Abstract Nowadays, the locus of innovations is in research and development (R&D) networks formed by companies, research agencies, universities, and governmental agencies. Innovation is seen as a source of success of corporations, nations and communities, and therefore there is a long tradition for R&D research and innovation research. Networking is the answer for the changed environment caused by globalisation, fragmentation of the knowledge base and specification of the research into several fields that cause increased financial resource and capability demand for the actors developing new offerings. Collaboration in R&D networks is necessary because resources, expertise, and capabilities are not possessed and capable of being managed by single actors. R&D networks may emerge from among willing actors or intentionally by active actors or based on existing social or strategic relationships of actors. This study focuses on intentional R&D nets and managing in these R&D nets. This study describes and understands, firstly how managing in net is conducted during R&D net formation and collaboration, secondly what benefits are achieved, and thirdly what challenges are noted in relation to managing in R&D nets. Managing in R&D nets is seen to consist of managerial processes and roles for managing. Managing in R&D nets is studied in two phases, firstly empirically in four (4) peer-reviewed papers. The papers stem from a single longitudinal case study of managing in an R&D net. The case study includes both a historical and a follow-up time perspective. Secondly, as the studies have been published between 2005 and 2008, their results needed to be compared to more novel and contemporary findings to show the contribution. Hence, in the second phase, a systematic literature review covering studies on R&D and innovation network management published between 2004–14 is conducted. Thereafter and based on the comparison to contemporary research, the findings of this study that are supported, contradicted and/or still novel are discussed. The novel findings of this study are the following. Firstly, this study extends the time frame of managing in R&D nets. Secondly, it proposes a process model for understanding R&D net formation and collaboration, based on overlapping, simultaneous and iterative activities in R&D net. Thirdly, as a novel finding, this study creates a conceptual framework for depicting and typologising roles for managing in R&D nets. Finally, this study extends the understanding of benefits and challenges of managing in R&D nets. This study provides recommendations both for managers as well as for research of managing in R&D nets. / Tiivistelmä Innovaatiot syntyvät yritysten, yliopistojen, tutkimuslaitosten ja julkisten toimijoiden verkostoissa. Innovaatiot ovat yritysten, yhteisöjen ja kansojen menestyksen lähde, joten niiden tutkimuksella on pitkät perinteet. Verkostomaisella tuotekehitystoiminnalla uusien innovaatioiden: tuotteiden ja palveluiden kehittäjät vastaavat markkinoiden globalisaation, tutkimuksen erikoistumisen ja tiedon fragmentoitumisen aiheuttamaan tiedollisten ja taloudellisten resurssien vaatimusten kasvuun. Yhteistyö tutkimus- ja kehitysverkostoissa (T&K) on välttämätöntä, koska tarvittavat resurssit, osaaminen ja kyvykkyydet eivät ole yksittäisten toimijoiden hallussa tai hallittavissa. T&K-verkot voivat olla toimijoiden tarkoituksellisesti kokoamia, muodistua vapaasti toimijoiden havaitessa yhteiset intressit tai muodostua aikaisemmista verkostossa toimineiden toimijoiden sulautuessa tutkimaan ja kehittämään yhdessä. Tämä tutkimus keskittyy tarkoituksellisesti koottujen T&K-verkkojen tutkimus- ja kehitysverkkojen johtamiseen. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena on kuvata, ymmärtää ja käsitteellistää: ensiksi, miten tutkimus- ja kehitysverkoissa johdetaan verkon muodostumisen ja varsinaisen tutkimus- ja kehitystoiminnan aikana, toiseksi mitä etuja tutkimus- ja kehitysverkon johtamisella on verkon toimijoille ja kolmanneksi, mitä haasteita tutkimus- ja kehitysverkon johtamisessa on ja kolmanneksi, T&K-verkkojen johtaminen kattaa tässä tutkimuksessa johtamisen prosessit ja johtamisen rooli. T&K-verkkojen johtamista tutkitaan kahdessa vaiheessa, ensiksi empiirisesti neljän (4) vertaisarvioidun tutkimuspaperin avulla. Tutkimuspaperit perustuvat yhden tapauksen pitkittäistutkimukseen T&K-verkoissa johtamisesta. Tapaustutkimuksessa tarkastellaan tapausta seuranta- ja historiatutkimuksen aikaperspektiivistä. Toiseksi, koska tutkimuspaperien julkaiseminen on