Submitted by Maria Creuza Silva (mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-09-04T12:31:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS. SUZANA DOURADO. 2013.pdf: 4504511 bytes, checksum: d4bcc211397174a77bd2f61a24f16e8f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Creuza Silva(mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-09-04T12:32:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS. SUZANA DOURADO. 2013.pdf: 4504511 bytes, checksum: d4bcc211397174a77bd2f61a24f16e8f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-04T12:32:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS. SUZANA DOURADO. 2013.pdf: 4504511 bytes, checksum: d4bcc211397174a77bd2f61a24f16e8f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / A presente pesquisa aborda experiências de vitimização feminina em relações conjugais violentas, estudando casos em que a violência física resultou em danos morais e/ou físicos ao rosto da mulher agredida. Foram objetivos do estudo: identificar as repercussões da violência entre parceiros íntimos às relações amorosas, familiares e sociais das mulheres agredidas; apreender, na perspectiva das vítimas, os significados das marcas consequentes à violência conjugal, bem como desvelar os possíveis caminhos percorridos pelos sujeitos de pesquisa para o enfrentamento da situação de violência conjugal e redução de danos à saúde. O estudo foi desenvolvido com metodologia qualitativa, em caráter retrospectivo, empregando a entrevista narrativa como técnica de coleta de dados. Os sujeitos de pesquisa somaram quatorze mulheres, com idade entre 27 anos e 52 anos, com história de dano facial decorrente de violência conjugal. O acesso a estes sujeitos se fez através de quatro órgãos públicos, sediados em Salvador, abrangendo quatro searas de atuação: esfera policial, assistência psicossocial, setor de saúde e uma instituição de ensino. As narrativas evidenciaram aspectos ligados às construções sociais de gênero na produção da conjugalidade violenta e que as marcas físicas e emocionais originárias da agressão estão imbricadas e, por conseguinte, tem repercussões tanto de caráter objetivo quanto na subjetividade dos sujeitos. A reverberação da convivência violenta atinge não somente o casal, mas se estende a outros membros do grupo familiar, sobretudo os filhos. Foram também reveladas dificuldades na articulação da rede de atenção à mulher, em funcionamento no município, tendo como resultado morosidade na redução dos danos gerados nos processos de vitimização. Espera-se com este estudo contribuir para uma melhor compreensão do fenômeno, como também agregar conhecimento para o seu enfrentamento. / Salvador

abstract: A large body of research links victimization to various harms. Yet it remains unclear how the effects of victimization vary over the life course, or why some victims are more likely to experience negative outcomes than others. Accordingly, this study seeks to advance the literature and inform victim service interventions by examining the effects of violent victimization and social ties on multiple behavioral, psychological, and health-related outcomes across three distinct stages of the life course: adolescence, early adulthood, and adulthood. Specifically, I ask two primary questions: 1) are the consequences of victimization age-graded? And 2) are the effects of social ties in mitigating the consequences of victimization age-graded? Existing data from Waves I (1994-1995), III (2001-2002), and IV (2008-2009) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) are used. The Add Health is a nationally-representative sample of over 20,000 American adolescents enrolled in middle and high school during the 1994-1995 school year. On average, respondents are 15 years of age at Wave I (11-18 years), 22 years of age at Wave III (ranging from 18 to 26 years), and 29 years of age at Wave IV (ranging from 24 to 32 years). Multivariate regression models (e.g., ordinary least-squares, logistic, and negative binomial models) are used to assess the effects of violent victimization on the various behavioral, social, psychological, and health-related outcomes at each wave of data. Two-stage sample selection models are estimated to examine whether social ties explain variation in these outcomes among a subsample of victims at each stage of the life course. The results indicate that the negative consequences of victimization vary considerably across different stages of the life course, and that the spectrum of negative outcomes linked to victimization narrows into adulthood. The effects of social ties appear to be age-graded as well, where ties are more protective for victims of violence in adolescence and adulthood than they are in early adulthood. These patterns of findings are discussed in light of their implications for continued theoretical development, future empirical research, and the creation of public policy concerning victimization. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Criminology and Criminal Justice 2015

