With the environmental crisis bequeathed by the contradictions arising from instrumental rationality both as regards their technical and scientific as in its economic aspect, this spectrum has emerged a discourse marker of environmental sustainability according to the parameters set by a "paradigm" guided by a social conception environmental rationality. Thus, social policies instituted from this framework of rationality, began to consider the importance of environmental issues in its constitution as a public policy. Thus, in order to contribute to a discourse analysis of public policies in the urban environment, this research aimed to examine the discursive formation of urban sustainability in Microregion Garanhuns through research developed with the main cities of the aforementioned micro. The "object" of selected search meets the requirements of the City Statute (2001) regarding the implementation of a sustainable urban policy. These municipalities have approximately 210 thousand inhabitants, or nearly half the population of Microregion Garanhuns. These counties are characterized by greater rate of urban population in relation to the rate of rural population (89% Garanhuns, Bom Conselho 65% and Lajedo 74%) (CONDEPE / FIDEM, 2010) in comparison with others. However, another important criterion for scientific research, in addition to the demographic factor was logistical. Well, it derives both the attraction of economic enterprises as the environmental impacts of the first. However, research finds possible fragmentation of the discourse on urban public policy considering sectorization management in government, contributing to the construction of a discourse eminentemete administrative and technocratic nature, incompatibilizando with the official discourse found mainly in the letters of legal authority. The interdependence of urban sustainability to sustainability policy rendered in legal discourse aimed sustainable cities, is represented in the design of municipal councils, however, the obstacles arising from practices of government, unfeasible the empowerment of civil society in environmental discourse of social control urban. / Com a crise ambiental legada pelas contradições decorrentes da racionalidade instrumental tanto no que se refere ao seu caráter técnico e científico quanto em seu aspecto econômico, emergiu deste espectro um discurso balizador da sustentabilidade ambiental conforme os parâmetros estabelecidos por um paradigma social pautado numa concepção de racionalidade ambiental. Assim sendo, as políticas sociais instituídas a partir deste quadro de racionalidade, passaram a considerar a relevância da temática ambiental em sua constituição enquanto política pública. Destarte, visando contribuir para uma análise do discurso das políticas públicas no ambiente urbano, essa pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar a formação discursiva da sustentabilidade urbana na Microrregião de Garanhuns, mediante pesquisa desenvolvida com os principais municípios da citada microrregião. O objeto de pesquisaselecionado atende as exigências do Estatuto da Cidade (2001) quanto à implantação de uma política urbana sustentável. Tais municípios concentram aproximadamente 210 mil habitantes, ou seja,praticamente a metade da população da Microrregião de Garanhuns. Esses municípios se caracterizam pela superioridade da taxa de população urbana em relação à taxa de população rural, (Garanhuns 89%, Bom Conselho 65% e Lajedo 74%) (CONDEPE/FIDEM, 2010) em comparação com os demais. Porém, outro importante critério para a investigação científica, além do demográfico, foi o fator logístico. Pois, dele derivatanto a atração de empreendimentos econômicos quanto os impactos ambientais decorrentes do primeiro.No entanto, a investigação possibilitou constatar a fragmentação do discurso sobre as políticas públicas urbanas haja vista a setorização da gestãono poder público, contribuindopara a construção de um discurso eminentemete administrativo e de natureza tecnocrata, incompatibilizando-se com o discurso oficial encontrado, sobretudo, nas cartas jurídicas do poder público. A interdependência da sustentabilidade urbana com a sustentabilidade política, proferida nos discursos jurídicos visando tornar as cidades sustentáveis, é representada na concepção dos conselhos municipais, entretanto, os obstáculos decorrentes das práticas do poder público, inviabilizam o empoderamento da sociedade civil no controle social do discurso ambiental urbano.