ajoittunut vuosille 2005-2008, tulee niiden tuloksista johdettava kontribuutio verrata uudemman aikalaiskirjallisuuden kanssa. Tästä johtuen tutkimuksen toisessa vaiheessa on toteutettu järjestelmällinen kirjallisuuskatsaus vuosien 2004–2014 verkostojen johtamisen kirjallisuudesta. Sen jälkeen ja systemaattisen kirjallisuuskatsauksen vertailuun perustuen, keskustellaan tämän tutkimuksen tuloksista, jotka tukevat, kiistävät ja/tai esittävät yhä uusia tutkimustuloksia. Uusina tuloksia tämä tutkimus esittää T&K-verkkojen muodostumisen ja tuotekehitysyhteistyön johtamisen prosessin tarkastelujakson muutoksia. Toiseksi tutkimus esittää mallin T&K-verkkojen muodostumisen ja tuotekehitysyhteistyön aikaisen johtamisen mallin. Kolmanneksi tutkimus esittää T&K-verkkojen johtamisen roolien tyypittely ja analysointimallin. Lopuksi tutkimus esittää tutkimuksessa havaittuja T&K-verkkojen johtamisen etuja ja haittoja. Tämä tutkimus antaa suosituksia liikkeenjohtajille sekä tulevalle T&K-verkoissa tapahtuvan johtamisen tutkimukselle.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:51:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 166828.pdf.jpg: 17567 bytes, checksum: 7f485b2b4a237445785df07a12d78eb2 (MD5) 166828.pdf: 2474499 bytes, checksum: 8999bcfc7299e8dac91739086d479cac (MD5) 166828.pdf.txt: 623182 bytes, checksum: 75056435703cc0e613ed5c6febfcd68e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-23T00:00:00Z / Nesta dissertação é apresentado o atual estágio da Indústria de Entretenimento Móvel no Brasil, com base numa análise do setor de telefonia celular e da sua interação com a indústria do entretenimento. Para isso, discutem-se as principais características e dificuldades encontradas, por esses dois setores, na tentativa de implementação e gerenciamento de um modelo de negócios adequado à Indústria de Entretenimento Móvel. Realizou-se uma pesquisa exploratória, qualitativa, na qual foram efetuadas entrevistas com representantes da telefonia móvel e fornecedores de conteúdo de entretenimento no Brasil. Também foram analisados documentos secundários, tais como dados dos dois setores investigados disponíveis em websites e reportagens em revistas de negócios. Observou-se que, devido a uma relativa saturação do mercado de voz, o setor de telefonia celular, no Brasil, vem tentando ampliar suas receitas, direcionando-se para produtos da indústria do entretenimento. Essa junção vem resultando em um tipo novo de indústria. O avanço tecnológico foi determinante para essa interação através da evolução dos telefones celulares, que incorporaram novos recursos multimídia transformando-se numa nova mídia, com o surgimento do protocolo de Internet (TCP/IP). Com a tecnologia disponível, as duas indústrias começaram a ter interesses recíprocos: a indústria de telefonia móvel buscando oferecer novos serviços a seus usuários, visando o aumento do ARPU (Average Revenue per User); e a indústria de entretenimento buscando uma nova mídia para vender seus produtos, principalmente jogos, músicas e vídeos digitais. Entretanto, essas indústrias se posicionaram em bases diferentes, apesar de serem indústrias de serviços: a indústria de telefonia móvel, no Brasil, tem sua base na venda de mercadorias comoditizadas, tanto com minutos de voz quanto pela troca de dados; já a indústria do entretenimento tem o valor imaterial e intangível muito forte na composição do preço de troca de seus produtos. As diferentes formas de fazer negócios dessas duas indústrias têm gerado dificuldades na solidificação do que se convencionou chamar, no ambiente mercadológico, por “modelo de negócios”. 9 O desenvolvimento de modelos de negócios que responda às necessidades das duas indústrias é, segundo os entrevistados, o principal obstáculo para o aproveitamento do potencial da Indústria de Entretenimento Móvel. Essas diferenças constituem-se no principal argumento, deste autor para considerar a Indústria de Entretenimento Móvel separada de suas indústrias formadoras, criando uma 'nova indústria'. / In this dissertation it’s presented the current stage of the Mobile Entertainment Industry in Brazil, based on an analysis of Mobile Phone Industry and its interaction with Entertainment Industry. Thereto, it’s discussed main characteristics and difficulties found, by these two industries, trying to implement and manage a feasible business model for MEI. It’s been carried out an exploratory qualitative research when Brazilian mobile phone and entertainment content providers representatives were interviewed. Secondary documents were also analyzed – as data for the two investigated industries available in websites and business magazines articles. It was observed that, due to relative voice market saturation, the Mobile Phone Industry, in Brazil, is trying to increase its revenue, focusing on Entertainment Industry products. This merge is resulting in a new type of industry. Technology development was crucial for this interaction with technology evolution of mobile phones, incorporating multimedia features, turning itself into a new media, with the emergence of the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). With the available technology, the two industries began to show mutual interest: the Mobile Phone Industry searching for new services to its users, looking for ARPU (Average Revenue per User) enhancements; and Entertainment Industry in quest of a new media to sell its products, specially games, digital music and videos. However, these two industries has positioned themselves into different bases, despite of been service industries: Mobile Phone Industry in Brazil, has based its revenue in the merchandise of commodities, as voice minutes or data exchange; yet, the Entertainment Industry has immaterial and intangible value strongly influencing the price of their products. However, different ways of doing business of these two industries are causing difficulties in the solidification of what is uselly called, in the business environment, “business model”. The development of business models that respond to the needs of the two forming industries are, according to the interviews, the main obstacle for the full potential employment of the Mobile Entertainment Industry. These differences comprise the main argument, of this author, to consider Mobile Entertainment Industry separated from its constitutive industries, generating it a ‘new industry’.

Currently, more than half of all Swedish single-family houses have an installed heat pump and more heat is supplied by heat pumps in Sweden than in any other nation. Despite the enormous impact of heat pumps on the Swedish energy system, the transition towards their use has gone relatively unnoticed. Hence the title of this thesis, ‘A silent revolution’. This thesis provides an in-depth study of the Swedish transition towards heat pumps and how Swedish industries contributed to it. It approaches the topic from the perspective of value networks and ‘coopetition’, combined with the concept of complementarities. This approach has been inspired by the work of Verna Allee (2009) and Erik Dahmén (1991). In this thesis, value networks are networks of actors surrounding a specific business model, coopetition is used to describe the relationships between actors (as both competitive and cooperative), and the concept of complementarities is used to analyze the dynamics between synergistic elements and value networks in Sweden’s heat pump sector and energy system. Based on this approach, the thesis explains how a durable web of relations and interdependencies between complementarities has developed within the heat pump sector and the energy system in Sweden, and between the two, during the country’s transition to widespread use of heat pumps. Interest in heat pumps arose in Sweden and other parts of Europe during the 1970s. The Swedish energy system had been caught between international oil crises and national political mobilisation against nuclear power expansion. In this period of negative transformation pressure, the heat pump appeared as a promising alternative that could mitigate the use of oil and electricity for heating. In the 1970s, an early Swedish heat pump industry formed together with a growing heat pump market. A large number of diverse actors became involved in the Swedish heat pump sector, and the intense coopetition dynamics relating to heat pumps following the 1970s oil crisis contributed to durable connections between complementarities during the early stages of the transition. The 1980s saw a rapid expansion of large heat pumps in Swedish district heating facilities. In the mid-1980s, however, oil prices dropped back to their previous low levels. This change, combined with other factors, such as lifted subsidies and higher interest rates, created a crisis for Swedish heat pump industry. The industry underwent a 10-year period of low sales of small heat pumps and the market for large heat pumps died out and never returned. Nevertheless, several connections between heat pump–related complementarities remained in Sweden after the mid-1980s. In conjunction with value network