infections CNV reached only half the concentration attained in single infections while TNV was unaffected or even very slightly increased in concentration. This interference continued even when high temperatures greatly limited TNV replication. Only at 3° C, where its replication was barely detectable, did TNV have no effect on the CNV concentration attained. CNV did not significantly aid TNV replication at any temperature. In serial passage of mixed infections TNV quickly gained in concentration relative to CNV. Although CNV and TNV symptoms could not readily be distinguished from one another on most hosts, Phaseolus vulgaris var. Topcrop kept at 23 C and Chenopodium capitaturn kept at 18 C were established as reliable indicators of CNV and TNV respectively. One preparation from doubly infected tissue showed evidence of possible phenotypic mixing based on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and on reactions with antisera, although this could not be confirmed by infectivity tests. Through use of the antigen-antibody neutralization test, another virus preparation from doubly infected tissue gave evidence of possible genomic masking of TNV RNA in CNV coat protein. No evidence of possible genomic masking in the opposite direction was found. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

L’apoptose, mort cellulaire observée suite à l’activation des caspases effectrices, est un moyen de défense contre les pathogènes, en particulier les virus. Le virus de la vaccine (VACV) est un virus contenant un grand génome à ADN codant pour environ 200 protéines, dont plusieurs inhibent l’apoptose. Cette apparente redondance fonctionnelle complique l’étude des protéines antiapoptotiques du virus dans un contexte d’infection virale. Dans ce travail, nous comparerons les propriétés antiapoptotiques des protéines B13, F1, GAAP et N1 de VACV. Cette comparaison sera établie dans un premier temps en dehors de toute infection virale. En utilisant des vecteurs lentiviraux, nous avons obtenu des lignées cellulaires stables (U2-OS) exprimant ces protéines en isolation. Nous avons alors pu tester les capacités antiapoptotiques de ces protéines en réponse à des stimuli provoquant l’apoptose extrinsèque et intrinsèque. Les résultats ont montré que B13 était la plus puissante molécule inhibitrice de l’apoptose intrinsèque et qu’elle était la seule à inhiber l’apoptose extrinsèque. Ensuite nous avons tiré avantage d’un virus de la vaccine déficient (vv811) qui ne possède aucune de ces protéines antiapoptotiques, capable à lui seul d’induire l’apoptose, en l’absence de toute autre stimulus. En infectant nos lignées cellulaires exprimant les molécules in trans avec vv811, nous avons pu montrer que B13 inhibait cette apoptose induite par le virus beaucoup plus efficacement que F1. GAAP et N1 dans ce contexte n’ont pas démontré de propriétés antiapoptotiques. Enfin, nous avons construit par mutagénèse des virus vv811 recombinants exprimant les molécules étudiées in cis. Suite à l’infection par ces virus de cellules U2-OS et Hela, B13, de nouveau, et F1 ont montré des capacités d’inhibition importantes de l’apoptose. L’action de GAAP s’est révélée dépendante du type cellulaire et N1 n’a pas pu inhiber l’apoptose induite par ce virus déficient dans aucune des cellules testées. En utilisant ces différentes approches, nous avons pu nous affranchir des problèmes de redondance et comparer 4 molécules antiapoptotiques du virus de la vaccine, y compris dans un contexte d’infection virale. Les résultats ont confirmé que toutes les protéines étudiées possédaient des propriétés antiapoptiques et ont clairement montré que B13 était la plus puissante / Apoptosis, which occurs following activation of effector caspases, can restrict the replication of intracellular pathogens, especially viruses. Vaccinia virus (VACV) is a large dsDNA virus encoding approximately 200 proteins, several of which inhibit apoptosis. This redundancy of viral anti-apoptotic proteins complicates the study of these proteins in the context of viral infection. Here a comparative study of the anti-apoptotic proteins B13, F1, GAAP and N1 with and without virus infection is presented. Firstly, using lentiviral constructs, we generated transduced cell lines expressing the anti-apoptotic proteins in isolation and we analysed their ability to protect against extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis induced by different drugs. In that context B13 was the most potent inhibitor of intrinsic apoptosis and the only protein to inhibit both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis. We then used a deficient VACV strain, vv811, that lacks the genes coding for the four anti-apoptotic proteins. Infection with vv811 can induce apoptosis without the need for any other stimulus. After vv811 infection of cell lines expressing the anti-apoptotic proteins in trans, B13 and to a lesser extent F1, inhibited apoptosis. Finally, we introduced each gene separately into vv811 by genetic recombination. Using these recombinant viruses to induce apoptosis, B13 and F1 were very potent inhibitors. The protection conferred by GAAP was cell type dependant and N1 failed to protect any of the tested cells from the virus induced apoptosis. Using these different approaches, we have been able to overcome the redundancy issue to compare 4 anti-apoptotic proteins from VACV, including in the context of viral infection. The results illustrate that vv811 is a useful tool to determine the role of VACV anti-apoptotic proteins during infection and that whilst all of these proteins have some anti-apoptotic activity, B13 is most potent.

