Thesis (D.M.A.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

The Villa Imperiale at Pesaro remains one of the few grand Italian Renaissance villas to have escaped exploitation for the tourist industry. Curiously enough, it has also been long neglected in the field of modern art historical scholarship. The only major study is Bernhard Patzak's Die Villa Imperiale bei Pesaro, published in 1908. Before, and since then, the majority of accounts dealing with it have been of a purely local Pesarese character—either brief guide-book references to it, or redundant versions of Pompeo Mancini's literary blueprint, written for the Esercitazioni dell'Accademia Agraria of Pesaro in 1844. More recently, Giuseppe Marchini, former Superintendent of Galleries in the Marches, published an attractive and well-illustrated book on the Villa Imperiale, to coincide with the completion of the villa's restoration. Although Marchini's book is extremely valuable for its visual material, it does not contribute to the scholarship on the villa's history. Craig Hugh Smyth, who had been a consultant for the restoration of the Villa Imperiale's frescoes, is concentrating his efforts on determining the authorship of the eight-room decorative cycle. With the exception of one enlightening essay, also by Smyth, the architecture of the Villa Imperiale has not yet inspired any major revaluation. Although Patzak’s monograph, the standard reference work for more than sixty years, is an informative study, many of its arguments appear unsatisfactory in the light of modern scholarship. In such a case, it is undoubtedly the art history student’s responsibility to reinterpret the evidence, employing the methods which have been developed in the interim. The Villa Imperiale, on Monte S. Bartolo outside of Pesaro, consists of two separate structures from different periods. In the sixteenth century, the buildings become interrelated— physically, by a connecting wing; and functionally, in terms of an iconographic programme devised to serve a common purpose. The earlier structure was built by Alessandro Sforza in 1469. Emperor Frederick III, on a post-coronation journey to Italy, passed through Pesaro, and performed the office of laying the foundation stone. A plaque hangs above the main entrance to commemorate the event. As a mid-fifteenth century structure, the villa is designed with the idea of versatility in mind. The concept of villegia-tura, as it was being promoted in contemporary Florence, was not yet popular or expedient in Pesaro. Alessandro Sforza was principally a soldier, and his buildings reflect his tastes and requirements. Because of its site on top of a hill, the villa could play both defensive and offensive roles in battles. When war was not the momentary occupation of Alessandro, the Imperiale worked well as an economic unit. The land on which it stands was fertile and well cultivated; a forest surrounding the villa on three sides provided adequate game for hunting, whether for sport or necessity. It was built with expansive subterranean rooms which served as storage, and food conversion, areas. Patzak noted that the architectural motifs and proportions of the Sforza villa, particularly in the cortile, must date from a period before 1469. He suggests 1452, when Frederick came to Italy the first time, to be coronated Emperor. However, the difficult political relationship between Frederick and Francesco Sforza, Duke of Milan, would seem to exclude the probability of a visit by the Emperor to Francesco's brother, Alessandro, Lord of Pesaro, at that time. What Patzak has overlooked is the display of similar architectural proportions in the Palazzo Prefettizio of Pesaro, a structure built cl450, when Alessandro assumed control of the city. The transposition of a system of architectural proportions from one building to another is not unprecedented. Indeed, the physical proximity, and the common patron, of the Palazzo Prefettizio and the Villa Imperiale, underline the suitability of the theory. In 1512, Pesaro and the Villa Imperiale were expropriated from the Sforza family by Julius II, for his nephew, Francesco Maria della Rovere, Duke of Urbino. Political and dynastic intrigues on the part of the Medici Pope, Leo X, prevented Francesco Maria from finally securing his Dukedom, and with it the Villa Imperiale, until 1522. Subsequent to his reoccupation, the Duke initiated a restoration and renovation programme for his various estates. The Villa Imperiale, damaged in a battle of 1517, required extensive repairs. Girolamo Genga, a native of Urbino, was called from Rome to become court architect to Francesco Maria. Along with the restoration, a programme was conceived for the decoration of several grand apartments in the Sforza villa. Only two ceilings exist from this earliest project. The next plan, which remains today, involved the painting, with a fresco cycle, of eight apartments. The programme was carefully devised to ensure the proper procession through the rooms of the old villa, over a connecting bridge, into an entirely new structure, built behind the Sforza villa. The architectural experiences of Francesco Maria's new villa are cleverly and subtly anticipated in the frescoes of the Sforza villa. This second project, involving the frescoes and the new villa, was conceived and begun between 1524 and 1527. Before he turned to architecture, Genga had been a designer of stage sets. The frescoes, and the architecture of Francesco Maria's villa, show his indebtedness to the theatre. In fact, the Villa Imperiale was to function as the stage for the activities of the Duke of Urbino's court, so the conceit is, paradoxically, entirely suitable. In the della Rovere villa, entrances and exits, means of access from one space to another, are as disguised to the visitor's eye, as they would be in a real theatre. Participation and exploration solve the problems encountered in trying to move through the complex. When the visitor finally arrives at the far end of the last terrace, a giardino secreto, he is confronted by the only independent entrance into the new villa (the other is by way of the Sforza villa, and over the connecting wing). Regarding the villa from this position, the sight confronting him is a negation of the architectural spaces experienced only moments before. As it is, he can see no architectural spaces at all—only what appears to be a solid building with four towers. The architectural setting has changed as quickly and completely as the painted backdrop of a stage might be exchanged. The guest is delighted and confused; the illusion is complete. / Arts, Faculty of / Art History, Visual Art and Theory, Department of / Graduate