reconfigurations, changes in company ownerships and governmental industry support, these complementarities helped the Swedish heat pump sector to maintain both production and service capacity. Due to developments that took place largely outside the heat pump manufacturing sector, by the mid-1990s it became possible for the struggling Swedish industry to offer more reliable and standardised heat pumps to the Swedish home heating market. During the years after 1995, the Swedish heat pump market grew to become the biggest in Europe. The industry’s early development and growth gave Swedish companies a comparative advantage over its European competitors, with the result that the manufacturing of heat pumps remained concentrated to Swedish-based manufacturing facilities even after the Swedish heat pump industry became internationalised after 2005. As of 2015, Sweden had the greatest amount of heat production from heat pumps per capita of any European nation, and many heat pump markets in other European countries are 10 to 20 years behind the Swedish market in development. This thesis shows how the Swedish heat pump industry has co-evolved with the market and how developments in the industry contributed towards causing the transition to heat pumps to occur so early in Sweden relative to other European markets. It also shows that coopetition dynamics in a socio-technical transition change with the emergence and characteristics of structural tensions between complementarities, which has implications for the strategic management of external relations and partnerships during socio-technical transitions. It further argues that the combination of the value network, coopetition, and complementarity concepts can be conceptualised for descriptive and exploratory studies on the role of firms and industries in socio-technical transitions, thereby offering a complement to existing dominant frameworks in the area of transition studies. / För närvarande har mer än hälften av alla svenska husägare en installerad värmepump. Värmepumpar levererar mer värme per capita i Sverige än i något annat land. Men trots värmepumparnas stora genomslag i det svenska energisystemet har övergången från olja och el till värmepumpar gått relativt obemärkt förbi. Därav titeln på denna avhandling, ”en tyst revolution”. Denna avhandling ger en djupgående beskrivning av den svenska övergången från olja och el till värmepumpar och av hur den svenska industrin bidragit till utvecklingen inom det svenska värmepumps- området. Forskningsansatsen i denna avhandling bygger på ett värdenätverks- och ’coopetition’-perspektiv i kombination med användningen av det dynamiska analytiska begreppet komplementaritet. Denna ansats är inspirerad av Verna Allees (2009) och Erik Dahméns (1991) arbeten. Begreppet värdenätverk används i denna avhandling för att beskriva det nätverk av aktörer som omger en specifik affärsmodell, begreppet ’coopetition’ används för att beskriva relationerna mellan aktörer (som både konkurrerande och samarbetande) och begreppet komplementaritet används för att analysera dynamiken mellan synergistiska delar och värdenätverk i den svenska värmepumpsektorn och det svenska energisystemet. Genom detta tillvägagångssätt beskrivs hur ett hållbart nät av relationer och ömsesidiga beroenden mellan komplementariteter har utvecklats, dels inom själva värmepumps- sektorn, dels mellan värmepumpssektorn och energisystemet i Sverige, under den svenska övergången mot ökad användning av värmepumpar. Intresset för värmepumpar steg i både Europa och Sverige under 1970- talet. Det svenska energisystemet var under tryck från både internationella oljekriser och nationell politisk mobilisering mot svensk kärnkrafts-utbyggnad. Under denna period när det svenska energisystemet var under negativt omvandlingstryck framstod värmepumpen som ett lovande alternativ som skulle kunna minska användningen av både olja och el för uppvärmning i Sverige. På 1970- talet bildades en svensk värmepumpindustri i samband med en växande värmepumpsmarknad. Ett stort antal aktörer av olika typer engagerade sig i den växande svenska värmepumpsektorn under denna period. Den intensiva samarbetsdynamiken kring värmepumpar som följde oljekrisen från 1970-talet bidrog till bildandet av varaktiga kopplingar mellan komplementariteter under denna tidiga fas i värmepumpsövergången. Under tidigt 1980-tal steg den relativa försäljningen av villavärmepumpar kraftigt och under mitten av 1980- talet skedde en ännu kraftigare utveckling av stora värmepumpar i svenska fjärrvärmeanläggningar. Men