Orientador: Mônica Barbosa de Melo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T09:58:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cruz_PedroRodriguesSousada_M.pdf: 4934964 bytes, checksum: 906273ac9e66e4d8efa634ae942458bf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: As doenças falciformes são...Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: Sickle cell diseases are...Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic document / Mestrado / Genetica Animal e Evolução / Mestre em Genética e Biologia Molecular

La drépanocytose (SCD) et l’athérosclérose sont deux maladies très diffèrentes et distinctesqui partagent les même caractéristiques. La drépanocytose est une maladie autosomalerécessive appartenant à la classe des hémoglobinopathies causée par la mutation del’hémoglobine (Hb) A en HbS. En réponse à des stress physiques tels que l’hypoxie,l’acidose, la déshydratation ou l’hyperthermie, HbS devient plus vulnérable à lapolymérisation et favorise le processus de falciformation des globules rouges. La répétitiondes cycles de polymérisation et dépolymérisation de HbS altère la forme saine desérythrocytes et conduisent aux manifestations cliniques principales de la drépanocytose:anémie, épisodes vaso-occlusifs aigus et crises hémolytiques. Il est aujourd’hui largementadmis que le stress oxydatif et l’inflammation jouent un rôle majeur dans la pathogènèse et lesconséquences physiopathologiques de la drépanocytose. L’athérosclérose, quant à elle, estune maladie inflammatoire chronique qui se caractérise par l’accumulation de plaques àl’intérieur des parois vasculaires au niveau de l’endothélium. Le stress oxydatif et la mise enjeu de phénomènes inflamatoires sont impliqués dans l’oxydation des lipides de faible densité(LDL), étape essentielle dans la pathogenèse de cette maladie.D’autre part, l’activité physique est un mécanisme important de modulation bénéfique dustress oxydatif et de l'inflammation au travers de plusieurs voies d'adaptation : l’améliorationdes enzymes antioxydantes, de la vasodilatation et des cytokines anti-inflammatoires, et labaisse des contraintes de cisaillement. Nous avons donc cherché à déterminer dans ce travailde thèse comment le contrôle du stress oxydatif et de l’inflammation par l’activité physiquepourrait réduire les complications de ces 2 pathologies (SCD et athérosclérose). / Sickle cell disease (SCD) and atherosclerosis are two very different and distinct diseases thatshare similar underlying characteristics. Sickle cell disease is a hemoglobinopathycharacterized by a genetic mutation which causes the normal blood cells to become rigid andweak. The resulting pathophysiological effects, including sickling, vaso-occlusion, andadhesion, involve the production of oxidative stress and inflammation. Atherosclerosis is achronic inflammatory disease that is characterized by plaque buildup within the vessel walls.An initial step in the pathogenesis of this disease involves the oxidation of lipids, which notonly produces inflammation, but more oxidative stress as well. We sought to determine howthe control of oxidative stress and inflammation could ameliorate complications stemmingfrom the disease.Exercise training is an important mechanism for the beneficial modulation oxidative stressand inflammation through several adaptive pathways: antioxidants, shear stress, vasodilation,and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The purpose of this thesis was to determine if thesebeneficial effects of exercise training could improve oxidative stress and consequentlyinflammation in sickle cell trait (SCT) and atherosclerosis.

<p>The parasite <i>Echinococcus granulosus</i> causes hydatid disease, a major zoonosis. A fatty-acid-binding protein, EgFABP1, is important for the parasite, as it must acquire almost all its lipids from its environment or the host. The structure of EgFABP1 has been solved and refined to 1.6 Å resolution. The structure reveals that EgFABP1 has the 10-stranded β-barrel fold typical of the family of intracellular lipid-binding proteins. </p><p>Human semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO; EC 1.4.3.6), also known as vascular adhesion protein-1, is a copper-containing monoamine oxidase that occurs both as a membrane-bound protein and in a soluble form in plasma. SSAO has been implicated in glucose transport in adipocytes, the differentiation of adipose cells and the leukocyte extravasation process. Toxic reaction products have been suggested to cause some of the vascular complications associated with diabetes and SSAO is therefore of pharmaceutical interest.</p><p>The structure of a truncated, soluble form of human SSAO has been determined to 2.5 Å resolution. The structure reveals that a leucine residue located adjacent to the active site could function as a gate controlling its accessibility. An RGD motif is displayed on the surface where it could be involved in integrin binding and possibly play a role in the shedding of SSAO from the membrane. Carbohydrate moieties are observed at five out of six potential N-glycosylation sites. Carbohydrates attached to Asn 232 flank the active site entrance and might influence substrate specificity. The structure also reveals a vicinal disulfide bridge, which we hypothesise could act as a redox switch involved in the protein’s mechanism of action. The structure of a complex of SSAO and the irreversible inhibitor 2-hydrazinopyridine has been solved and refined to 2.9 Å resolution. Both structures together will aid efforts to identify natural substrates, provide valuable information for the design of specific inhibitors and direct further studies. </p>

