A distribuição de uma Base de Dados convencional caracteriza-se pela necessidade dos dados estarem disponíveis, ao mesmo tempo, a todos os usuários, de modo que os problemas de conflito devido à concorrência para obtenção dos mesmos, tornam-se muito acentuados. A Base de Dados apoiada no Modelo de Representação de Objetos(MRO), devido a suas características semânticas,oferece o suporte necessário para atendimento das necessidades de distribuição num ambiente de desenvolvimento de projetos. Neste trabalho e feita uma proposta de um modelo lógico e funcional para a distribuição da Base de Dados apoiada no MRO. Esta distribuição se caracteriza pela disponibilidade dos dados de forma que cada item (objeto) da base cópia possua um tipo de ligação com a base original. Foram definidos cinco tipos de ligação: apenas leitura (r-), isolado(is), flagrante(fl), mutuamente exclusivo(me)e independente(in). Com isto, tanto a base cópia como a original, respeitando as limitações impostas pelo tipo de ligação entre as mesmas, podem evoluir, e depois de um determinado tempo sofrerem um processo de integração, que também e caracterizado pelo tipo de ligação entre a base original e cópia. / One of the most important characteristics of Distributed Database Systems is the permanent availability of data to all users every same time. This situation emphasizes the conflicts occurring due to the needs of users competing for the same data. Due to its semantics characteristics, the Database Management Systems based on the Object Representation Model (MRO) offer support to meet the distribution needs of computer-aided project development environments. In this work, a functional and logical model for the distribution of MRO based databases are presented. Distribution is characterized based on the required availability of each data item. Each item (object) in each copy database has a link of a specific link to the original database. Five types of links were defined: read only(r-), isolated(is), snapshot(fl), mutually exclusive(me) and independent(in). This arrangement allows both the copy and the original database to evolve in parallel, restricted by the limits imposed by the kinds of links between them. After a while, the copy and the original databases may enter into an integration process, which is also governed by these links.

As informações contidas em uma Base de Dados para projeto não são obtidas apenas cumulativamente, mas também através de refinamentos e mudanças sucessivas nas informações já disponíveis. Diversas pesquisas mostram-se preocupadas com este aspecto e propõem conceitos e mecanismos de controle de Versões que podem ser incorporados a Modelos de Bases de Dados Orientadas a Objetos. Alguns destes trabalhos, aqui estudados, focalizam o uso de Versões na evolução não apenas da Base de Dados Extensional (Instâncias), ou seja, nas informações colhidas do mundo real e utilizadas pelas aplicações, mas também sua utilização como um mecanismo eficiente de Evolução do Esquema de Dados (a Base de Dados Intencional). Com o objetivo principal de constituir um núcleo básico de conceitos e mecanismos que possam atender as mais variadas aplicações, este trabalho estabelece um Modelo de Versões apoiado no conceito de Objeto Composto e que permite uma correlação direta e transparente entre Versões de Instâncias e de Esquemas, ou seja, cada Versão na Base Extensional tem relação direta e única com a Versão da Base Intencional utilizada em sua instanciação. Adicionalmente, este trabalho estabelece um Meta-Modelo de Versões cujas especificações poderão direcionar as pesquisas de futuros Modelos de Versões, no sentido de apoiar a elaboração de Modelos de Versões sofisticados ou simples para aplicações específicas ou gerais, e também poderão ser utilizadas para o estabelecimento de mecanismos para a classificação e comparação de Modelos de Versões. / Data stored in project databases are obtained not only by the increasing inclusion of more and more data, but also through refinements and alterations into the already existent information. There are many works involving those subjects, studying concepts and control mechanisms to support data versioning in Object-Oriented Database Systems. Some of these works focus on the Version Control support in the stored data (the Extensional Database), aiming at recognizing and controlling the occurrence of many data versions from the same subject. Other works focus on the support of version control over the Data Schema (the Intentional Database), aiming at finding mechanisms that permit the recovery of different data structured in different ways from the same subject. This work presents a Version Model, based on the Composite Objects concept, providing a homogeneous support to Version Control in the Extensional and the Intentional Databases. In this model, the Extensional data is partitioned into Composite Objects, and the parts of each Object are interpreted with only one of several possible schemes that are used to instantiate the parts of objects of this kind. This Version Model was conceived to be useful to a broad range of application domains, deriving a set of concepts that had permitted to construct a Version Meta-Model. The Meta-Model is sufficiently generic to aid constructing elementary or complex Version Models, applied to generic or specific needs, and depicting mechanisms to aid the classification and comparison of existing or proposed Version Model.

