Der Plötzliche Herztod ist eine der häufigsten Todesursachen in Europa, in den USA sogar die häufigste Ursache aller natürlichen Todesfälle. Ziel der experimentellen und klinischen Forschung ist das Erkennen und Verhindern ("Prediction and Prevention") der malignen Herzrhythmusstörungen. Schwerpunkt der wissenschaftlichen Arbeit bilden die experimentellen Untersuchungen hinsichtlich der Mechanismen von Herzrhythmusstörungen. Durch die Entwicklung neuartiger Mappingsysteme konnte erstmalig gezeigt werden, dass im Tiermodell Kammerflimmern initial fokal und geordnet entsteht. Die bisherigen Untersuchungen und Daten erweitern unser Wissen zur kardialen Defibrillation und zum Entstehen von malignen Herzrhythmusstörungen, stellen aber nur einen Baustein im Gesamtverständnis des Plötzlichen Herztodes dar. Weitere begonnene oder geplante Projekte beschäftigen sich mit Herzrhythmusstörungen bei Vorliegen einer Kardiomyopathie und akuter Ischämie, sowohl im Tiermodell als auch beim Patienten. Neuartige Mappingtechnologien und Tiermodelle können helfen, die Mechanismen zu verstehen, die Therapie von Herzrhythmusstörungen zu verbessern und Therapieverfahren weiterzuentwickeln. / Sudden cardiac death is one of the leading causes of death in Europe, and the leading cause of all natural deaths in the USA. The primary aim of experimental and clinical research is the "prediction and prevention" of lethal ventricular arrhythmias. The focus of this thesis is on animal studies investigating the mechanisms of arrhythmias. Using a novel multichannel electrical cardiac mapping technique we were able to demonstrate that whatever generates fibrillation activations it locates at a small region in the LV apex. This research will widen our understanding of defibrillation and causes of lethal ventricular arrhythmias, but is still only a piece of the puzzle called sudden cardiac death. New initiated or planed project are focusing on arrhythmias in patients and animals with heart failure or acute ischemia. Novel mapping techniques and animal models might further widen our understanding of the mechanisms and might help to develop and improve therapeutic options.

Objectives: Contemporary data are lacking with respect to the incidence rates of, factors associated with, and impact of cardiac arrest from ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia (VF-CA) on hospital survival in patients admitted with an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The objectives of this multinational study were to characterize trends in the magnitude of in-hospital VF-CA complicating an ACS and describe its impact over time on hospital prognosis. Methods: The study population consisted of 59,161 patients enrolled in the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events Study between 2000 and 2007. Overall, 3,618 patients (6.2%) developed VF-CA during their hospitalization for an ACS. Incidence rates of VF-CA declined over time, albeit in an inconsistent manner. Patients who experienced VF-CA were on average older and had a greater burden of cardiovascular disease, yet were less likely to receive evidence-based cardiac therapies than patients in whom VF-CA did not occur. Hospital death rates were 55.3% and 1.5% in patients with and without VF-CA, respectively. There was a greater than 50% decline in the hospital death rates associated with VF-CA during the years under study. Patients with a VF-CA occurring after 48 hours were at especially high risk for dying during hospitalization (82.8%). Conclusions: Despite reductions in the magnitude of, and short-term mortality from, VF-CA between 2000 and 2007, VF-CA continues to exert a significant adverse effect on survival among patients hospitalized with an ACS. Opportunities exist to improve the identification and treatment of ACS patients at risk for VF-CA to reduce the incidence of, and mortality from, this serious arrhythmic disturbance.