Heitor Villa-Lobos (1887-1959) stands central to the music history of the Brazilian twentieth century. His music represents a synthesis of the European art influences he absorbed and his quest to find a true Brazilian identity, which was not rooted in the deliberate imitation of Brazilian folk elements, but rather in the natural assimilation of them in his compositional style. His early compositions embody strong post-romantic, impressionistic tendencies, especially in regard to their harmonies and use of tone color, whereas the works from the 1920's and onwards show Villa-Lobos increasingly asserting his unusual and strong voice. Villa-Lobos's large-scale composition for piano, Rudepoêma, was composed between 1921 and 1926, and stands as one of the most significant contributions to the Latin-American piano literature. Despite of its importance in Villa-Lobos's oeuvre, it has largely eluded analytical attention. Discourse on Villa-Lobos is often marked by a somewhat one-dimensional approach that identifies the folk and rhythmic elements as the most important characteristics of his compositional style, and displays a certain reticence with regard to in-depth analysis of other parameters of his works. This study redresses the imbalance in the general approach to analytical assessment of Villa-Lobos's oeuvre by illustrating that pitch organization plays an indispensable role in establishing formal unity between the multiple sections of this complex work.

No description available.

Los protozoarios de vida libre, son importantes por formar parte de la cadena trófica, participando dentro de ésta, como productores primarios; a su vez son muy susceptibles a los cambios que ocurren en su medio ambiente, por lo que muchos de ellos son utilizados como bioindicadores. El presente estudio se realizó con la finalidad de obtener una lista taxonómica actualizada de los protozoarios presentes en los Pantanos de Villa, distrito de Chorrillos, departamento de Lima. Se realizaron once colectas entre octubre de 1999 a agosto del 2000, en nueve estaciones de muestreo, que abarcaron la mayor parte de los cuerpos de agua. Se determinó 128 especies de protozoarios distribuidos en 101 géneros, 69 familias y 28 órdenes, de los cuales 73 especies son registros nuevos para los Pantanos de Villa. El grupo predominante son los ciliados con el 61.72 % de las especies registradas, seguidos por los mastigóforos con el 21.87 % y los sarcodinos con el 16.41 %. Mediante la distribución de los protozoarios en los diferentes hábitats, se determinó la ubicuidad y exclusividad presentes en muchas especies, lo que estaría influenciado por las condiciones del hábitat y la adaptabilidad. La diversidad de especies fue determinada para cada estación de muestreo, presentando mayor diversidad las estaciones 1 y 3. / --- The free living protozoa, are important to be part of the trofic chain, participating inside this, as primary producers; in turn they are very susceptible to the changes that happen in their environment, many of them are used as bioindicator. The present study was carried out with the purpose of obtain a ready up to date taxonomic of the present protozoa in the Wetland Villa, district of Chorrillos, department of Lima. They were carried out eleven collections from October 1999 to August 2000, in nine sampling stations that embraced the most part of the water bodies. It was determined 128 species of protozoa they were distributed in 101 generes, 69 families and 28 orders, with 73 species are new registrations in the Wetland Villa. The predominant group is the Ciliate with 61.72% of the registered species, continued by the Mastigophora with 21.87% and the Sarcodina with 16.41%. By means of the protozoa distribution in different habitats, it was determined the ubiquity and exclusivity present in many species, in what would be influenced by the conditions in the habitat and its adaptability. The diversity of species was determined for each sampling station, showed bigger diversity the stations 1 and 3.