A manutenção de software a uma realidade presente em todos os sistemas de computação, gerando a necessidade de novas versões que alterem as funcionalidades existentes no software ou adicionem novas. Particularmente, sistemas de tempo-real nem sempre podem ser descontinuados tomando-se indisponíveis para realizar a instalação de uma nova versão. Tais sistemas evidenciam a necessidade de substituição de componentes, representados por funções, procedimentos, módulos ou objetos, durante o processo de execução do programa ou sistema. Outrossim, apos ser realizada a substituição da versão, o componente não pode apresentar falha sob pena de comprometer o fornecimento dos seus serviços. Portanto. constata-se a importância de novas técnicas de manutenção de software que não prejudiquem a sua disponibilidade e confiabilidade. A abordagem aqui proposta a utilizar uma arquitetura reflexiva aliada a técnicas típicas do domínio da tolerância a falhas para promover a separação entre as atividades de substituição e validação de componentes e as funcionalidades executadas pelo pr6prio componente. No decorrer deste trabalho são apresentados diversos cenários de sistemas que podem se beneficiar da troca dinâmica de componentes e abordadas varias facetas do problema de substituição. A proposta a apoiada por um estudo de caso, implementado na linguagem de programação Java e seus diferentes protocolos de reflexão computacional. / Software maintenance is a present reality in all computational systems. This demands the frequent installation of new versions. Usually, real-time systems cannot be interrupted to install a new version. For such systems, the replacement of components, represented by functions, procedures, modulus or objects, must be performed during the execution of the program or system. Even when the old version has been replaced, the new one should not contain faults that could invalidate its services. Therefore, we need new software maintenance techniques that can mantain the system availability and realibility. The approach proposed here consists in using a reflective architecture along with techniques which are typical of the fault tolerant domain. The procedure is carried out by keeping a clear separation between validation activities and the functions executed by the component itself. We present several scenarios to which the dynamical exchange of components can be applied. Different aspects of the replacing issue are also addressed. The proposal is supported by a specific application which has been implemented in the Java language and its different protocols of computational reflection.

Background: Ménières disease is a complex neurological disease that varies greatly from individual to individual with symptoms such as dizziness and tinnitus. There are few studies that examines the differences regarding balance and dizziness related perception of disabilitiy between men and women with Ménière’s disease. Purpose: Investigate self-assessed perception of disability and balance of people with Ménières disease. The study also aimed to investigate whether there were any differences between men and women regarding the above mentioned variables. Method: Retrospective study with quantitative, correlative and comparative design. 41 subjects, 21 women, 20 men were included in the study. Results: No significant difference between men and women regarding scores on DHI-S or result on Romberg’s test could be shown in this study. Neither could any significant connection between self-assessed perception of disability and balance measured with DHI-S and Romberg’s respectively could be made. Conclusion: No relation between self-assessed disability and balance was detected between men and women. The study also did not find any differences between the sexes on how they perform on balance measurement or rate their disability. More studies are needed to further investigate and map this area. / Bakgrund: Ménières sjukdom är en neurologisk sjukdom med symtom som yrsel och tinnitus. I dagsläget finns få studier som undersöker skillnader gällande balans och yrsel relaterad upplevelse av funktionsnedsättning mellan män respektive kvinnor med Ménières sjukdom. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka eventuella samband mellan självskattad funktionsnedsättning och balans samt skillnader mellan män och kvinnor. Metod: Retrospektiv studie med kvantitativ, korrelerande och komparativ design. 41 antal försökspersoner, 21 kvinnor, 20 män inkluderades i studien. Resultat: Ingen skillnad mellan män och kvinnors värde på DHI-S kunde påvisas. Det förelåg ingen signifikant skillnad mellan män och kvinnor gällande resultat på Rombergs test. Inget samband mellan upplevelse av funktionsnedsättning och balans mätt med DHI-S respektive Rombergs test för kvinnor och män gick att påvisa. Konklusion: Inget samband mellan självskattad funktionsnedsättning och balans kunde påvisas hos män och kvinnor. Studien fann inte heller några skillnader mellan könen gällande hur de presterar på balansmätning eller skattar sin funktionsnedsättning. Vidare studier behövs för att kunna ytterligare undersöka och kartlägga detta område.