(česky) Diplomová práce rekonstruuje životní příběh Václava Smutného (1859 - 1922) dnes zapomenutého (a možná nikdy neobjeveného) ředitele měšťanské školy, nadšeného amatérského národopisce, přispěvatele do Českého lidu a dalších periodik, sběratele, kreslíře a badatele ze Sadské. Diplomová práce se pokouší představit různorodou činnost, úsilí a invenci tohoto "večerního vědce z maloměsta" a v širším kontextu interpretovat a zhodnotit výsledky jeho celoživotní práce. Klíčová slova (česky) Václav Smutný (1859 - 1922), národopisná kresba, lidová architektura, archeologie, zeměměřictví, národopisné hnutí, svéráz, amatérský badatel, učitel, Sadská

Replacement of traditional land administration institutions with modern institutions has been one of the strategies used by the Lesotho Government to solve land management problems. This thesis uses a case study approach to analyze the effectiveness of one modern institution, the Village Land Allocation Committees (VLAC), at the community level in Lesotho. Customarily, land in Lesotho was allocated by traditional chiefs who could for various purposes revoke it. The system was allegedly open to abuse and under the Land Act 1979, the authority to allocate land was shifted from traditional chiefs to the VLAC, which is partly elected and partly nominated by the government. The thinking behind this change was that VLAC would be more democratic and efficient, representing local as well as national interests. The study consists of three stages: a) review of background literature on Lesotho; b) a comparison of land tenure reforms in Tanzania, Kenya and Botswana; and c) field research carried out through questionnaires administered to VLAC members, community members and government officials responsible for land administration at the community level in Lesotho. Conclusions drawn from this study are that lack of clear policy guidelines, lack of connection between land allocation and the overall planning and lack of meaningful community participation in the land allocation process, are among the major problems in the operation of VLAC. The study's major recommendations are: a) integrating land allocation with the overall land use planning; b) recognizing the continuing influence of traditional institutions and incorporating them into VLAC activities; c) providing VLAC with clearer goals and necessary resources; and d) building a planning and evaluation component into VLAC procedures. The need for further research on the composition and election process of VLAC is identified. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

published_or_final_version / Urban Planning / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning

This research report examined the implementation of villager self-governance in China, of which the election of village leader is the most distinct feature. Unlike previous studies of village self-governance, which focused on policy intentions of the Chinese leadership or the speculation of scholars about what may happen, this study attempted to examine whether or not the elections are competitive and what the consequences of self-governance are.

My purpose in this study is twofold. Firstly, I intend to examine the existence of honour in Greek society by an analysis of its presentation in works of Greek literature. In order to achieve this, I shall first examine the values of the Homeric, heroic society so that a picture of the code of honour that was used in those times, might be established. This code of honour provided the foundation upon which later honourable behaviour was based and from which it grew; it is, therefore, a necessary addition in a study such as this. Then, I shall proceed to a study of Euripides' Medea and Hippolytus, two plays that firmly incorporate the motif of honour and revenge. Secondly, I intend to examine a few examples of modern societies. The purpose of this is to ascertain whether any relationship between archaic, classical and contemporary cultures can be established. Shared values and beliefs will be examined in order to determine any possible similarities between cultures and societies that are chronologically separated by hundreds of years. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1998.

This research report examined the implementation of villager self-governance in China, of which the election of village leader is the most distinct feature. Unlike previous studies of village self-governance, which focused on policy intentions of the Chinese leadership or the speculation of scholars about what may happen, this study attempted to examine whether or not the elections are competitive and what the consequences of self-governance are.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Oslo, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [291]-304) and index.

