The host-parasite interaction during early filarial nematode migration is poorly understood. The objective of this study was to develop a model of early cutaneous filarid migration using Brugia pahangi in the jird (gerbil) host and measure the histologic and cytokine responses during this period. Male gerbils were intradermally inoculated in the left hindlimb with 100 B. pahangi L3 then necropsied at 3 hours, 24 hours, 3 days, 7 days, and 28 days post-infection. Larvae were recovered and tissues collected for histology and cytokine measurement. At 3 hours, most larvae (96.3%) were recovered from tissues associated with the infection site. Migration away from the infection site occurred within 24 hours. By 7 days, larvae were dispersed throughout the lymphatic system, including the spermatic cord lymphatics. Larvae were identified on histologic exam at all time points and were located in the dermis, muscle, lymphatic vessels, and lymph nodes. Predominantly neutrophilic inflammation was frequently present around larvae in the dermis and muscle at 3 and 24 hours. Levels of the cytokines IL-6, TNF, IFN-gamma, and IL-4 were measured in the spleen and popliteal and renal lymph nodes. IL-6 and TNF both showed a peak at 3 hours followed by consistent decline in all tissues. No clear increase in expression was appreciated for IFN-gamma. IL-4 remained low through 7 days and rose by 28 days in all tissues. These results indicate the ability of filarid L3 to rapidly migrate through host tissue and they support intradermal gerbil infection as a model for early filariasis. Cytokine analysis and histology indicated an acute host inflammatory response following initial infection, with Th2 polarization occurring later in the course of infection.

Summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease (SPAOPD), a naturally occurring airway disease of horses, is characterized by clinical exacerbation associated with exposure to pasture environment during the summer. Aeroallergens are believed to trigger exacerbation of SPAOPD, cytokines are likely associated with the anamnestic response to aeroallergens, and endothelin (ET)-1 is a potential mediator of airway obstruction. The goal of this dissertation was to describe and explore the interaction of aeroallergens triggering inflammation and T lymphocytes cytokine profile with the recruitment and activation of neutrophils and synthesis of ET-1 by mononuclear leukocytes and airway epithelial cells. The temporal pattern of clinical exacerbation was associated with hot and humid conditions and with increases in grass pollen and mold spore counts. Circulating concentrations of ET-1 were increased during clinical exacerbation of SPAOPD compared with remission and controls. Gene expression of ET-1 and cytokines, interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-4, but not interferon (IFN)-γ, tended to be greater in lungs of SPAOPD-affected than non-affected horses. The immunoreactive ET-1 distribution tended to be greater in airway tissues of affected horses. The putative aeroallergens, grass pollen & mold spores, and ET-1 induced neutrophil activation and chemotaxis in vitro. Putative aeroallergens induced IL-4 and IFN-γ expression and up-regulation of ET-1 release in mononuclear leukocytes. Cultures of airway epithelial cells were established under air-liquid interface and microgravity conditions and evaluated for differentiation. Cytokines IL-4 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α induced up-regulation and directional (basolateral) release of ET-1 by differentiated airway epithelial cells, grown under air-liquid interface.

Thesis (PhD (Paraclinical Sciences, Veterinary Science))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print format.

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

This study was undertaken to assess rates and timing of mortality and hatchability, to identify pathological changes and compare them to those observed in chicken embryos, and to determine whether mallard duck chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is a target organ of toxicity of Prudhoe Bay crude oil (PBCO). Mortality and hatchability were determined in embryos exposed to 10[mu]l of PBCO on days 3, 6, 9 and 12 of incubation. Pathological changes in embryos and the CAM, hematological parameters and body and plasma calcium concentration were assessed in live embryos exposed to PBCO on day 12. Oil-exposed embryos had high mortality, low hatchability and high prevalence of pathological changes. Mortality was characterized by initial death that coincided with development and maturation of the CAM and a sublethal effect that resulted in live, mature embryos, which were unable to hatch. This mortality at hatching contributed greatly to total mortality. Lesions included hepatic and renal necrosis, liver enlargement, subcutaneous edema, reduced body weight and ratio of body weight to fresh egg weight, short crown-rump, third toe and metatarsal lengths, depletion of lymphocytes in the bursa of Fabricius, renal hematopoiesis, and diffuse changes in the CAM which included necrosis and hyperplasia, of chorionic epithelium, soft swelling of mesenchymal cells, hemorrhages and reduced vascular density. There also were high proportions of reticulocytes and polychromatophilic and primary erythrocytes. Prevalence of lesions in the CAM was greatest during the stage of acute toxicity, suggesting that injury to the CAM may have a role in acute oil. toxicity. The distribution of lesions in the CAM suggests a direct effect on the CAM cells of toxic components or their metabolites. Injury to the CAM did not affect its role in mobilization of calcium from the eggshell. Body and plasma calcium in oil-exposed and control embryos were not different. Embryos exposed to PBCO did not develop anemia nor any damage to the red blood cells. The spectrum of morphological changes in oil-exposed embryos suggests retarded and altered development The rate and timing of mortality and pathological changes in oil-exposed mallard embryos were similar to those reported in oil-exposed chicken embryos.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1984 B37 / Master of Science