Dans cette thèse, nous intéressons au problème de l'évolution des schémas pour les bases de données à objets. Nous considérons d'abord les solutions proposées pour la gestion de l'évolution de schéma de bases de données à objets. Nous proposons une classification des approches existantes. Pour chacune de ces approches nous décrivons son principe, les mécanismes d'évolution associés, ainsi que les produits et les prototypes qui l'implantent. Nous analysons ces travaux en soulignant les avantages et les inconvénients de chaque approche. Nous présentons ensuite notre approche. D'une part, cette approche propose un cadre qui permet de combiner les fonctionnalités de la modification et du versionnement pour une meilleure gestion de l'évolution de schéma. D'autre part, elle offre à l'utilisateur un langage permettant de décrire les liens entre les différents états de la base de données afin de traduire le plus fidèlement possible les évolutions du monde réel. Le versionnement de schéma évite la perte d'informations et assure que les anciens programmes d'applications continuent de fonctionner. Cependant, le nombre de versions peut devenir important ; ce qui rend complexe leur gestion. Notre approche permet de limiter le nombre de versions: (1) l'évolution d'un schéma est traduite par sa modification si l'évolution est non-soustractive (ne provoque pas la suppression de propriétés) ou si l'utilisateur le décide, (2) La technique utilisée pour adapter les instances au schéma après l'évolution, est basée sur la caractérisation de l'importance de l'existence en tant que telle d'une version d'objet. Ainsi, le nombre de versions est limité à celles qui sont fréquemment accédées par des programmes, (3) la possibilité donnée à l'administrateur de réorganiser la base de données lui permet de supprimer des versions historiques du schéma

Le système de gestion de bases de données propose se base sur un modèle de données oriente objet. Il permet la définition dynamique des objets et des types d'objet et l'expression de contraintes sur ces types. Il offre le concept de spécialisation. Un ensemble de fonctionnalités pour définir, gérer et contrôler les activités d'une équipe de concepteurs collaborant à la réalisation d'un projet est propose. De plus, un modèle de versions permettant de manifester, caractériser et retrouver les versions des objets CAO est défini

Ces dernières années, le collage structural est devenu une technique d'assemblage particulièrement prisée par l'industrie des transports. Son développement est néanmoins ralenti par des restrictions sévères et des règles de dimensionnement qui demeurent quelque peu empiriques. Aujourd'hui encore, les méthodes de caractérisation et les outils basés sur la méthode des éléments finis ne sont pas toujours appropriés aux applications industrielles. Ce travail de thèse a consisté à développer une démarche expérimentale et numérique permettant d'envisager un outil d'aide au dimensionnement des collages structuraux. Pour caractériser mécaniquement l'adhésif au sein d'un assemblage, un dispositif expérimental dérivé du système de M. ARCAN est employé. Celui-ci permet de faire varier la direction de chargement tout en conservant un état de contrainte relativement uniforme au sein du joint. S'appuyant sur les observations expérimentales, un modèle de comportement non linéaire basé sur un critère de Drucker-Prager généralisé est alors proposé. Un éclairage particulier sur la morphologie de la microstructure apporte des éléments concernant les mécanismes d'endommagement. Afin de surmonter les contraintes informatiques industrielles (raffinement du maillage, temps CPU, etc.), un outil numérique a été développé. Celui-ci est basé sur la version-p de la méthode des éléments finis qui permet de conserver des maillages « industriels » avec une description raisonnable des joints collés. Cet outil est apparu assez performant pour détecter les effets de bord sur des maillages grossiers. Ce travail constitue un premier pas vers une prédiction simplifiée de la tenue mécanique des collages structuraux.