In Sergipe State the remaining Atlantic Forest area is estimated at about 9% of its original area. One of the vegetation areas most impacted is the springs and riparian forests of river. In this sense, some actions have been developed as a way to reverse this situation of degradation, such as public policy and forest recovery projects. One of such actions is the Preserving Springs and Municipalities Program, from which was developed the forest recovery project for the Sub-basin of Poxim river. In this context, it is paramount importance to understand how these actions have been carried out, how social participation happens and what the perception of the different social actors involved is, trying to reflect on the effectiveness that such actions have in the medium and long term. The research had as general objective to analyze the social participation in the forest recovery process in the Sub-basin of Poxim River. For this purpose, it was traced the following specific objectives: (1) understand how the historical process of forest recovery occurred in Sergipe State and the current context; (2) understand the concepts and identify the roles of institutions regarding forest recovery in Sergipe; (3) analyze how such actions are carried out and how the involvement and environmental perception of rural producers happens; (4) understand which aspects contribute or hamper the participation of rural producers in the forest recovery actions. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 representatives of institutions and 11 rural producers involved in recovery actions. Such interviews were analyzed based on secondary sources, such as official documents and bibliography in the case of institutions; and based on the methodology of Collective Subject Discourse (DSC), in the case of rural producers. The results indicate three levels of participation: functional, by incentives and passivity, indicating the need to reformulate the proposal of involvement and social participation in the projects. An important topic among the demands is the need to reconcile productive points with the forest recovery. With respect to the institutional aspect, the demand for strengthening institutional arrangement, this contributes to financing, medium-and long-term planning, and creating tools that empower the forest recovery in Sergipe State. / No estado de Sergipe a área remanescente de Mata Atlântica está estimada em aproximadamente 9% de sua área original. Dentre as áreas de vegetação mais impactadas estão as nascentes e matas ciliares dos rios. Neste sentido, algumas ações vêm sendo desenvolvidas como forma de reverter esse quadro de degradação, como políticas públicas e projetos de recuperação florestal. Dentre tais ações, situa-se o Programa Preservando Nascentes e Municípios, a partir do qual foi desenvolvido o projeto de recuperação florestal da sub-bacia hidrográfica do rio Poxim. Nesse contexto, faz-se de suma importância compreender de que forma estas ações vem sendo realizadas, como se dá a participação social e qual a percepção dos diferentes atores sociais envolvidos, buscando refletir sobre a eficácia que tais ações possuem a médio e longo prazo. A pesquisa teve como objetivo geral analisar a participação social no processo de recuperação florestal na sub-bacia hidrográfica do rio Poxim. Para tanto foram traçados os seguintes objetivos específicos: (1) Compreender como ocorreu o processo histórico de recuperação florestal no estado de Sergipe e qual o contexto atual; (2) Compreender as concepções e identificar as atuações das instituições referentes a recuperação florestal em Sergipe; (3) Analisar de que forma são desenvolvidas tais ações e como se dá o envolvimento e a percepção ambiental dos produtores rurais; (4) Compreender quais aspectos contribuem ou dificultam a participação dos produtores rurais nas ações de recuperação florestal. Foram realizadas 12 entrevistas semi-estruturadas com representantes de instituições e 11 com produtores rurais envolvidos nas ações de recuperação florestal. Tais entrevistas foram analisadas com base em fontes secundárias, como documentos oficiais e bibliografia, no caso das instituições; e com base na metodologia do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (DSC), no caso dos produtores rurais. Os resultados indicam três níveis de participação: funcional, por incentivos e passividade, o que indica a necessidade de se reformular a proposta de envolvimento e participação social nos projetos. Dentre as demandas, destaca-se a necessidade de se conciliar questões produtivas com a recuperação florestal. Com relação ao aspecto institucional, constata-se a demanda pelo fortalecimento de um arranjo institucional, que contribua para o financiamento, planejamento a médio e longo prazo, e criação de políticas públicas e instrumentos que fomentem a recuperação florestal no estado de Sergipe.