Computer-based decision support is an important tool in business and management areas, being today essential for medical diagnosis. This dissertation presents a new electrocardiogram ventricular flutter and fibrillation detector algorithm, named DALUZ, and comparing its quality evaluation with seven other ventricular fibrillation detection algorithms. The evaluation was based on two of the three recommended electrocardiogram standard databases for this purpose. The results show that it is useful to provide decision support for biomedical equipment such as defibrillators and heart monitors to ventricular fibrillation diagnoses. / O apoio à decisão com o uso de computadores é uma importante ferramenta em áreas de planejamento estratégico, controle gerencial e controle operacional, sendo hoje essencial como apoio ao diagnóstico médico. A presente dissertação apresenta um novo algoritmo detector de flutter e fibrilação ventricular (FV) em eletrocardiograma (ECG), chamado DALUZ, e expõe sua qualidade comparada à de sete outros algoritmos detectores de FV. Para avaliá-lo, foram utilizadas duas das três bases de eletrocardiogramas padrão para este fim. Os resultados demonstram que DALUZ é útil para o auxílio ao diagnóstico desta arritmia em equipamentos biomédicos tais como monitores e desfibriladores.

Malignant ventricular arrhythmias are a common cause of sudden cardiac death. Moderate therapeutic hypothermia (MTH) is routinely used in post-resuscitation care for anticipated neuroprotective effects. However, the safety of MTH in terms of the electrical stability of the heart has not been satisfactorily proved yet. Also, the increased sympathetic tone in patients with heart failure contributes to a higher incidence of malignant ventricular arrhythmias. The aim of this work was to verify the safety of MTH as regards the inducibility of ventricular fibrillation (VF) in the pig biomodel, especially in relation to spontaneous changes in the kalemia and QT interval. Furthermore, we assumed that renal denervation (RDN) could reduce the inducibility of VF. In the first part of the thesis, the extracorporeal cooling was introduced in fully anesthetized swine (n = 6) to provide MTH. Inducibility of VF was studied by programmed ventricular stimulation (8 basic stimuli with up to 4 extrastimuli) three times in each biomodel under the following conditions: during normothermia (NT), after reaching the core temperature 32 řC (HT) and after another 60 minutes of stable hypothermia (HT60). VF inducibility, effective ventricular refractory period (ERP), QTc interval, and potassium plasma level were measured. In...

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Les cardiopathies ischémiques sont une cause majeure de mortalité cardiovasculaire pouvantaboutir à la mort subite par fibrillation ventriculaire (FV). Un des objectifs thérapeutiqueschez les coronariens est de diminuer la demande en O2 par réduction de la fréquencecardiaque (RFC). Plusieurs médicaments dont les bêta-bloquants et inhibiteurs calciquesrépondent à cet objectif, mais peuvent être responsable d’altération de la contractilitécardiaque et d’effets secondaires limitant leur utilisation. Nous nous sommes intéressés auxeffets d’un inhibiteur sélectif du courant pacemaker If, l’ivabradine (IVA) dontl’administration induit une RFC sinusale. L’objectif de ce travail a été d’évaluer l’impact dela RFC sur la propension à la FV et de comprendre les mécanismes fonctionnels etmétaboliques impliqués. Un premier travail a été réalisé sur un modèle d’ischémiemyocardique aigue. Dans un second travail l’impact de la RFC sur la sélection des substratspour la production d’énergie a été évalué sur coeur isolé et perfusé en mode travaillant. Nosrésultats démontrent que l’IVA dans les deux modèles a induit une RFC qui était associée invivo à une amélioration de la perfusion coronaire, une préservation de la structuremitochondriale et du statut énergétique myocardique, réduisant la propension à la FV. Exvivo, la RFC n’a pas modifié la sélection des substrats et le statut énergétique. Enthérapeutique, il est important d’améliorer les conditions tissulaires et de réduire la perte desubstrats lors d’ischémie myocardique, l’IVA semble répondre à cette attente. Son effetspécifique sur l’automaticité sinusale lui confère la possibilité d’agir en préventif et en curatif / Ischemic cardiopathies are a major cause of cardiovascular mortality potentially leading tosudden death by ventricular fibrillation (VF). In patients with coronary disease, onetherapeutic goal is to reduce oxygen requirements via slowing of heart rate (SHR). Severalmedicinal drugs, such as beta-blockers and calcium inhibitors can achieve this goal, but canresult in altered cardiac contractility and various adverse effects, which restricts their use. Wefocused our interest on the effects of a selective inhibitor of the pacemaker current If, namelyivabradine (IVA), which can reduce sinusal heart rate. The aim of the present work was toevaluate the impact of SHR on the propensity to VF and to better understand thephysiological and metabolism mechanisms involved. The first study was performed on a pigmodel of acute myocardial ischemia leading to VF. In the second study, the impact of SHRwas evaluated using a mouse model of isolated perfused working heart. Our resultsdemonstrated that IVA induced SHR in both models and this was associated in vivo withenhanced coronary flow, conservation of mitochondrial structure and myocardial energeticstatus, thus reducing the risk of triggering ischemia-induced VF. Moreover, ex vivo, theobserved SHR did not change the selection of substrates for energy production. From atherapeutic point of view, it is critical to improve the conditions within tissues and to reducethe loss of substrates during myocardial ischemia. IVA apparently met this goal. Indeed, viaspecific effects on sinusal automaticity, it can act both preventively and curatively