The parasite Echinococcus granulosus causes hydatid disease, a major zoonosis. A fatty-acid-binding protein, EgFABP1, is important for the parasite, as it must acquire almost all its lipids from its environment or the host. The structure of EgFABP1 has been solved and refined to 1.6 Å resolution. The structure reveals that EgFABP1 has the 10-stranded β-barrel fold typical of the family of intracellular lipid-binding proteins. Human semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO; EC 1.4.3.6), also known as vascular adhesion protein-1, is a copper-containing monoamine oxidase that occurs both as a membrane-bound protein and in a soluble form in plasma. SSAO has been implicated in glucose transport in adipocytes, the differentiation of adipose cells and the leukocyte extravasation process. Toxic reaction products have been suggested to cause some of the vascular complications associated with diabetes and SSAO is therefore of pharmaceutical interest. The structure of a truncated, soluble form of human SSAO has been determined to 2.5 Å resolution. The structure reveals that a leucine residue located adjacent to the active site could function as a gate controlling its accessibility. An RGD motif is displayed on the surface where it could be involved in integrin binding and possibly play a role in the shedding of SSAO from the membrane. Carbohydrate moieties are observed at five out of six potential N-glycosylation sites. Carbohydrates attached to Asn 232 flank the active site entrance and might influence substrate specificity. The structure also reveals a vicinal disulfide bridge, which we hypothesise could act as a redox switch involved in the protein’s mechanism of action. The structure of a complex of SSAO and the irreversible inhibitor 2-hydrazinopyridine has been solved and refined to 2.9 Å resolution. Both structures together will aid efforts to identify natural substrates, provide valuable information for the design of specific inhibitors and direct further studies.

La drépanocytose est, sous sa forme grave, une pathologie très invalidante pour les personnes qui en sont porteuses. Elle est rythmée par la récurrence de crises vaso-occlusives (CVO) et autres symptomatiques qui en découlent (accident vasculaire cérébral, syndrome thoracique aigu, hypertension pulmonaire, etc.). En participant, chez des sujets sains et pathologiques, à la limitation de certains facteurs impliqués dans les CVO (inflammation, adhésion vasculaire, stress-oxydatif), l'entrainement physique régulier pourrait hypothétiquement être bénéfique au sujets drépanocytaires et participer à améliorer leurs qualités de vie. C'est l'hypothèse qui a été étudiée durant ce travail de thèse chez des sujets porteurs du trait drépanocytaire (PTD) puis sur un modèle de souris transgéniques drépanocytaires, les souris SAD. La première étude a permis de montrer que des sujets PTD entrainés présentaient, au repos et en réponse à un exercice incrémental maximal, des concentrations en molécules solubles d'adhérence vasculaire (sVCAM-1) inférieures à celles des sujets PTD sédentaires. Ces concentrations sont par ailleurs comparables à celles de sujets sains. Ce résultat allant dans le sens d'une limitation de l'activation endothéliale par l'entrainement chez les PTD, des études plus poussées ont été réalisées sur les souris SAD. Deux études de caractérisation ont été nécessaires pour mettre en place notre expérimentation sur les souris SAD. La première a permis de valider un protocole de 8 semaines en roue d'activité physique volontaire sur des souris saines C57Bl/6. La deuxième a permis de caractériser le déclenchement de la CVO chez des souris SAD à l'aide d'un protocole d'hypoxie/réoxygénation (H/R) du point de vue de l'inflammation, l'adhérence vasculaire et du stress-oxydatif. Ces deux études ont alors permis la mise en place du dernier protocole de cette thèse : l'entrainement par roue d'activité physique volontaire des souris SAD. Huit semaines d'activité physique ont induit, chez les souris SAD entrainées, une limitation des dysfonctionnements endothéliaux induit par le stress d'H/R et observé chez les souris SAD sédentaires. Cette thèse tend donc à montrer que l'activité physique régulière pourrait être bénéfique pour les souris SAD en limitant certains facteurs impliqués dans la CVO. D'autres études seront nécessaires sur d'autres modèles murins drépanocytaires plus sévères et dans un plus long terme chez l'Homme pour adapter ces conclusions au sujets drépanocytaires / Sickle cell disease is, in its severe form, a very disabling disease. lt is punctuated by recurrent vaso- occlusive crisis (VOC) which may induce other symptomatics (stroke, acute chest syndrome, pulmonary hypertension, etc ...). By participating, in healthy and pathological subjects, in the limitation of some factors involved in the VOC (inflammation, vascular adhesion, oxidative stress), habitual physical training could hypothetically be beneficial in subjects with sickle cell disease and participate in improving their quality of life. This hypothesis has been investigated during this thesis on sickle cell trait (SCT) carriers and on a transgenic sickle mice model, SAD mice. The first study showed that trained SCT carriers displayed, at rest as in response to an incremental and maximal exercise, lower plasma vascular cell adhesion molecules (sVCAM-1) compared to sedentary SCT carriers. Moreover, these concentrations were similar to that of healthy subject. These results confirm a possible limitation of endothelial activation in SCT carriers. This potential benefic effect has further been investigated in sickle SAD mice. Two characterization studies were necessary to establish our experiments on SAD mice: the first permitted to validate a 8 weeks voluntary wheel running (VWR) protocol on healthy C57Bl/6 mice while the second characterized the VOC induced by a hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) stress in SAD mice from the inflammation, vascular adhesion molecule and oxidative stress points of view. Thanks to these studies, a 8 weeks VWR protocol has been performed in SAD mice. Thus, physical activity permitted to reduce in VWR SAD mice the endothelial dysfunction induced by the H/R stress and observed in sedentary SAD mice. This thesis shows that habitual physical activity may be beneficial in sickle SAD mice in limiting some factors involved in VOC. Further studies will be necessary, on more severe sickle mice models and in a longer term in Humans, to adapt these findings to SCD subjects