Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:29:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Denise Bragotto.pdf: 686364 bytes, checksum: c864e50c5e17fcead2af47e125868d1f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-07 / The purpose of this work was to investigate mentor?s profiles and their influence on Brazilian writers literary production. Personal characteristics and blocks to literary production in writers with mentor and without mentor. The sample was composed of 37 Brazilian?s writers, both gender; ages rangins from 20-89 years coming from different socio-economic levels.The instrument were: inventory and interviews with the writers. Answers to the inventory were submited to content analysis and qualitative evaluation. The results showed that the mentor is the person who has professional ability, technical knowledge, creative spirit, high ethics and moral values, affectivity and does his work with pleasure. The mentor is the guider and behavior?s inspirator in the informal mentoring, and has influence on the style refinament, faciliting the comprehension of methods to the literary creation, technical excellence, encourages the mentee to take risks, to be open for new experiences and to believe in its potential. The mentor contributes to raise contact with mentee?s literary circle. The personal characteristics which mostly contributed to the literary production were: sensibility, own?s writing pleasure, technical knowledge, curiosity, persistence and the belief in its own potential. The internal blocks to literary production were: fear of exposing and critical attitude, economical trouble and related to publishing. / O trabalho investigou o perfil dos mentores e sua influ?ncia na produ??o liter?ria de escritores brasileiros, verificando as caracter?sticas pessoais e as barreiras ao processo de produ??o liter?ria de escritores com mentores e sem mentores. A amostra foi composta por 37 escritores brasileiros, de ambos os sexos, na faixa et?ria de 20 a 89 anos de v?rios n?veis s?cio-econ?micos. Os instrumentos foram: question?rio e entrevistas livres. As respostas ao question?rio foram submetidas ? an?lise de conte?do e avalia??o qualitativa. Os resultados mostraram que o mentor possui compet?ncia profissional, conhecimento t?cnico, esp?rito criativo, elevados valores ?ticos e morais, afetividade e realizam com prazer sua atividade. O mentor ? um orientador inspirador de conduta e exerce influ?ncia no refinamento do estilo, facilitando a compreens?o dos m?todos de cria??o liter?ria e na busca da excel?ncia t?cnica, encorajando o mentoreado a correr riscos, a abrir-se para o novo, incrementando a auto-estima e a ousadia e ampliando o contato com o meio liter?rio. As caracter?sticas pessoais que mais contribuem para o desenvolvimento da produ??o liter?ria s?o: sensibilidade, prazer pela atividade, conhecimento t?cnico, curiosidade, persist?ncia e a cren?a no pr?prio potencial. As barreiras ? produ??o liter?ria s?o: o medo de se expor e o senso cr?tico, as dificuldades econ?micas e as relativas ? publica??o.

This study sought eight grade students’ experiences of verbal production in the English classroom. From the perspectives of foreign language anxiety (FLA) and willingness to communicate (WTC), what are the students' experiences of verbal production, in what situations are students willing to communicate and in what situations are they not? A quantitative study was conducted using a self-report paper questionnaire, consisting of Nilsson’s (2019) modified version of the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS) in conjunction with open-ended questions. The result indicates that verbal production causes a high level of foreign language anxiety, and that the students' willingness to communicate increases and decreases depending on stable and situational variables that influence a student's willingness to use their L2. The findings of this study are beneficial to English teachers by raising awareness of FLA and WTC and their presence in our classrooms. The greatest beneficiary of this study is L2 language teachers, who will be inspired to create a classroom environment where the students seek opportunities to engage in verbal production.

