Die Vermehrung des Influenza A Virus umfasst, neben anderen wichtigen Schritten, die Transkrption der viralen mRNA und die ribosomale Translation der viralen Proteine. Mit großem Aufwand wurde bereits an der Entwicklung von Methoden zur Untersuchung des zeitlichen Verlaufs der Synthese viraler mRNA während des Vermehrungszyklusses in der Wirtszelle geforscht. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden sequenzspezifische FIT-PNA-Sonden, welche einen einzelnen, als künstliche fluoreszente Nukleobase dienenden Interkalator tragen, auf die quantitative RT-PCR sowie die Lebendzellmikroskopie angewandt. Die FIT-PNA-Sonden bieten dabei eine hohe Sensitivität und eine enorme Zielspezifität unter nichtstringenten Hybridisierungsbedingungen. Im Speziellen wurden FIT-PNA Sonden mit Sequenzspezifität zur mRNA der Neuraminidase und des Matrixproteins 1 entworfen und untersucht. Die somit erhaltenen Ergebnisse besitzen eine hohe biologische Relevanz und weisen diese Sonden als vielversprechende Methodik in der Virologie und der Zellbiologie aus. Ihre Anwendung konnte bereits auf das Vesikular Stomatitis Virus ausgeweitet werden. Die Kombination aus biologischer Expertise mit modernen Proteomstudien und detaillierten statistischen Analysen ermöglichte einen systemumfassenden Blick auf die durch eine Infektion bedingten Auswirkungen auf die Wirtszelle. Die Markierung von Aminosäuren mit stabilen Isotopen in Zellkultur wurde hierfür benutzt. Es wurden Proben zu verschiedene Zeitpunkten im Infektionszyklus in die Untersuchungen einbezogen, um zeitaufgelöste Detailstudien der zellulären Proteinbiosynthese und Degradation durchzuführen. / Replication of the influenza A virus involves, amongst other critical steps, the transcription of viral mRNA and ribosomal translation of viral proteins. Significant efforts have been devoted to the development of methods that allow the investigation of viral mRNA progression during the replication cycle inside the host cell. In the present thesis sequence specific FIT-PNA probes which contain a single intercalator serving as artificial fluorescent nucleobase were introduced for quantitative RT-PCR and live cell imaging. FIT-PNAs provide for both high sensitivity and high target specificity at nonstringent hybridisation conditions (where both matched and mismatched probetarget complexes coexist). In particular, FIT-PNAs specific to the neuraminidase and matrix protein 1 were successfully designed and examined. The obtained results are of high biological importance and suggest the FIT-PNA technique as promising tool in the field of virology and cell biology as this approach was readily applied to Vesicular Stomatitis Virus as well. By combining biological expertise with modern high throughput quantitative proteomics and detailed statistical analysis a system wide view of the effects and dynamics of the early H1N1 infection on the cell proteome was generated. Stable isotope labelling of amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) was employed to globally track changes in gene expression at the protein level. Furthermore, samples at various time points post infection enabling a more detailed timeresolved analysis of host cell protein biosynthesis and degradation during the infection cycle were included. As a result the specific expression characteristics of single genes and functional gene subsets in response to viral infection were bioinformatically analysed.

During World War II, the Allies not only defeated Germany; they destroyed the German army and warmaking capability. Five years after the surrender, Theodor Blank received the responsibility for planning the rearmament of West Germany starting from nothing. Although Konrad Adenauer was the driving force behind rearmament, Theodor Blank was the instrument who pushed it through Allied negotiations and parliamentary acceptance. Heretofore, Blank's role has been told only in part; new materials and the ability now to see events in a clearer perspective warrant a new study of Blank's role in the German rearmament process. Sources for this dissertation include: Documents on Foreign Relations of the United States; memoirs, among them those of Konrad Adenauer, Georges Bidault, Lucius Clay, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Anthony Eden, Ivone Kirkpatrick, Harold MacMillan, Kirill Meretskov, Jules Moch, Sergei Shternenko, Hans Speidel, Harry S. Truman, Alexander Vasilevsky, and Georgiy Zhukov; contemporary reports from newspapers, among them the Times (London), New York Times, Le Monde, Pravda, Frankfurter Algemeine Zeitung, Suddeutsche Zeitung, and Das Parlement; Parliamentary Debates; official records; and interviews. Rearmament involved the interrelationship of vast, diverse interests: the conflict between East and West, national and international fears, domestic problems, and the interplay of leading personalities. When the Amt Blank, the planning organization, became functional on 1 December 1950, it consisted of nineteen people; in 1955, when it became the Defense Ministry with Theodor Blank the Defense Minister, it had a staff of one thousand. Cast in the milieu of the Allied negotiations on West German rearmament, this dissertation chronologically focuses on the role that Blank and the Amt Blank personnel played in the planning, negotiations, and domestic issues related to rearmament. Blank's diplomatic skills and managerial ability were key factors in transforming West Germany from a conquered area to a sovereign state, a member of NATO with approval for its own armed force, within a five-year period.

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