Para determinar las variaciones espacio-temporales de las comunidades de arañas, su diversidad y estructura, junto a las posibles implicancias de los factores climáticos en los Pantanos de Villa, Lima, Perú se ha realizado un muestreo entre diciembre 2004 y setiembre 2005. Este inventario se llevó a cabo en distintas asociaciones vegetales bajo metodologías de muestreos adecuados en un total de 6 hábitats. Las colectas se realizaron durante 6 días, coincidentes con los picos de cada una de las cuatro estaciones; para tal efecto se usaron trampas de caída, paraguas entomológico, red de batido y muestreo manual en áreas de 80 m2 por hábitat durante cuatro horas entre las 18:00h a 22:00h usándose el criterio de división de asociaciones vegetales de Cano (1998) para un muestreo metódico. Para evaluar la diversidad de arañas, se cuantificó el número de especies y la abundancia relativa de las mismas. Se usó el software EcoSim para calcular los índices de Shannon-Wiener y Simpson. El Programa PRIMER 5.0 sirvió para analizar la similitud de hábitat en función de las especies. Se ensayaron también análisis con bloques aleatorios y análisis de varianza de dos factores con el software SPSS Ver 12.0 para explicar la posible influencia de los factores meteorológicos en la diversidad de arañas. La diversidad de arañas registrada en la Zona Reservada de Pantanos de Villa estuvo representada por 20 familias, 37 géneros y 55 especies. La familia más diversa fue Salticidae con 10 especies, seguida de Theridiidae con 9 especies; la familia más abundante fue Tetragnathidae en ambientes de canales principalmente; los hábitats con mayor diversidad específica fueron la “zona arbustiva” con 24 especies y “alrededores” con 23 especies; el gremio más diverso fue el de los “cazadores errantes” (CAE) seguido de las “tejedoras de telas tridimensionales” (TTT). Hubo nuevos registros de 4 familias y casi todas las especies son nuevos registros para la Zona Reservada de Pantanos de Villa. / --- To determine space-temporal variations in a spider community, its diversity and structure, and possible climatic implications at Pantanos de Villa Wetlands, Lima, Peru, surveys were carried out from December 2004 to September 2005. This inventory was made on different vegetal associations under suitable sampling methods in six distinct areas. Sampling was carried out during six days coincident with the peak of the four annual seasons; four sampling methods were used: pitfall traps, entomological umbrella, sweeping net and manual searching on 80 m2 areas during four hours from 18:00h to 22:00h. The vegetal criteria division was according to Cano (1998) in order to obtain reliable results. The EcoSim software was used to obtain the Shannon-Wiener and Simpson indexes. The program PRIMER 5.0 Version was used to analyze similarities of habitats based on spider diversity. Statistical essays were carried out with aleatory clusters and double factor variance analysis using the software SPSS Ver 12.0 to explain the possible influence of meteorological factors on spider diversity. The diversity of spiders in the Reserved Zone Pantanos de Villa Wetlands (ZRPV) was represented by 20 families, 37 genera and 55 especies. The most diverse family was Salticidae, with 10 species, followed by Theridiidae with 9; the most abundant family was Tetragnathidae mainly in drainage channels; “shrubs” habitat was the most diverse with 24 species followed by “surroundings” with 23; the most diverse guild was “cursorial hunters” (CAE) followed by tri-dimentional orb-weavers (TTT). There were four new family records and almost all species recorded are new records for ZRPV.

Los protozoarios de vida libre, son importantes por formar parte de la cadena trófica, participando dentro de ésta, como productores primarios; a su vez son muy susceptibles a los cambios que ocurren en su medio ambiente, por lo que muchos de ellos son utilizados como bioindicadores. El presente estudio se realizó con la finalidad de obtener una lista taxonómica actualizada de los protozoarios presentes en los Pantanos de Villa, distrito de Chorrillos, departamento de Lima. Se realizaron once colectas entre octubre de 1999 a agosto del 2000, en nueve estaciones de muestreo, que abarcaron la mayor parte de los cuerpos de agua. Se determinó 128 especies de protozoarios distribuidos en 101 géneros, 69 familias y 28 órdenes, de los cuales 73 especies son registros nuevos para los Pantanos de Villa. El grupo predominante son los ciliados con el 61.72 % de las especies registradas, seguidos por los mastigóforos con el 21.87 % y los sarcodinos con el 16.41 %. Mediante la distribución de los protozoarios en los diferentes hábitats, se determinó la ubicuidad y exclusividad presentes en muchas especies, lo que estaría influenciado por las condiciones del hábitat y la adaptabilidad. La diversidad de especies fue determinada para cada estación de muestreo, presentando mayor diversidad las estaciones 1 y 3. / The free living protozoa, are important to be part of the trofic chain, participating inside this, as primary producers; in turn they are very susceptible to the changes that happen in their environment, many of them are used as bioindicator. The present study was carried out with the purpose of obtain a ready up to date taxonomic of the present protozoa in the Wetland Villa, district of Chorrillos, department of Lima. They were carried out eleven collections from October 1999 to August 2000, in nine sampling stations that embraced the most part of the water bodies. It was determined 128 species of protozoa they were distributed in 101 generes, 69 families and 28 orders, with 73 species are new registrations in the Wetland Villa. The predominant group is the Ciliate with 61.72% of the registered species, continued by the Mastigophora with 21.87% and the Sarcodina with 16.41%. By means of the protozoa distribution in different habitats, it was determined the ubiquity and exclusivity present in many species, in what would be influenced by the conditions in the habitat and its adaptability. The diversity of species was determined for each sampling station, showed bigger diversity the stations 1 and 3.