L’objectif général de cette thèse est d’étudier la production quantitative (i.e., nombre de mots) et qualitative (i.e. regroupements et alternances) du verbe d’action dans le vieillissement normal et dans les pathologies du mouvement à travers la tâche de fluence d’action, comparativement aux fluences classiques (i.e., sémantique et littérale). Nous avons montré que la production lors d’une tâche de fluence d’action est altérée chez des adultes âgés (60 ans et plus) comparativement à des adultes jeunes (30 ans et moins) et qu’elle est en lien avec les fonctions exécutives (Expérience 1) et la mémoire de travail (Expérience 3) chez l’adulte âgé. L’effet de l’âge paraît être modifié par le temps de production, les adultes âgés produisant moins de verbes d’action que les adultes jeunes pour un temps de trois minutes (Expérience 1) mais pas pour des temps d’une (Expérience 2) et de deux minutes (Expérience 3). De plus, les adultes âgés prenaient davantage en considération la consigne temporelle lors des tâches de fluence verbale que les adultes jeunes (Expérience 2). Les données d’une tâche d’association verbale (Expérience 4) indiquaient que les associations entre les noms et les verbes sont modifiées par l’âge. Nous avons comparés les performances de patients atteints de pathologiesdu mouvement à celles de participants contrôles lors de la tâche de fluence d’action. Nous avons montré que la production quantitative lors cette tâche est altérée chez des patients atteints de maladie de Parkinson (Expérience 5) et d’atrophie multisystématisée (Expérience 6). Dans le tremblement essentiel (Expérience 7), nous avons montré une atteinte de la fluence d’action alors que le traitement des verbes, lors d’une tâche de décision lexicale, n’était pas altéré. De plus, la chirurgie (stimulation cérébrale profonde) modifiait qualitativement la production dans la tâche de fluence d’action. Nos données montrent un impact du vieillissement normal et des pathologies du mouvement sur la production du verbe d’action, enraison de la nature fortement exécutive de ce processus. / The aim of this thesis is to investigate the production of action verbs through the action fluency task, in comparison to classical fluency tasks (i.e., semantic and letter). In first instance, production has been studied, both quantitatively and qualitatively, in aging. We have shown that action fluency is impacted by healthy aging and is related to executive functions (Experiment 1) and working memory (Experiment 3) in older adults. This effect of age appearsto be affected by production time, with older adults producing fewer action verbs than younger adults in three minutes (Experiment 1) but not in one (Experiment 2) and two minutes (Experiment 3). In addition, older adults took more into account the time instruction during verbal fluency tasks (Experiment 2). The verbal association task’s data (Experiment 4) indicated that associations between nouns and verbs are modified by age. In second instance,the production of action verbs has been studied within movement disorders. We have shown that the production in the action fluency task and the adaptation to time instruction are impacted by Parkinson's disease (Experiment 5). We have also shown that action fluency is altered within an atypical parkinsonism, multiple system atrophy (Experiment 6). In essential tremor (Experiment 7), we have shown an impairment of action fluency while verbs treatment, in a lexical decision task, was not altered. In addition, surgery (deep brain stimulation) qualitatively modified the production of verbs in action fluency. Our data highlight the impact of healthy aging and movement disorders on the production of action verb, due to the highly executive nature of this process.

Rares sont les recherches qui ont analysé le contenu des justifications réalisées à l'issue d'un choix fait à un dilemme moral, choix aux conséquences toujours graves pour autrui. Plusieurs recherches ont montré que le jugement moral était largement intuitif et, de ce fait, était difficilement explicités par les individus. Pourtant, étudier le contenu de ces rationalisations après coup devrait permettre d'apporter des éléments nouveaux sur les relations entre les aspects cognitifs et émotionnels à l’œuvre lors d'une prise de décision moralement difficile. Aussi, le design expérimental de cette étude a consisté à demander à des adultes de fournir un jugement à la suite d'un dilemme personnel (Pont) ou impersonnel (Aiguillage) en expliquant les raisons de l'orientation de leur choix soit par oral, soit par écrit. Plusieurs observables, concernant la nature des arguments (déontologiques et utilitaristes) ainsi que le lexique (émotionnel et cognitif) utilisés, ont été mis au point. L'attente principale de cette thèse est de montrer que ce que disent des adultes à propos de leur choix est fortement dépendant de la nature du dilemme auquel ils étaient soumis, de leur jugement et des contraintes facilitatrices ou non de leur modalité d'expression. Autrement dit, le contenu de leur rationalisation après coup dépendrait largement des conditions dans lesquelles ils les ont produites. / Few studies have analyzed the content of justifications made at the end of a choice facing a moral dilemma, although this choice causes serious consequence for others. Several studies have shown that moral judgments were largely intuitive and, therefore, were hardly explained by individuals. However, studying the content of these rationalizations afterthought is expected to provide new information on the relationships between cognitive and emotional aspects at work in a morally difficult decision. The experimental design of this study was to ask adults to provide a judgment on a personal (Bridge) or impersonal (Switch) dilemma explaining the reasons of the direction of their choice either by oral or in writing. Several observables were developed on the nature of the deontological and utilitarian arguments and the emotional and cognitive lexicon used. The main expectation of this thesis is to show that what adults say about their choice is highly dependent on the nature of the dilemma they were submitted to, on their judgment and on the constraints making their mode of expression more or less easier. In other words, the content of their post hoc rationalization would greatly depend on the conditions under which they were produced. More precisely, the content of justifications produced by 331 participants was analyzed with an analytical grid of the deontological and utilitarian arguments and with Tropes software, enabling two scenarios of automatic counting of the emotional lexicon (EMOTAIX) and cognitive lexicon (COGNITAIX). The results show that individuals do not only produce one kind of argument (utilitarian or deontological).