abstract: Aggression is inherently social. Evolutionary theories, for instance, suggest that the peer group within which an aggressor is embedded is of central importance to the use of aggression. However, there is disagreement in the field with regard to understanding precisely how aggression and peer relationships should relate. As such, in a series of three empirical studies, my dissertation takes a relational approach and addresses some of the inconsistencies present in the extant literature. In Study 1, I examined how qualities of youth's close friendships contributed to the use of aggression, both concurrently and over time. I found that youth with large friendship networks were more aggressive, whereas those with highly interconnected friendship network decreased in aggression over time. Using a dyadic mediation model, the second study considered the precursors to aggressors' friendships with peers. Specifically, I explored aggressive youth's interactions with unfamiliar peers and assessed how the interactions that unfold affected the quality of the relationship. I found that dyads who were highly discrepant in their tendencies toward aggression failed to collaborate well with one another, and this led to less positive perceptions of one another. Whereas the first two studies concerned aggressors' relationships with their friends (Study 1) and acquaintances (Study 2), Study 3 focused on a different type of relationship – the relationship between an aggressor and his or her victim(s). In the third study, I explored how power dynamics operate within an aggressor-victim dyad and assessed whether differences in the balance of power between the aggressor and victim affected the strength of their relationship. I found that more aggressor-victim dyads were characterized by a relative balance than imbalance in power, and that power balanced dyads had stronger and more sustained aggressor-victim relationships. By taking a relational approach to the study of aggression, this dissertation has advanced extant work in the field. That is, these findings move away from the simplification and aggregation of relational constructs (e.g., relationships, friendships), and instead consider the nuances of specific types of relationships or interactions with specific peers, allowing for a better understanding of the relational nature of aggression. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Family and Human Development 2016

abstract: Child development scholars have demonstrated a host of negative outcomes of child physical abuse, including emotional problems, delinquency, and future victimization. However, it is unclear if child physical abuse during childhood is related to subsequent violent victimization during youth and young adulthood. Building on routine activity theory and prior research, and using data collected from 2,245 individuals in Changzhi, China, this study examines if the experience of child physical abuse is positively related to violent victimization in youth and young adulthood, and if the relationship between child physical abuse and violent victimization is mediated by an individual’s routine activities. The results from negative binomial regressions support routine activity theory. The implications of the findings for theory, research and practice are discussed. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Criminology and Criminal Justice 2016

abstract: Although aggression is sometimes thought to be maladaptive, evolutionary theories of resource control and dominance posit that aggression may be used to gain and maintain high social prominence within the peer group. The success of using aggression to increase social prominence may depend on the form of aggression used (relational versus physical), the gender of the aggressor, and the prominence of the victim. Thus, the current study examined the associations between aggression and victimization and social prominence. In addition, the current study extended previous research by examining multiple forms of aggression and victimization and conceptualizing and measuring social prominence using social network analysis. Participants were 339 6th grade students from ethnically diverse backgrounds (50.4% girls). Participants completed a peer nomination measure assessing relational and physical aggression and victimization. They also nominated friends within their grade, which were used to calculate three indices of social prominence, using social network analysis. As expected, results indicated that relational aggression was associated with higher social prominence, particularly for girls, whereas physical aggression was less robustly associated with social prominence. Results for victimization were less clear, but suggested that, for girls, those at mid-levels of social prominence were most highly victimized. For boys, results indicated that those both high and low in prominence were most highly relationally victimized, and those at mid-levels of prominence were most highly physically victimized. These findings help inform intervention work focused on decreasing overall levels of aggressive behavior. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Family and Human Development 2013

abstract: Prior research has looked at the effects of low self-control, unstructured socializing, and risky behaviors on victimization. In previous studies, however, the differences between routine activity and lifestyle theory have been overlooked. The aim of this study is to test the unique characteristics of both theories independently. Specifically, this study addresses: (1) the mediating effects of unstructured socializing on low self-control and victimization and (2) the mediating effects of risky behaviors on low self-control and victimization. Data were collected using a self-administered survey of undergraduate students enrolled in introductory criminal justice and criminology classes (N = 554). Negative binomial regression models show risky behaviors mediate much of the effect low self-control has on victimization. Unstructured socializing, in contrast, does not mediate the impact of low self-control on victimization. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Criminology and Criminal Justice 2014