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La majorité des morts subites correspond à un infarctus du myocarde, c'est-à-dire à une occlusion aiguë d'une artère coronaire, compliqué de trouble du rythme ventriculaire. On ne sait pas pourquoi à degré d'ischémie myocardique équivalent, à âge, sexe et statut clinique égaux, un patient développera des arythmies ventriculaires alors qu'un autre n'aura aucune complication rythmique. Dans cette étude, nous aborderons deux approches de l'étude de la mort subite. D'une part, le recueil de données biologiques et cliniques et d'autre part une approche génétique. Ainsi, il a été mis en évidence que le polymorphisme Gln27Glu du gène ADRB2 semble prédisposer les patients à l'apparition rapide de la fibrillation ventriculaire dans le cadre d'une ischémie cardiaque. Cette étude suggère également que la présence de variants dans le gène GJA1 près de résidus soumis à la méthylation pourrait être liée à la survenue de la fibrillation ventriculaire chez les patients avec infarctus du myocarde. Ces nouvelles données permettent d'améliorer les connaissances sur la mort subite à la phase aiguë de l'infarctus du myocarde et d'envisager dans le futur de nouvelles stratégies de prévention / The majority of cardiac sudden deaths correspond to a myocardial infarction, ie an acute occlusion of a coronary artery, complicated by ventricular arrhythmia. It is not known why, at equivalent degree of myocardial ischemia, at equal age, sex and clinical status, one patient will develop ventricular arrhythmias while another will have no rhythmic complication.In this study, we will discuss two approaches to the study of sudden death. On the one hand, the collection of biological and clinical data and on the other hand a genetic approach.Thus, it has been shown that the Gln27Glu polymorphism in the ADRB2 gene seems to predispose patients to the rapid onset of ventricular fibrillation in the setting of cardiac ischemia. This study also suggests that the presence of variants in the GJA1 gene near residues subjected to methylation may be related to the occurrence of ventricular fibrillation in patients with myocardial infarction.These new data help to improve knowledge on sudden death in the acute phase of myocardial infarction and to consider new prevention strategies in the future