i mitten av 1980-talet sjönk oljepriset tillbaka till sina tidigare låga nivåer. I kombination med andra faktorer, så som slopade subventioner och höjd ränta, uppstod en kris för värmepumpar i Sverige. Den följande 10-års perioden karakteriserades av låg försäljning av små värmepumpar. Marknaden för stora värmepumpar försvann helt och skulle aldrig återkomma. Men flera kopplingar mellan värmepumpsrelaterade komplementarier kvarstod i Sverige även efter mitten av 1980-talet. I kombination med värdenätverkskonfigurationer, förändringar i företagsägande och statligt stöd till industrin, bidrog dessa hållbara kopplingar mellan komplementarier till att upprätthålla både produktion och servicefunktioner inom den svenska värmepumpsektorn. På grund av den tekniska utvecklingen, som i stor utsträckning skedde utanför tillverkningssektorn, blev det i mitten av 1990-talet möjligt för den kämpande svenska värmepumpsindustrin att erbjuda mer pålitliga och standardiserade villavärmepumpar till den svenska hemmamarknaden. Under åren efter 1995 växte den svenska värmepumpmarknaden till att bli den största i Europa. Den svenska marknadens och industrins utveckling och tillväxt gav svenska företag en relativ fördel gentemot sina eftersläntrande europeiska konkurrenter, med följden att tillverkningen av värmepumpar förblev koncentrerad till svenska anläggningar även efter det att en stor del av svensk värmepumpsindustri blivit uppköpt av utländska företag efter 2005. År 2015 var Sverige fortfarande det land med mest värme från värmepumpar per capita i Europa och den svenska utvecklingen var 10- 20 år före andra europeiska värmepumpmarknader. Denna avhandling beskriver samutvecklingen mellan den svenska värmepumpssektorn och det svenska energisystemet och hur den industriella utvecklingen bidragit till att den svenska övergången till värmepumpar var relativt tidig i jämförelse med andra europeiska marknader. Avhandlingen visar också att aktörsdynamiken i en socio- teknisk övergång förändras med uppkomsten av strukturella spänningar mellan komplementariteter, vilket har betydelse för hur externa relationer och partnerskap hanteras av företag och organisationer som genomgår omfattande socio-tekniska övergångar. Vidare argumenteras för att begreppen värdenätverk, coopetition, och komplementariteter kan kombineras i ett konceptuellt ramverk för att beskriva och analysera företags och industriers roller i omfattande socio-tekniska övergångar och därigenom komplettera nuvarande dominerande konceptuella ramverk för studier av omfattande socio-tekniska övergångar. / <p>QC 20171023</p>

The thesis introduces a framework for analysing market monitoring and surveillance systems in order to provide a common foundation for researchers and practitioners to specify, design, implement, compare and evaluate such systems. The proposed framework serves as a reference map for researchers and practitioners to position their work in the context of market monitoring and surveillance, resulting in a useful instrument for the analysis, testing and management of such systems. More specifically, the thesis examines the new requirements for the operation of financial markets, the role of technologies, the recent consultations on the structure and governance of EU and US markets, as well as, future usage scenarios and emerging technologies. It examines the context in which market monitoring and market surveillance systems are currently been used. It reports on their processes, performance, and on the organisational and regulatory environments in which they exist. Furthermore, it develops a set of taxonomies which cover the majority of the concepts of market manipulation, market monitoring, market surveillance, entities, technologies and actors that are relevant for the work in this thesis. Building on the gaps and limitations of the current systems, it proposes a new framework following the Design Science methodology. The usefulness of the framework is evaluated through four critical case studies, which not only help to understand with practical exercises the way how markets monitoring and surveillance systems work, but also to investigate their weaknesses, potential evolution and ways to improve them. For each case study, the thesis develops a fully working prototype tested using a sample prosecution case and evaluated in terms of the appropriateness and suitability of the proposed framework. Finally, implications relating to policies, procedures and future market structures are discussed followed by suggestions for future research.