Les Flavivirus neuropathogènes, tels que le virus de l’encéphalite japonaise (JEV), le virus West Nile (WNV), le virus de la fièvre jaune (YFV) et le virus Zika (ZIKV) causent des maladies neurologiques. Ces maladies sont dues à une infection des cellules du système nerveux central (CNS) par ces virus. Le CNS est un organe privilégié, isolé des agents pathogènes par une barrière entre le sang et le cerveau, appelée barrière hémato-encéphalique (BBB). Les Flavivirus neuropathogènes capables de traverser cette BBB afin d’atteindre leurs cellules cibles, localisées dans le CNS, sont neuroinvasifs. Le but de cette étude est de comprendre les mécanismes cellulaires permettant aux Flavivirus de traverser la BBB et les effets de l’infection par les virus ZIKV et WNV des cellules du CNS sur le développement de celles-ci.Le YFV est un virus hépatotrope, infectant majoritairement le foie et les reins. Deux vaccins vivants atténués dirigés contre le YFV, le vaccin FNV (pour French Neurotropic Virus) et le vaccin 17D, ont été obtenus empiriquement par passages successifs de souches virulentes de YFV sur cerveaux de souriceaux. Ces vaccins ne causent plus de maladies touchant les reins et le foie, mais peuvent parfois causer des encéphalites post-vaccinales. Ces cas d’encéphalites démontrent que ces souches vaccinales sont devenues neurovirulentes mais aussi neuroinvasives car les virus ont pu franchir la BBB. A cause d’une incidence trop élevée d’encéphalites post-vaccinales par rapport au vaccin 17D, le vaccin FNV a été retiré du marché dans les années 1980.Le JEV est un virus neurotrope, causant des encéphalites graves en Asie du Sud-Est. A ce jour, il existe un vaccin vivant atténué, le JEV SA14-14-2, obtenu empiriquement par passages successifs d’une souche virulente sur cellules de hamster. Ce vaccin est moins neurovirulent et moins neuroinvasif que les souches virulentes de JEV en modèle de souris, et protège contre des infections humaines par le JEV. Cependant, des cas d’encéphalites ont été rapportés après injection de ce vaccin. Il apparait donc que, dans certains cas, la souche vaccinale JEV SA14-14-2 est capable de traverser la BBB et d’infecter les cellules neuronales. Les dernières épidémies à virus ZIKV en Polynésie Française et en Amérique du Sud ont induit une augmentation de cas de malformations congénitales dans les zones touchées. Cela a soulevé de nouvelles questions quant à la capacité d’un Flavivirus à provoquer des malformations congénitales du CNS. Dans cette étude, nous avons identifié les mécanismes cellulaires permettant aux Flavivirus de traverser la BBB et les effets de l’infection par les virus ZIKV et WNV des cellules du CNS sur le développement de celles-ci.Nous avons utilisé deux systèmes in vitro permettant d’étudier le développement du CNS et la neuroinvasion des Flavivirus. Un premier système consiste en l’infection de coupes de cerveaux d’embryon de souris. En utilisant ce système, nous avons montré que le ZIKV a un tropisme préférentiel pour les cellules progénitrices de neurones, alors que le WNV a un tropisme préférentiel pour les neurones. Nous avons également montré que l’infection des progéniteurs neuronaux par le ZIKV induit un arrêt de la mitose cellulaire, alors que l’infection par le WNV n’a aucun effet sur la mitose. L’étude sur l’effet apoptotique de l’infection par les deux virus WNV et ZIKV n’a montré aucune différence entre les deux virus à des temps précoces d’infection.Un deuxième système a été mis au point pour l’étude de la neuroinvasion par les Flavivirus neuropathogènes. Ce système est composé de cellules endothéliales hCMEC/D3 pouvant former des jonctions serrées. Ces cellules ont été cultivées sur filtres d’insert de puits de culture cellulaire Transwell, placés au-dessus de cellules neuronales humaines. A l’aide de ce système, nous avons comparé la capacité à traverser la BBB de plusieurs Flavivirus. / Neuropathogenic Flaviviruses, such as Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), West Nile virus (WNV), yellow fever virus (YFV) and Zika virus (ZIKV), cause neurological diseases. These diseases are due to viral infection of central nervous system (CNS) cells. The CNS is a privileged organ, isolated from pathogenic agents by a barrier between the blood and the barrier, called the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Neuropathogenic Flaviviruses which can cross this BBB in order to reach their target cells in the CNS, are neuroinvasive. This study aims at understanding the cellular mechanisms by which YFV and JEV Flaviviruses cross the BBB and the effects of viral infection by WNV and ZIKV of the CNS cells during neocortex development.YFV is a hepatrotopic virus, which mostly infects the liver and the kidneys. The two live-attenuated vaccines against YFV, the FNV (for French Neurotropic Virus) vaccine and the 17D vaccine, were obtained empirically by several passages in suckling mouse brain of YFV virulent strains. These vaccines do not cause any disease targeting the liver or the kidneys, but can sometimes cause post-vaccine encephalitis. These encephalitis cases suggest that the vaccine strains have become neurovirulent and neuroinvasive. Due to high risks of post-vaccine encephalitis, the FNV vaccine use was discontinued in the 1980s.JEV is a neurotropic virus, causing acute encephalitis in South East Asia. To date, there is a live-attenuated vaccine against JEV, the JEV SA14-14-2 vaccine, which was obtained empirically by several passages in primary hamster kidney cells. This vaccine is less neurovirulent and less neuroinvasive than JEV virulent strains in mouse model, and it protects against JEV infections. However, some cases of post-vaccine encephalitis were reported. It thus seems that, in some cases, the vaccine strain JEV SA14-14-2 is able to cross the BBB and infect neuronal cells.The recent ZIKV epidemics in French Polynesia and South America were linked to an increase in the number of congenital malformations, rising questions regarding the capacity of a Flavivirus to induce CNS congenital malformations.In this study, we have identified cellular mechanisms involved in Flavivirus neuroinvasion and studied the effect of ZIKV and WNV infection of neuronal cells under development.To study CNS development, we have infected mouse embryos brain slices. We were able to show that ZIKV has a preferential tropism for neuronal progenitors, whereas WNV has a preferential tropism for neuronal cells. We also show that infection of neuronal progenitors by ZIKV impairs the cell life cycle, whereas no effect on the cell life cycle was observed for WNV-infected cells. Studies on apoptosis induction did not show any difference between both viruses at early time points of infection.To study Flavivirus neuroinvasion, we have used an in vitro model of BBB composed of human endothelial hCMEC/D3 cells that can form tight junctions. These cells were cultivated on Transwell inserts and placed above human neuronal cells. Using this system, we show that YFV FNV cross the BBB more efficiently than YFV 17D, suggesting that YFV FNV is more neuroinvasive than YFV 17D. This observation can explain the higher post-vaccine encephalitis risks associated with YFV FNV vaccine compared to YFV 17D vaccine. We also confirmed that JEV SA14-14-2 vaccine strain is less neuroinvasive than JEV RP9.We also examined how JEV crosses the BBB and the endothelial cell response following JEV treatment. We show that both JEV RP9 and SA14-14-2 are able to cross the BBB without infecting its endothelial cells and without disrupting the BBB. Preliminary results suggest that JEV RP9, but not JEV SA14-14-2, crosses the BBB by dynamin-dependant transcytosis. Transcriptomic analysis of endothelial cells treated by either virus show slight, but significant, differences in regulation of genes implicated in several pathways associated with CNS diseases.