The main goal in seismic exploration is to identify locations of hydrocarbons reservoirs and give insights on where to drill new wells. Therefore, estimating an Earth model that represents the right physics of the Earth's subsurface is crucial in identifying these targets. Recent seismic data, with long offsets and wide azimuth features, are more sensitive to anisotropy. Accordingly, multiple anisotropic parameters need to be extracted from the recorded data on the surface to properly describe the model. I study the prospect of applying a scattering integral approach for multi-parameter inversion for a transversely isotropic model with a vertical axis of symmetry. I mainly analyze the sensitivity kernels to understand the sensitivity of seismic data to anisotropy parameters. Then, I use a frequency domain scattering integral approach to invert for the optimal parameterization. The scattering integral approach is based on the explicit computation of the sensitivity kernels. I present a new method to compute the traveltime sensitivity kernels for wave equation tomography using the unwrapped phase. I show that the new kernels are a better alternative to conventional cross-correlation/Rytov kernels. I also derive and analyze the sensitivity kernels for a transversely isotropic model with a vertical axis of symmetry. The kernels structure, for various opening/scattering angles, highlights the trade-off regions between the parameters. For a surface recorded data, I show that the normal move-out velocity vn, ƞ and δ parameterization is suitable for a simultaneous inversion of diving waves and reflections. Moreover, when seismic data is inverted hierarchically, the horizontal velocity vh, ƞ and ϵ is the parameterization with the least trade-off. In the frequency domain, the hierarchical inversion approach is naturally implemented using frequency continuation, which makes vh, ƞ and ϵ parameterization attractive. I formulate the multi-parameter inversion using the scattering integral method. Application to various synthetic and real data examples show accurate inversion results. I show that a good background ƞ model is required to accurately recover vh. For 3-D problems, I promote a hybrid approach, where efficient ray tracing is used to compute the sensitivity kernels. The proposed method highly reduces the computational cost.

Det övergripande syftet med den här uppsatsen var att undersöka vad som påverkar unga mopedförares intentioner till att köra alkoholpåverkade.  Ytterligare ett syfte var att belysa de generella attityder till alkohol- och trafikrelaterade frågor som finns bland svenska ungdomar. Samtliga resultat och analyser baserades på en enkätundersökning utförd av Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut (VTI). Enkäten vände sig till gymnasieelever och i analyserna behandlades svar från 1 933 elever i åldersintervallet 15 – 21 år. De statistiska analyserna innefattade χ2-test samt en ordinal logistisk regressionsmodell. Resultaten visade att ungdomarna generellt såg det som oacceptabelt att köra moped med alkohol i blodet. Dock trodde de inte i riktigt lika hög utsträckning att bästa kompisen såg det som oacceptabelt. Det som visade sig ha störst påverkan på ungdomarnas intentioner till att köra mopedonyktra var hur troligt de ansåg det vara att bästa kompisen skulle köra i samma situation. Resultaten visade även att personer som tidigare kört påverkade besitter en klart högre intention att åter köra mopedonyktra. / The overall objective of this report was to examine what affect young moped driver’s intentions to drive after drinking alcohol. A further aim was to illustrate Swedish adolescent’s attitudes towards alcohol and traffic in general. All results and analysis are based on a survey created by Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI). The survey was addressed to high school students and the analysis consisted of answers from 1 933 students in the age of 15 - 21 years. The statistical analysis included χ2-tests as well as an ordinal logistic regression model. The results showed that adolescents in general thought it was an unacceptable behavior to drink and drive. However, the extent of expected acceptance level was higher when assessing their friend’s opinion. What proved to be most essential for the adolescent’s intentions was how likely they considered it to be that their best friends would drive in the same situation. The results also showed that a person with earlier experience of driving a moped with influence of alcohol or drugs has a clearly higher intention to drink and drive again.

<p>Electrooculogram (EOG) data was used to develop, adjust and validate a method for drowsiness detection in drivers. The drowsiness detection was based on changes in blink behaviour and classification was made on a four graded scale. The purpose was to detect early signs of drowsiness in order to warn a driver. MATLAB was used for implementation. For adjustment and validatation, two different reference measures were used; driver reported ratings of drowsiness and an electroencephalogram (EEG) based scoring scale. A correspondence of 70 % was obtained between the program and the self ratings and 56 % between the program and the EEG based scoring scale. The results show a possibility to detect drowsiness by analyzing blink behaviour changes, but that inter-individual differences need to be considered. It is also difficult to find a comparable reference measure. The comparability of the blink based scale and the EEG based scale needs further investigation.</p>

Electrooculogram (EOG) data was used to develop, adjust and validate a method for drowsiness detection in drivers. The drowsiness detection was based on changes in blink behaviour and classification was made on a four graded scale. The purpose was to detect early signs of drowsiness in order to warn a driver. MATLAB was used for implementation. For adjustment and validatation, two different reference measures were used; driver reported ratings of drowsiness and an electroencephalogram (EEG) based scoring scale. A correspondence of 70 % was obtained between the program and the self ratings and 56 % between the program and the EEG based scoring scale. The results show a possibility to detect drowsiness by analyzing blink behaviour changes, but that inter-individual differences need to be considered. It is also difficult to find a comparable reference measure. The comparability of the blink based scale and the EEG based scale needs further investigation.