Evolutionary relationships between a group of organisms are commonly summarized in a phylogenetic (or evolutionary) tree. The goal of phylogenetic inference is to infer the best tree structure that represents the relationships between a group of organisms, given a set of observations (e.g. molecular sequences). However, popular heuristics for inferring phylogenies output tens to hundreds of thousands of equally weighted candidate trees. Biologists summarize these trees into a single structure called the consensus tree. The central assumption is that the information discarded has less value than the information retained. But, what if this assumption is not true? In this dissertation, we demonstrate the value of retaining and studying tree collections. We also conduct an extensive literature search that highlights the rapid growth of trees produced by phylogenetic analysis. Thus, high performance algorithms are needed to accommodate this increasing production of data. We created several efficient algorithms that allow biologists to easily compare, store and share tree collections over tens to hundreds of thousands of phylogenetic trees. Universal hashing is central to all these approaches, allowing us to quickly identify the shared evolutionary relationships contained in tree collections. Our algorithms MrsRF and Phlash are the fastest in the field for comparing large collections of trees. Our algorithm TreeZip is the most efficient way to store large tree collections. Lastly, we developed Noria, a novel version control system that allows biologists to seamlessly manage and share their phylogenetic analyses. Our work has far-reaching implications for both the biological and computer science communities. We tested our algorithms on four large biological datasets, each consisting of 20; 000 to 150; 000 trees over 150 to 525 taxa. Our experimental results on these datasets indicate the long-term applicability of our algorithms to modern phylogenetic analysis, and underscore their ability to help scientists easily exchange and analyze their large tree collections. In addition to contributing to the reproducibility of phylogenetic analysis, our work enables the creation of test beds for improving phylogenetic heuristics and applications. Lastly, our data structures and algorithms can be applied to managing other tree-like data (e.g. XML).

The main objective of this research paper is to find the association between unemployment rate and GDP growth which is presented empirically by Arthur Okun’s in early 1960s. For this purpose I have used annual time series data during the period 1981-2005 of Pakistan. I applied difference version of Okun’s law which is more appropriate to access results directly from empirical data. In order to find long run relation between the variables I used Engle-Granger cointegration technique and Error Correction Mechanism (ECM) to find the short term behavior of GDP growth to its long run value. This paper verifies negative relationship between unemployment rate and GDP growth and both variables have long run relation with each other. Moreover GDP growth will adjust more quickly towards equilibrium in the long run.

<p>ABSTRACT</p><p>Thou, Thee, Thy, Thine, Ye, You, Your, Yours: Second Person Pronouns in Two Bible Translations</p><p>In the King James Version from 1611 there are eight different forms of personal pronouns for second person: the singular forms thou, thee, thy, thine and the corresponding plural forms ye, you, your and yours. Because of linguistic changes in the English language the number of the second person pronouns has declined during the centuries. Accordingly, in the New King James Version from 1990 these eight earlier pronouns are represented by only three pronouns: you, your, yours. Therefore, the hypothesis of this study was that the disappearance of so many different pronoun forms might have caused some ambiguity. To examine this, The Gospel of Luke of both Bible versions was studied and all the second person pronouns were first classified according to their case and number (nominative/accusative/dative/genitive, singular/plural) and thereafter counted. The verses of the Gospel of Luke, where both one or several persons are addressed, were read and carefully studied. Furthermore, when necessary, interesting or relevant, comparisons were also made to two other translations: Gustav V´s Bible from 1917 and the Swedish Bible Version from 2000. The results of this study show that there are differences in the numbers of the examined pronouns. These discrepancies depend on several different factors which have been discussed. In addition, the investigation gives evidence of the fact that the references of pronouns are not always completely clear: several verses, which might be perceived erroneously, were found in the modern English Bible translation.</p>