La recherche porte sur l’action collective locale et la gestion des forêts communautaires à Djoum au Sud Cameroun. Elle analyse l’approche gouvernementale d’octroi et de gestion communautaire des ressources forestières, afin de responsabiliser et d’autonomiser les communautés villageoises dans la prise en charge des activités de production économique pour réduire la pauvreté, améliorer les conditions de vie et assurer le développement local. L’objectif est de rendre compte de la capacité des forêts communautaires à fournir des avantages économiques pour répondre à ce défi. C’est aussi pour rendre compte des territoires villageois, vus comme l’échelle de référence pour la gouvernance des forêts communautaires et de l’influence de l’identité spatiale sur l’organisation communautaire de cette gestion. La méthodologie mise en œuvre est pluridisciplinaire. Les résultats de notre étude montrent plusieurs faiblesses structurelles. Les forêts communautaires étudiées sont des espaces spécialisés en plusieurs zones, correspondant chacune à des usages particuliers. Cette perspective exclue l’exploitation du bois d’œuvre sur toute la surface de l’espace forestier. Pourtant toutes les forêts communautaires sont divisées en secteurs quinquennaux, eux-mêmes divisés en parcelles annuelles d’exploitation de bois. Ensuite, ces forêts ont été fortement perturbées dans le passé, un indicateur qui devrait les destiner plus à la conservation qu’à l’exploitation. Mais ce n’est pas le cas, toutes les communautés ou presque, ayant opté pour leur exploitation. De même, les volumes de bois exploités dans ces forêts sont très faibles, ce qui atteste clairement que les possibilités qu’on leur attribue dans les plans simples de gestion sont fausses. Au plan des réalisations socioéconomiques et des emplois créés, le bilan est très loin des espoirs engendrés. Les quelques emplois créés sont de type temporaire, précaires et non qualifiés. Par ailleurs, l’exploitation du bois d’œuvre n’a généré jusqu’ici, aucune infrastructure ni réalisation socioéconomique collectives, puisque les revenus ex post générés restent largement inférieurs aux prévisions financières ex ante. Enfin, ces forêts sont assises sur des espaces appropriés. Cette situation soulève des équivoques sur leur statut supposé de biens communs et pose la question du partage de leurs retombées économiques. D’autres faiblesses dites conjoncturelles existent et expliquent la léthargie dans laquelle sombre l’organisation communautaire de la gestion des forêts. Nos résultats ont montré la défaillance des acteurs communautaires à se situer par rapport à leur objectif. Leurs capacités à s’approprier un projet et à mettre en œuvre une vraie stratégie de mobilisation collective sont également défaillantes. Le manque de solidarité communautaire et la non valorisation des savoirs et savoir-faire locaux rendent les communautés vulnérables dans les partenariats qu’ils nouent et renforcent le poids et l’influence des acteurs extérieurs. Sur les territoires villageois comme échelle de référence pour la gouvernance des forêts communautaires, l’étude a montré que ceux-ci apparaissent comme des lieux d’expression des divisions, des dissensions, de fabrique des soupçons et gouvernés par l’individualisme. Les organisations communautaires sont à leur tour décrites comme des dispositifs de mise à distance, minés par les pressions exercées par les acteurs porteurs de logiques différentes, des stéréotypes et des représentations qui inhibent plutôt l’action collective communautaire. Ce sont aussi des dispositifs contrôlés par l’appât du gain. Les forêts communautaires produisant peu ou pas d’argent, la démobilisation collective ici prend alors tout son sens.L’étude s’achève avec les perspectives à envisager pour faire de l'action collective locale l'outil sans lequel l’atteinte des objectifs d’amélioration des conditions de vie, de réduction de la pauvreté et les perspectives de développement local, n'est pas envisageable. / The research focuses on local collective action and management of community forests in southern Cameroon, at Djoum. It analyzes the government’s approach for granting and community management of forest resources, in order to empower and empowering village communities in the management of economic production activities to reduce poverty, improve living conditions and ensure local development. The objective is to realize the capacity of community forests to provide economic benefits to meet this challenge. It is also to account for village territories, seen as the reference scale for the governance of community forests and the influence of the spatial identity on community organization of this management. The implementation methodology is multidisciplinary. The results of our study show several structural weaknesses. First, it appears that the studied community forests are spaces specialized in several areas, each corresponding to particular uses. This perspective excludes timber exploitation on the entire surface of forest area. Yet all Community forests are divided into five-year sectors, themselves divided into annual surfaces of timber exploitation. Then, these forests have been heavily disturbed in the past, an indicator that should send these more to conservation than the exploitation. But this is not the case, all communities or almost, having opted for their exploitation. Similarly, the volumes of wood exploited in these forests are very low, which clearly demonstrates that the possibilities that ascribed to them in the management simple plan are false. In terms of socio-economic achievements and jobs created, the balance sheet is very far from begotten hopes. The few jobs created are temporary, precarious and unqualified. Moreover, the exploitation of timber has generated so far here, neither infrastructure nor collective socio-economic achievement, since ex post generated incomes remain far below ex-ante financial forecast of timber exploitation. Finally, these forests are sitting on appropriate spaces. This raises ambiguities about their supposed status of common goods and raises the question of sharing of their benefits. Others cyclical said weaknesses exist and explain the lethargy into which sinks community organization of forest management. Our results showed the failure of community actors to position themselves in relation to their objective. Their capacities to take a project and to implement a genuine strategy of collective mobilization are also failing. The lack of Community solidarity and the not valorization of local knowledge make vulnerable communities in the partnerships they formed and strengthen the weight and influence of external actors. On village territories as reference scale for the governance of community forests, the study showed that these appear as places of expression of divisions, conflict, and factory of the suspicions and governed by individualism. Community organizations are in turn, described as devices remotely, undermined by pressures from actors of different logics, stereotypes and representations that inhibit rather community collective action. They are also devices controlled by the lure of profit. Community forests producing little or no money, the collective demobilization here makes sense then. The study ends with the perspective to consider for making the local collective action the tool without which the achievement of the objectives of improving the living conditions, poverty reduction and the prospects for local development, is not possible.