The Marcellus Shale is an important resource play prevalent in several states in the eastern United States. The productive zone of the Marcellus Shale has variations in rock properties such as clay content, kerogen content and pore aspect ratio, and these variations may strongly effect elastic anisotropy. The objective of this study is to characterize surface seismic sensitivity for variations in anisotropic parameters relating to kerogen content and aspect ratio of kerogen saturated pores. The recognized sensitivity may aid to characterize these reservoir from surface seismic observations for exploration and production of hydrocarbon. In this study, I performed VTI anisotropic modeling based on geophysical wireline log data from Harrison County, WV. The wireline log data includes spectral gamma, density, resistivity, neutron porosity, monopole and dipole sonic logs. Borehole log data were analyzed to characterize the Marcellus Shale interval, and quantify petrophysical properties such as clay content, kerogen content and porosity. A rock physics model was employed to build link between petrophysical properties and elastic constants. The rock physics model utilized differential effective medium (DEM) theory, bounds and mixing laws and fluid substitution equations in a model scheme to compute elastic constants for known variations in matrix composition, kerogen content and pore shape distribution. The seismic simulations were conducted applying a vertical impulse source and three component receivers. The anisotropic effect to angular amplitude variations for PP, PS and SS reflections were found to be dominantly controlled by the Thomsen Ɛ parameter, characterizing seismic velocity variations with propagation direction. These anisotropic effect to PP data can be seen at large offset (>15o incidence angle). The most sensitive portion of PS reflections was observed at mid offset (15o-30o). I also analyzed seismic sensitivity for variations in kerogen content and aspect ratio of structural kerogen. Elastic constants were computed for 5%, 10%, 20% and 30% kerogen content from rock physics model and provided to the seismic model. For both kerogen content and aspect ratio model, PP amplitudes varies significantly at zero to near offset while PS amplitude varied at mid offsets (12 to 30 degree angle of incidences). / text

Under det senaste decenniet har det i Sverige blivit allt populärare att åka motorcykel. Enobligatorisk riskutbildning för behörighet A och A1 infördes från och med den 1 november2009. Då riskutbildningen är ny har få utvärderingar gjorts.Denna studie utvärderar riskutbildningen för motorcyklister utifrån trafikskolläraresperspektiv. Målet har varit att sammanställa synpunkter och erfarenheter från lärarna påutbildningen. Ett ytterligare mål har varit att undersöka trafikskollärarnas upplevda effekter avutbildningen på elevers trafikbeteende. Sex semistrukturerade intervjuer med trafikskolläraresamt en observationsstudie på olika trafikskolor genomfördes. Utöver detta genomfördesdeltagande observation av en fortbildning där 15 trafikskollärare deltog. Resultatet frånstudien visar att lärarna anser att behovet av riskutbildningen är stort och attimplementationen av den nya riskutbildningen gått bra. Förutom att elever efter utbildningenrefererar till den, vilket enligt lärarna indikerar att de tagit till sig vad som sagts, märks det nui större utsträckning än tidigare att elever kör lugnare och tänker sig mer för i vissasituationer. Detta påtalades vara ett klart önskvärt resultat.

Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut (VTI) utför tillämpad forsknings- och utveck-lingsverksamhet inom samtliga transportslag. Inom VTI genomförs ett antal olika projekt inom en stor variation av områden. Det kan handla om t.ex. människors beteende i trafiken, en körbanas hållbarhet eller, som denna rapport handlar om, trafikflödet över en viss geografisk punkt under ett förutbestämt tidsspann.Detta gör att en stor varierad mängd data produceras inom de olika avdelningarna då VTI har ca 35 olika testsystem och instrument som producerar mycket varierad data. Data kan be-stå av allt från relativt enkla heltalsserier till stora komplexa matriser. För att försvåra det hela så kan flera av de olika systemen och instrumenten producera flera olika sorters resultat bero-ende på vilken typ av studie som genomförs.Denna rapport beskriver arbetet att undersöka metadatasystemet ICAT som system. Rap-porten beskriver även arbetet med att skapa en prototyp, som en del av den förstudie som av-gör om VTI skall fortsätta arbetet med ICAT.Prototypen gör resultatdata från instrumentet Trafikanalysator 89(TA89) tillgänglig genom ICAT. Prototypen består av en webbportal, som är tillgänglig från samtliga datorer inom det lokala nätverket, med en underliggande databas för lagring av olika data relaterad till de olika studier som utförts. När studien är genomförd och resultatet förs in i prototypen, överförs me-tadata från prototypen till ICAT. Genom metadata kan andra forskare söka på resultatet, häm-ta insamlad forskningsdata och använda den i sin egen forskning. ICAT ger även forskare en överblick över de olika projekt och studier som vederbörande är eller har varit involverad i.