Orientador: Enio Pedone Bandarra / Banca: Renee Laufer Amorim / Banca: Veridiana Maria Dignani de Moura / Resumo: Pouco se conhece sobre a ocorrência de alterações testiculares e epididimárias nos cães nas diferentes regiões do país e sua influência sobre a fertilidade na espécie canina, assim como sobre as características morfométricas destes órgãos em cães sem raça definida (srd). Com o intuito de acrescentar dados à literatura buscou-se determinar a incidência de alterações histopatológicas testiculares e epididimárias em cães srd, bem como estabelecer o padrão morfométrico destes órgãos e suas possíveis correlações com porte dos animais, peso, volume e dimensões dos órgãos. Para tal, colheram-se testículos e epidídimos de 60 cães adultos oriundos de campanha de castração e do Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, subdivididos em três grupos, sendo 28 animais de pequeno porte (até 10Kg), 18 de médio porte (de 10 a 20Kg) e 14 de grande porte (acima de 20Kg). Na avaliação microscópica dos 120 testículos observou-se a ocorrência de 107 casos de degeneração, 89 de atrofia tubular, 16 de hipoplasia, seis de orquite, três de leydigocitoma, dois normais, um caso de sertolioma e um de edema. Na avaliação epididimária observaram-se 55 epidídimos normais, 36 casos de epididimite, 22 de hiperplasia epitelial papilar, 14 de degeneração, 12 de cistos, três de fibrose, um de edema, um de adenomiose e um de granuloma espermático. Foram utilizados animais srd, devido ao predomínio destes na população canina brasileira, e os resultados, além de determinarem as características reprodutivas dos SRD, servirão para efeitos comparativos em relação aos dados existentes em animais de raça pura. / Abstract: Issues like testicles and epididymis changes and their influence on canine fertility are insufficient on current literature, as well as morphometric features on mongreel dogs organs. The aim of this work was to determine the incidence of testicles and epididymis histopathological changes and establish a morphometric standart of these organs with possible correlation with animals weight, breed, organs volume and dimension. Sixty adult dogs from castration campaing and Zoonosis Control Center were used and divided in: 28 animals up to 10 kg (small breed), 18 medial breed animals (from 10 to 20 kg) and 14 large breed dogs (above 20 kg). One hundred and twenty testicles were analyzed on microscopic evaluation and were diagnosed the occurrence of 107 degeneration, 89 tubular atrophy, 16 hypoplasia, 6 orquitis, 3 leydig cell tumor, 2 normal, 1 Sertoli cell tumor case and 1 edema. On epididymics evaluation were observed 55 normal epididymis, 36 epididymitis cases, 22 papilar epididymal hyperplasia, 14 degeneration, 12 cysts, 3 fibrosis, 1 swelling, 1 adenomyosis and 1 espermatic granuloma. Were used mongreel animals on this study, due to the prevalence of them in Brazilian canine population, and the results, besides reproductive feature determination, will serve to comparative effects for pure breed animals database. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-06-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:56:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 thome_he_me_botfmvz.pdf: 1562851 bytes, checksum: 21eb08feb50c78b3871c24c6a0d75c3b (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Pouco se conhece sobre a ocorrência de alterações testiculares e epididimárias nos cães nas diferentes regiões do país e sua influência sobre a fertilidade na espécie canina, assim como sobre as características morfométricas destes órgãos em cães sem raça definida (srd). Com o intuito de acrescentar dados à literatura buscou-se determinar a incidência de alterações histopatológicas testiculares e epididimárias em cães srd, bem como estabelecer o padrão morfométrico destes órgãos e suas possíveis correlações com porte dos animais, peso, volume e dimensões dos órgãos. Para tal, colheram-se testículos e epidídimos de 60 cães adultos oriundos de campanha de castração e do Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, subdivididos em três grupos, sendo 28 animais de pequeno porte (até 10Kg), 18 de médio porte (de 10 a 20Kg) e 14 de grande porte (acima de 20Kg). Na avaliação microscópica dos 120 testículos observou-se a ocorrência de 107 casos de degeneração, 89 de atrofia tubular, 16 de hipoplasia, seis de orquite, três de leydigocitoma, dois normais, um caso de sertolioma e um de edema. Na avaliação epididimária observaram-se 55 epidídimos normais, 36 casos de epididimite, 22 de hiperplasia epitelial papilar, 14 de degeneração, 12 de cistos, três de fibrose, um de edema, um de adenomiose e um de granuloma espermático. Foram utilizados animais srd, devido ao predomínio destes na população canina brasileira, e os resultados, além de determinarem as características reprodutivas dos SRD, servirão para efeitos comparativos em relação aos dados existentes em animais de raça pura. / Issues like testicles and epididymis changes and their influence on canine fertility are insufficient on current literature, as well as morphometric features on mongreel dogs organs. The aim of this work was to determine the incidence of testicles and epididymis histopathological changes and establish a morphometric standart of these organs with possible correlation with animals weight, breed, organs volume and dimension. Sixty adult dogs from castration campaing and Zoonosis Control Center were used and divided in: 28 animals up to 10 kg (small breed), 18 medial breed animals (from 10 to 20 kg) and 14 large breed dogs (above 20 kg). One hundred and twenty testicles were analyzed on microscopic evaluation and were diagnosed the occurrence of 107 degeneration, 89 tubular atrophy, 16 hypoplasia, 6 orquitis, 3 leydig cell tumor, 2 normal, 1 Sertoli cell tumor case and 1 edema. On epididymics evaluation were observed 55 normal epididymis, 36 epididymitis cases, 22 papilar epididymal hyperplasia, 14 degeneration, 12 cysts, 3 fibrosis, 1 swelling, 1 adenomyosis and 1 espermatic granuloma. Were used mongreel animals on this study, due to the prevalence of them in Brazilian canine population, and the results, besides reproductive feature determination, will serve to comparative effects for pure breed animals database.