In this work, new methods of feature extraction, feature selection, stochastic data characterization/modeling, variance reduction and measures for parametric discrimination are proposed. These methods have implications for data mining, machine learning, and information theory. A novel decision-support system is developed in order to guide intervention during cardiac arrest. The models are built upon knowledge extracted with signal-processing, non-linear dynamic and machine-learning methods. The proposed ECG characterization, combined with information extracted from PetCO2 signals, shows viability for decision-support in clinical settings. The approach, which focuses on integration of multiple features through machine learning techniques, suits well to inclusion of multiple physiologic signals. Ventricular Fibrillation (VF) is a common presenting dysrhythmia in the setting of cardiac arrest whose main treatment is defibrillation through direct current countershock to achieve return of spontaneous circulation. However, often defibrillation is unsuccessful and may even lead to the transition of VF to more nefarious rhythms such as asystole or pulseless electrical activity. Multiple methods have been proposed for predicting defibrillation success based on examination of the VF waveform. To date, however, no analytical technique has been widely accepted. For a given desired sensitivity, the proposed model provides a significantly higher accuracy and specificity as compared to the state-of-the-art. Notably, within the range of 80-90% of sensitivity, the method provides about 40% higher specificity. This means that when trained to have the same level of sensitivity, the model will yield far fewer false positives (unnecessary shocks). Also introduced is a new model that predicts recurrence of arrest after a successful countershock is delivered. To date, no other work has sought to build such a model. I validate the method by reporting multiple performance metrics calculated on (blind) test sets.

La production de radicaux libres oxygénés (ROS), la surcharge calcique cytosolique et l’ouverture des pores de transition membranaires mitochondriales (mPTP) consécutives à l’ischémie myocardique (IM) sont aggravées lors de la reperfusion. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés : 1) à l’évaluation des effets de la trimétazidine sur le seuil électrique de fibrillation ventriculaire (VFT) et sur les lésions structurales et fonctionnelles des mitochondries lors de l’IM (étude 1, N=26 porcs); 2) à la détermination de la cinétique d’évolution des lésions d’ischémie/reperfusion (I/R) (étude 2a, N=30 porcs) ;3) à l’étude de l’impact de la ranolazine, du propranolol et de leur association dans la préventions des lésions d’I/R (étude 2b, N=30 porcs). Ces études qui ont été réalisées sur le cœur de porcs anesthésiés, ont permis de suivre l’évolution des paramètres électrophysiologiques et hémodynamiques cardiaques et, à l’échelle cellulaire, l’évolution de la structure et de la fonction des mitochondries. Les résultats montrent : 1) dans l’étude 1 : que la TMZ prévient la chute du VFT et l’ensemble des altérations structurales et fonctionnelles mitochondriales observées lors de l’IM ; 2) dans l’étude 2a : que les lésions observées durant l’IM sont significativement aggravées dans les premières dizaines de secondes de la reperfusion alors qu’une certaine amélioration est observée après 10 et surtout 45 min de reperfusion; 3) dans l’étude 2b : qu’un prétraitement par de la ranolazine, du propranolol et par leur association réduit la sévérité de ces lésions d’I/R. Les mécanismes moléculaires et cellulaires d’action des produits utilisés dans cette étude seraient en rapport avec l’amélioration des lésions de l’I/R / The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the cytosolic calcium overload and the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores (mPTP) resulting from myocardial ischemia (MI) are aggravated during reperfusion. In the present work, the following points have been addressed: 1) the evaluation of trimetazidine effects on the electrical threshold of ventricular fibrillation (VFT) and both structural and functional alterations of mitochondria during MI (study 1, N=26 pigs); 2) the determination of the kinetics of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) lesions (study 2a, N=30 pigs); 3) the protective effects of ranolazine and propranolol, alone or combined on I/R lesions (study 2b, N=30 pigs). All studies were performed in anesthetized pigs. They allowed to follow changes in cardiac electrophysiological and hemodynamic parameters and, at the cellular level, changes in the structure and function of mitochondria. The obtained results show: 1) in study 1, that TMZ can prevent the drop in VFT and all structural and functional alterations of mitochondria noticed during MI; 2) in study 2a, that the lesions seen during MI are significantly aggravated within the first seconds of reperfusion whereas some improvement is observed after 10 minutes and more markedly after 45 minutes of reperfusion; 3) in study 2b, that pretreatment with ranolazine or propranolol, alone or combined can reduce the severity of I/R lesions. The molecular and cellular mechanisms of action of both agents are thought to be involved in this improvement of I/R lesions