Várias ciências sociais desenvolveram teorias sobre o crime. Mas foi na Economia que uma teoria geral do crime foi desenvolvida de forma mais completa. Porém, a comprovação empírica da teoria econômica do crime não é totalmente satisfatória, fornece uma explicação apenas parcial do fenômeno. Além disso, sua aplicação estrita parece ter gerado problemas, como o crescimento exagerado da população encarcerada. Nesta Tese procura-se analisar possíveis deficiências nessa teoria, em especial as resultantes da aplicação estrita do postulado da racionalidade, e confrontá-la com explicações adicionais e complementares que poderiam gerar uma visão do crime mais completa. Argumenta-se que teorias complementares do capital social e da vitimização podem ser integradas nos modelos existentes e melhorar o entendimento do que causa o crime. Finalmente, pelos dados de uma pesquisa de vitimização conduzida com a finalidade de comprender melhor o crime na cidade de São Paulo, procura-se estimar os efeitos de variáveis ligadas ao capital social e à vitimização para comprovar a influência desses elementos sobre o crime. O resultado mostra que crimes diversos são explicados por variáveis diferentes, sendo difícil aceitar uma explicação única, simples e geral. Crimes com motivação econômica (roubos e furtos), conforme esperado, dependem mais de variáveis econômicas enquanto os sem essa motivação (agressões físicas e vebais) encontram no capital social uma explicação relevante. / Various social sciences developed theories about crime. But it was in economics that a general theory was developed in its most complete form, However a total empirical evidence of the economic theory of the crime is not totally satisfactory, supplying only a explanation of the phenomenon. Besides this, its strict application only supplies a general exaggeration of the population put into jail. In this Thesis one analyses possible deficiencies in this theory, specially the strict application of the theory of the postulate of rationality, and confront it with additional explanations that could generate a more complete vision of crime. On argues that complementary theories about social capital and victimization could be integrated into the existing model and improve the understanding of what causes crime. Finally, with the data of a research on victimization whose objective was to understand the crime in São Paulo city, one looks forward to estimate the effects Social Capital and their influence over crime. The result shows that diverse crimes are explained by diverse variables, being difficult to accept one only explanation, simple and direct. Crimes with economic motivation (robberies) as expected depend more on such economic variables while crimes with no such explanations (physical and economic aggressions) find more relevance on social capital.

The problem with which this investigation is concerned is that of determining the effects significant symbolic interactions such as victimization, have on the acceptance of aggression and the expectation of assertive traits in children. Information from the General Social Survey (years 1973, 1975, 1976, and 1978) is used to establish measures of victimization, acceptance of aggression, and expectations of assertive traits in children. The findings provide only slight support for a model which places emphasis on the importance of traumatic events in bringing about changes in attitudes. Factors such as age, occupational prestige, education, and military experience appear to be helpful in explaining the conditions under which attitude changes are most likely to occur as a function of victimization.

This Master's Thesis deals with the issue of crime victim in criminology. The aim of this work is to create an integrated document that presents a current victimological knowledge and to evaluate current law in this area in the (relatively new) Statute about crime victims and eventually to propose changes where convenient. Besides the introduction and the conclusion, the thesis consists of eight chapters, which are then further divided into relevant subsections. The first presents historical insight into the role of a victim in criminal proceedings. The second introduces victimology, a science about victims, which is usually perceived as a part of criminology. Further chapters of the thesis deals with main areas of victimology. It is biological and psychological characteristics of a victim in the third chapter and victimization process in chapter four, including the role of a victim in her victimization and a relationship between her and an offender. It also deals with the role of victims in criminal proceedings. The sixth chapter consider means of help provided to victims by both, lay persons and professionals, especially by a range of nongovernmental organisations, eg. Bílý kruh bezpečí. Another important issue is informing of the society and education of the public in order to prevent crimes in...

The study of ethnicity in bullying research has yielded inconsistent findings regarding the involvement and prevalence rates among ethnic majority and minority groups. On one hand, individual studies using ethnic group membership as a demographic variable indicate that ethnic minority groups are at times more or less likely to experience or perpetrate bullying compared to White students. On the other hand, contextual factors such as ethnic diversity have yielded more consistent findings showing that increased ethnic diversity is associated with lower bullying victimization among ethnic minority students. The role of ethnicity in bullying and peer victimization was examined in this dissertation by investigating both individual and contextual variables. Studies 1 and 2 consisted of two meta-analyses that systematically addressed comparisons between ethnic majority (i.e., White) and minority students (i.e., Black, Asian, Hispanic) on bullying perpetration and peer victimization. Results indicated small and non-significant overall effect sizes; however, methodological moderators suggested that ethnic groups differ on bullying and peer victimization across countries, measurements, and age groups. Study 3 examined school ethnic composition and bullying involvement in a population-based, ethnically diverse Canadian sample. Results indicated that ethnic minority students experienced less bullying victimization in schools with a higher proportion of ethnic minority peers. School ethnic composition was not associated with bullying victimization for White students or bullying perpetration across both ethnic groups. Taken together, these studies suggest that ethnicity as a demographic variable is not sufficient to account for differences in bullying involvement and that contextual variables are more adequate at explaining patterns of bullying across ethnic groups within the larger school and societal contexts.