The intent of this research was to identify if the degenerative changes within arteries in the endometrium (endometrial angiopathies) correlate with degenerative changes in the uterine arteries and can be used as a predictor of increased risk for uterine artery rupture (UAR). With this objective specimens from 20 mares that died from uterine artery rupture and 21 control mares that died from unrelated causes were obtained from cases submitted to the University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (UKVDL) over a two-year period. Postmortem specimens of each mare were collected from the left and right uterine arteries at the origin, bifurcation, and distal to the bifurcation as well as full thickness uterine wall sections at five different sites. An additional sample was taken from the uterine artery at the site of rupture in the affected mares. Tissue samples were immersed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, routinely processed, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Masson’s Trichrome, and Verhoeff´s Van Gieson histochemical stains as well as a smooth muscle-actin immunohistochemical marker. Elastosis, fibrosis, and vascular smooth muscle cell degeneration were identified in this study as potential contributors of vascular degeneration and a scoring system was developed to differentiate the degrees of severity of these specific degenerative changes within the intima and media of the vascular wall. Based on the scoring system, sections of uterine arteries and endometrial arterioles were blindly examined and the scored changes recorded for statistical analysis. Although the degenerative changes in endometrial and uterine arteries were similar within each group, the results could not not be used to predict an increased risk for UAR. Furthermore, we determined the major changes in vascular pathology of the affected uterine arteries and show there is a significant difference in degenerative changes between specific layers of the vascular wall.

Neotropical deer have important functions for the sustainability and health of their ecosystem. The investigation of pathological processes and the respective etiologic agents is a critical part of the conservation programs involving these species. In addition, wild animals and in particular deer, play an important role in the transmission and spread of infectious agents, some of them relevant to human health, companion animals and livestock health. The present study describes gross and histological lesions of brown brocket deer BBD (Mazama gouazoubira) and marsh deer MD (Blastocerus dichotomus) from São Paulo state (Brazil), collected during a 21-year period (1995-2015). Major causes of death in MD were respiratory (53.3% 40/75), alimentary (4.0%; 3/75), nutritional (4.0%; 3/75), trauma (4.0%; 3/75) and euthanasia (4.0%; 3/75). In BBD, the main causes of death were respiratory (25.2% 33/131), euthanasia (12.2%; 16/131) and trauma (9.2%; 12/131). This study shows the importance of respiratory disturbances in these two species of South American deer. In this work, despite no etiologic agents were identified, histopathological findings suggest the presence of infectious etiologies including bacterial, viral and fungal. We have described characterized and evaluated pathological processes in function with biological and epidemiological aspects. / Os cervídeos neotropicais desempenham funções de importância para a sustentabilidade e sanidade dos ecossistemas que habitam, e a investigação dos processos patológicos, assim como dos agentes causais envolvidos, é uma parte crítica dos trabalhos de conservação envolvendo estes animais. Além disso, os animais selvagens em geral, e em especial os cervídeos, têm um papel importante na transmissão e disseminação de agentes infecciosos, alguns deles relevantes à saúde humana, para os animais de companhia e de produção. O presente estudo descreveu as características macroscópicas e histológicas dos processos patológicos de duas espécies de cervídeos brasileiros: cervo do pantanal (Blastocerus dichotomus) e veado catingueiro (Mazama gouazoubira) no estado de São Paulo por um período de 21 anos (1995-2015). As principais causas de morte identificadas em cervo do pantanal foram classificadas como: respiratória 53,3% (40/75), nutricional (4,0%; 3/75), trauma (4,0%; 3/75) e eutanásia (4,0%; 3/75). Já em veado catingueiro foram identificadas as seguintes causas: respiratória (25,2%; 33/131), eutanásia (12,2%; 16/131) e trauma (9,2%; 12/131). O presente trabalho detalha a importância do sistema respiratório nestas duas espécies de cervídeos brasileiros. É importante destacar que apesar de não ter identificado agentes etiológicos, os achados histopatológicos são altamente sugestivos de etiologias bacteriana, viral e fúngica. O presente trabalho fornece informações sobre a ocorrência de diversos processos patológicos nestas duas espécies de cervídeos, e sua correlação com o grupo etário, gênero e condição corpórea dos espécimes analisados.