Para determinar las variaciones espacio-temporales de las comunidades de arañas, su diversidad y estructura, junto a las posibles implicancias de los factores climáticos en los Pantanos de Villa, Lima, Perú se ha realizado un muestreo entre diciembre 2004 y setiembre 2005. Este inventario se llevó a cabo en distintas asociaciones vegetales bajo metodologías de muestreos adecuados en un total de 6 hábitats. Las colectas se realizaron durante 6 días, coincidentes con los picos de cada una de las cuatro estaciones; para tal efecto se usaron trampas de caída, paraguas entomológico, red de batido y muestreo manual en áreas de 80 m2 por hábitat durante cuatro horas entre las 18:00h a 22:00h usándose el criterio de división de asociaciones vegetales de Cano (1998) para un muestreo metódico. Para evaluar la diversidad de arañas, se cuantificó el número de especies y la abundancia relativa de las mismas. Se usó el software EcoSim para calcular los índices de Shannon-Wiener y Simpson. El Programa PRIMER 5.0 sirvió para analizar la similitud de hábitat en función de las especies. Se ensayaron también análisis con bloques aleatorios y análisis de varianza de dos factores con el software SPSS Ver 12.0 para explicar la posible influencia de los factores meteorológicos en la diversidad de arañas. La diversidad de arañas registrada en la Zona Reservada de Pantanos de Villa estuvo representada por 20 familias, 37 géneros y 55 especies. La familia más diversa fue Salticidae con 10 especies, seguida de Theridiidae con 9 especies; la familia más abundante fue Tetragnathidae en ambientes de canales principalmente; los hábitats con mayor diversidad específica fueron la “zona arbustiva” con 24 especies y “alrededores” con 23 especies; el gremio más diverso fue el de los “cazadores errantes” (CAE) seguido de las “tejedoras de telas tridimensionales” (TTT). Hubo nuevos registros de 4 familias y casi todas las especies son nuevos registros para la Zona Reservada de Pantanos de Villa. / To determine space-temporal variations in a spider community, its diversity and structure, and possible climatic implications at Pantanos de Villa Wetlands, Lima, Peru, surveys were carried out from December 2004 to September 2005. This inventory was made on different vegetal associations under suitable sampling methods in six distinct areas. Sampling was carried out during six days coincident with the peak of the four annual seasons; four sampling methods were used: pitfall traps, entomological umbrella, sweeping net and manual searching on 80 m2 areas during four hours from 18:00h to 22:00h. The vegetal criteria division was according to Cano (1998) in order to obtain reliable results. The EcoSim software was used to obtain the Shannon-Wiener and Simpson indexes. The program PRIMER 5.0 Version was used to analyze similarities of habitats based on spider diversity. Statistical essays were carried out with aleatory clusters and double factor variance analysis using the software SPSS Ver 12.0 to explain the possible influence of meteorological factors on spider diversity. The diversity of spiders in the Reserved Zone Pantanos de Villa Wetlands (ZRPV) was represented by 20 families, 37 genera and 55 especies. The most diverse family was Salticidae, with 10 species, followed by Theridiidae with 9; the most abundant family was Tetragnathidae mainly in drainage channels; “shrubs” habitat was the most diverse with 24 species followed by “surroundings” with 23; the most diverse guild was “cursorial hunters” (CAE) followed by tri-dimentional orb-weavers (TTT). There were four new family records and almost all species recorded are new records for ZRPV.

In 1937 Alvar Aalto began work on the Villa Mairea which over the years became regarded as a sensual and tactile building by architectural experts. An in depth study of this building was used to develop tools that may be helpful in analyzing the sense of touch in other architectural work either built or un-built. / text

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